微生物控制水华藻的研究进展

水华藻的过度繁殖及引发的水生生态系统的安全问题亟待解决。随着溶藻微生物逐步发现,以微生物手段治理水华,越发得到广泛的关注和认可。在概述微生物抑藻研究现状及机理的基础上,从提高微生物对水华藻的控制效率和保障环境安全性的角度对水华的微生物防治进行了探讨,以期为实际应用微生物治理水华提供参考,并为微生物抑藻实践中可能出现的问题提供解决方法的理论依据。     

微塑料及其复合污染对水生生物的毒性与生态风险研究进展

近年来,微塑料已成为备受瞩目的新型污染物之一.微塑料在水生生态系统中广泛存在,且易与水中其它污染物形成复合污染.因此,微塑料及其复合污染对水生生物的影响以及水生生态系统的生态风险越来越受到关注.本文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,概括了水生生态系统中微塑料污染的主要特点,归纳了微塑料及其复合污染对水生生态系统中藻类、浮游动物、鱼类等水生生物的影响,探讨了微塑料沿食物链的传递作用及其对水生生态系统生态风险的潜在影响,梳理了目前水域生态系统微塑料研究所面临的主要问题,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望,以期为评估微塑料及其复合污染对水生生物和水域生态系统的影响提供科学依据.     

酸雨危害与我国酸雨的战略防治

<正> 一、酸雨的危害及其对环境的影响(一)酸雨对水体的污染及对水生生态的影响酸雨直接进入水体,使水体变酸,污染水系,还可将与土壤、植物等作用后的产物(如金属离子:铝、锰、铁)等带入水体,从而引起水体污染,危害水生生物生长。湖泊水体酸化可抑制微生物的活动,影响水生生态系统中有机物的分解,碎屑大量沉积,影响水生生物的营养与能量循环,从     

土壤微生物多样性的土壤生态系统服务功能

正土壤微生物多样性是指土壤生态系统中所有的微生物种类、它们拥有的基因以及这些微生物与环境之间相互作用的多样化程度。一般认为,土壤微生物多样性存在基因、物种、种群以及群落4个层面。长期以来,由于微生物的微观性以及研究方法的缺失导致对于它们的生物多样性研究远没有宏观生物那样受到重视。人类对土壤中的微生物多样性及其在生态系统中的功能了解很少,只能作"黑箱"处理,导致某些微生物种群的消失和演替,已知有8%的真菌种群处     

红霉素在模拟水生生态系统中的分布特征

为了了解红霉素在水生生态系统的分布特征,正确评估红霉素的环境风险,采用微宇宙实验装置,考察了红霉素在模拟水生生态系统中水相、沉积物及生物体的分布特征.研究结果表明:红霉素进入模拟水生生态系统后,水相的半衰期为42d,沉积物为主要富集场所,可积累56.46%的红霉素;同时,水草和斑马鱼对红霉素亦有一定的吸收富集能力,水草(Elodea densa)和斑马鱼(Barchydanioreriovar)可分别吸收和富集1.04%和0.0402%的红霉素;水草对红霉素的富集能力高于斑马鱼,其最高富集系数在水草和斑马鱼内分别为46.05 L·kg-1和4.40L·kg-1,在考虑评估红霉素的生态环境风险时,应注意其对水生动植物的影响.     

泸沽湖生态系统问题分析

分析了泸沽湖陆生生态系统、水生生态系统、湿地生态系统和生态系统管理中存在的主要问题,提出了相应的对策措施,为泸沽湖保护与管理提供参考。     

土壤微塑料与微生物的相互作用关系

作为新兴污染物,微塑料的生态和环境影响受到广泛关注.本文以近十年发表的文献为基础,系统分析和综述了土壤微塑料与微生物的相互作用关系.分析结果发现微塑料与微生物存在复杂的相互作用关系,例如微塑料携带外源微生物进入土壤环境,并通过释放添加剂和吸附物对土壤微生物产生影响,且微塑料通过改变土壤理化性质、土壤动物肠道微生物和植物根际微生物间接改变土壤微生物,包括改变土壤微生物的生物量、群落结构和功能,此外,土壤微生物对微塑料的降解也起到了一定的作用.基于这些分析结果,文章还展望了未来应该深入研究的关键科学问题,旨在促进土壤微塑料对生态系统和健康影响评估研究.     

美国环保局颁布新的水生生物金属基准

美国环保局颁布新的水生生物金属基准美国环保局颁布了部分州和波多黎哥、哥仑比亚特区的新的水生生物金属基准，它属于环保局的１９９２年国家毒物规则。该局认为，现在制订的保护水生生物及其近似物的金属基准优于１９９２年基准，水生生物可利用水中的金属。采用新金属...     

土壤中塑料与微生物的相互作用及其生态效应

聚焦于土壤环境中包括微塑料在内的塑料污染,综述了微生物与土壤塑料相互作用的最新研究成果.主要内容包括:(i)土壤塑料的来源、迁移及其在土壤中长期贮存的基本特征;(ii)土壤微生物对塑料的影响;(iii)塑料污染对土壤微生物群落及酶活性、土壤动物、农作物生产以及对全球陆地生态系统功能的影响.最后,本文展望了未来相关研究的...     

农村河道微生态系统构建及原位修复底泥

我国农村河道底泥氮磷元素蓄积严重,物化修复技术存在污染物去除不彻底、易破坏水生生态系统等问题。采用生物生态修复技术不仅能抑制底泥污染释放,还能恢复水生生态系统,强化水体自净功能。构建了由"玉米秸秆生物炭固定化脱氮菌-苦草/伊乐藻-中华田园螺"组合的泥水界面复合微生态系统,并探究了该系统对底泥和上覆水中污染物的去除效果及对底泥微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:复合微生态系统能有效降低底泥中的氮磷污染,运行62 d后底泥OM、TN和TP去除率分别为85.41%、77.40%和54.98%,可将OM、TN、TP严重污染水平的底泥分别修复至轻度污染、中度污染和清洁水平;同时微生态系统对上覆水氮素具有较好的去除效果,上覆水NH₄+-N、TN浓度均达到GB 3838—2018《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水标准。微生态系统的构建提高了河道底泥系统中的生物多样性,底泥污染的Chloroflexi （绿弯菌门）相对丰度降低,具有降解污染物能力的Proteobacteria （变形菌门）相对丰度提高。     

天然有机质与重金属相互作用的分析方法进展

由于NOM(natural organic matter,天然有机质)种类及来源的多样性及其结构和性质的复杂性,导致NOM与重金属之间的相互作用存在一定的不确定性. 针对NOM与重金属之间相互作用的一系列分析方法,重点阐述了谱学分析有关分析方法、等温滴定微量热法、溶出伏安法、zeta电位变化分析以及高效体积排阻色谱法等,这些方法从NOM的谱学特征、zeta电位、分子量、热力学参数及电化学性质等方面对二者之间的相互作用进行深入研究,取得了一定进展,但也存在不足. 针对各分析方法的特点及其局限性,建议今后联合使用多种方法分析NOM与重金属之间的相互作用机制;通过确定不同影响因素对二者结合作用的大小和权重,建立多因素影响下二者相互作用的模型,以定性、定量分析天然水体中NOM与重金属的相互作用.      

XDLVO理论解析不同离子条件下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染

应用extended Derjaguin-Laudau-Verwey-Overbeek(XDLVO)理论定量解析海藻酸钠微滤膜污染中界面微距作用力,探讨不同离子条件对膜污染影响的主控机制.结果表明,对于亲水性膜表面,范德华力促进膜污染,极性作用力阻碍膜污染;而对于疏水性膜表面,范德华力减缓膜污染,极性作用力加速膜污染.海藻酸钠与微滤膜接触时双电层作用力对膜污染贡献相对微弱.离子强度及钙离子对海藻酸钠微滤膜污染的影响主要是通过改变极性作用力来实现的.较高的离子强度会降低极性作用力的排斥性或升高极性作用力的吸引性,从而加重海藻酸钠微滤膜污染.虽然钙离子使出水通量急速下降,但钙离子的存在使得物理清洗效率提高.不同离子条件下初始阶段及后期阶段污染趋势K分别与膜-海藻酸钠粘附自由能及海藻酸钠-海藻酸钠粘聚自由能具有良好的线性相关性,表明XDLVO理论适用于描述不同离子条件下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染行为.     

The energetic costs of stereotyped behavior in the paper wasp, Polistes dominulus

Polistes wasps engage in many behavioral interactions. Although there has been debate over the meaning of these interactions, these stereotypical behaviors can be used to determine a colony’s linear dominance hierarchy. Due to the implicit relationship between behavioral and reproductive dominance, behavioral interactions are commonly used to distinguish the reproductively dominant alpha foundress from the beta foundress. It has been suggested that in order to maintain reproductive control, the alpha foundress is forced to remain at a physiologically constrained activity limit. This, in turn, may allow aggressive interactions to be used as determinants influencing reproductive partitioning between cooperating individuals. Energetic costs can place important limitations on behavior, but the energetic cost of the interactions has not previously been measured. To address this, we measured the CO₂ production of 19 non-nestmate pairs displaying interactive and noninteractive behavior. The rate of energy used during interaction behavior was positively associated with published rankings of aggression. However, our results indicate that interactions are not very energetically costly in Polistes, particularly when compared to the likely cost of foraging. These data suggest that maintaining reproductive dominance is not very energetically expensive for the dominant and that the dominant foundress expends energy at a lower rate than the subordinate foundress. Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Do native brown trout and non-native brook trout interact reproductively?

Reproductive interactions between native and non-native species of fish have received little attention compared to other types of interactions such as predation or competition for food and habitat. We studied the reproductive interactions between non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and native brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Pyrenees Mountain stream (SW France). We found evidence of significant interspecific interactions owing to consistent spatial and temporal overlap in redd localizations and spawning periods. We observed mixed spawning groups composed of the two species, interspecific subordinate males, and presence of natural hybrids (tiger trout). These reproductive interactions could be detrimental to the reproduction success of both species. Our study shows that non-native species might have detrimental effects on native species via subtle hybridization behavior.     

Interactions between engineered nanoparticles and dissolved organic matter: A review on mechanisms and environmental effects

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in the environment and has high reactivity. Once engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are released into natural systems, interactions of DOM with ENPs may significantly affect the fate and transport of ENPs, as well as the bioavailability and toxicity of ENPs to organisms. However, because of the complexity of DOM and the shortage of useful characterization methods, large knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of the interactions between DOM and ENPs. In this article, we systematically reviewed the interactions between DOM and ENPs, discussed the effects of DOM on the environmental behavior of ENPs, and described the changes in bioavailability and toxicity of ENPs caused by DOM. Critical evaluations of published references suggest further need for assessing and predicting the influences of DOM on the transport, transformation, bioavailability, and toxicity of ENPs in the environment.     

Governance across the land-sea interface: A systematic review

Governance across the land-sea interface is an emerging challenge. The propensity for, and intensity of social-ecological interactions across this interface (e.g., eutrophication, sedimentation) are being exacerbated by cross-system threats (e.g., climate change). We draw on a systematic review of 151 peer-reviewed papers on governance and land-sea connections to (1) outline the current state of the literature, (2) examine the predominance of different approaches to address land-sea interactions, (3) characterize how governance is conceptualized within these approaches, (4) investigate governance challenges, and (5) provide insights into effective governance. The review finds that the number of relevant papers published per year has generally been increasing, and most of these papers are found in interdisciplinary journals. Ecosystem-based management is the most predominant approach found in the literature as a means to address land-sea interactions. Papers referring to ecosystem-based management are more likely than those referring to alternative management approaches (e.g., integrated management) to highlight science-policy integration and the need to account for interactions between ecosystem components as elements of effective governance. The main governance challenges include determining boundaries, addressing cross-scale effects, and accessing knowledge. However, few empirical studies of governance across the land-sea interface have been completed. A richer conceptual framework of governance is required to improve our ability to navigate the rapid social and environmental change occurring across the land-sea interface.     

The interaction between emissions trading and renewable electricity support schemes. An overview of the literature

The public promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources coexists in many countries with the recent implementation of emissions trading schemes. As shown by several papers, this coexistence may lead to significant interactions between both instruments, in the form of synergies and conflicts. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the literature on such coexistence and interactions. A major conclusion is that policy measures aiming at exploiting the synergies between both instruments should be implemented. The greatest synergy effects from the use of both instruments take place through appropriate coordination of their targets. Another key finding is that, although some stylised facts can be inferred from the studies, some results from those complex interactions are context-specific since they depend on the design of the instruments in particular countries. In spite of the significant policy implications of such interactions for the effective and cost-effective functioning of both instruments, this is a surprisingly under searched field. It is so concerning, both, theoretical and empirical analysis.

Calcium-Regulation der Muskelkontraktion

The role of calcium in muscle activation is described with particular emphasis on interactions occurring between the regulatory proteins troponin-C, troponin-I, actin and myosin. These interactions depend on calcium, but in turn they also influence the calcium binding to troponin-C. They may be affected by short "competitive" peptides whose sequences are similar to the amino-acid sequences on the protein-interaction sites. They may be also affected by certain drugs (cardiotonic calcium sensitizers) that influence the calcium sensitivity of myofilaments.     

Policy-makers perspectives on credibility,relevance and legitimacy (CRELE)

For more than a decade, a popular theory amongst scholars of science-policy interactions has been that research is most effective at informing policy and decision-making processes when it is credible, relevant and legitimate (CRELE) with multiple audiences simultaneously. In this paper, we argue that this triad reflects a primarily intra-scientific perspective, rather than the needs and considerations of policy-makers themselves. Using over seventy semi-structured interviews with policy-makers, we present alternative criteria for effective science-policy interactions based on experiences in the urban water sector. We find that applicability, comprehensiveness, timing and accessibility (ACTA) better summarises the most important aspects of scientific research when it comes to influencing decision-making, while finding that CRELE was a poor predictor of policy-maker concerns. Whilst the ACTA quartet effectively gives double-billing to the ‘relevance’ component of CRELE, credibility and legitimacy were much lower priorities for policy-makers interviewed. This article questions whether CRELE is a useful mindset for researchers interested in policy influence. These findings will be of interest to those engaged in debates related to effective science-policy interactions more broadly, and researchers that want to marshal policy influence more specifically.     

花岗岩-流体相互作用的实验研究进展

花岗岩-流体相互作用的实验研究，对于解决放射性核废料的处理，地热能的有效开发利用和成岩成矿作用的理论研究等问题，具有重要的意义和应用价值。因此，本文引用近期的资料，从矿物表面的解吸作用、次生矿物的沉淀、矿物及花岗岩的溶解速率和花岗岩-流体反应的效应四个方面，对花岗岩-流体相互作用的实验研究进行论述，以期达到抛砖引玉的效果。