基于生态足迹分析的旅游地生态安全评价研究--以开封市为例

对旅游地生态安全状况进行评价具有熏要的理论意义和实践意义，根据生态足迹模型，构建了旅游地生态安全评价的指标体系和方法，并以人均旅游生态足迹和人均旅游用地承载力的比值Ⅰ来确定旅游地生态安全的状况。以开封市为研究区域，采用以上指标体系，对开封市2004年旅游生态安全状况进行了评价。研究结果表明：2004年开封市人均生态旅游足迹为0．014983hm^2，其中交通足迹最大，占到85．53％；其次是餐饮，为9．75％。人均旅游用地承载力为0．041790hm^2，生态安全度为0．36，处于一种一般状态或者说较为安全的状态。对研究结果采用旅游环境容量来进行判断，也表明研究结果较为准确地反映旅游地生态安全状况。     

论长江流域山岳旅游地发展对神农架开发的启示

长江流域山岳旅游地数量很多,近年来在旅游开发与管理方面积累的成功经验具有普遍性。政府主导、高度重视山岳旅游价值、避免粗放式过度开发、适度提升旅游形象、切实保护生态环境、多元融资、内外联动发展大旅游、与国际接轨提高管理水平等措施值得借鉴。神农架作为长江流域典型的山岳旅游地,由此可以得到重要启示。神农架的战略出路在于：顺应产业升级转型趋势,全面确立旅游兴区战略,构建区域经济新极核,实施RMP系统整合,明晰旅游形象和加强区域合作。     

三峡库区土地资源承载力现状与可持续发展对策

三峡库区的土地资源承载力状况直接关系到三峡库区土地与人口、经济社会发展和环境保护之间的平衡关系,对于实现三峡库区经济、社会、生态的可持续发展具有重要意义。首先分析了土地资源承载力概念的发展历程,将其分为3个发展阶段：人口承载力阶段、综合承载力阶段和生态足迹阶段;并根据三峡库区的特点,设计了一个简单易行的承载力计算方法,运用最新的有关数据,对库区的耕地、森林植被以及饲草的承载力状况进行了分析。研究结果表明库区人地关系非常紧张,森林植被分布不均,而饲草供应则非常充足。最后在此基础上提出了要加强库区植被恢复,发展柑橘业、畜牧业和旅游业等传统优势产业以提高库区土地资源承载力的针对性对策。     

西南贫困山区旅游环境容量测算——以贵州省六盘水市为例

选择贵州省具有典型贫困山区特征的六盘水市风景名胜区为例,通过分析空间承载量、社会承载量、经济承载量三大要素的主要影响因子,定量分析了六盘水市风景区的旅游环境容量。研究表明,六盘水市六大风景区的空间日容量为3.4万人/d,社会环境容量为1.37万人/d,经济环境容量为1.59万人/d,总旅游环境承载量为501万人/年。社会承载容量成为制约喀斯特景区发展并限制接待游客容量的主要因素,这主要是因为游客对该景区认知少,部分景点由于地势险恶或资金投入少等还未开放和宣传,交通不发达,景区内的可达面积开发较小。本研究可为深层次推进旅游业的经济拉动效应和环境优化效应提供依据。     

Conceptual Framework of Tourism Carrying Capacity for a Tourism City： Experiences from National Parks in the United States

There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC).Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several reasons why numerical tourism capacity is inadequate.Alternatively,tourism capacity can be defined in terms of limits of acceptable change,which shifts the focus from"how much use is too much"to"how much change is acceptable".This article proposes an improved conceptual framework for evaluating carrying capacity for the tourism city based on approaches used in US national parks,which consider the impact of human use on a city's economic,environmental/resource,and socio-cultural conditions.Based on the basic data of indicator values and relevant standards,the framework monitors the current indicators and predicts future indicator values; it can also be used to assess and predict TCC.     

基于空间感知规律的城市旅游形象比较研究 --以南京市为例

根据空间感知规律，南京与同位于长江三角洲内、且均受吴越文化影响的上海、无锡、苏州和杭州均有可能产生城市旅游形象替代效应。为了分析南京城市旅游形象的独特性，将五座城市的城市旅游理念形象、视觉形象和行为形象分别进行比较，结果表明：(1)南京城市级别比上海低，但文化、自然遗产丰富；整体竞争力比无锡高；旅游基础不如苏州，但产品结构与体系较丰富；历史文化遗产保护和利用比杭州好等。(2)旅游视觉形象优势是文物古迹和民俗风情。(3)旅游服务形象评价较高，城市居民形象各具特点等。提出了南京城市旅游形象特色的构建对策。     

旅游地的类生命特征研究

把旅游地视为一个特殊生命体和特殊的生态系统．旅游地与生物体存在非常类似的机理。具有旅游地生命周期、旅游地生态系统、旅游地之间存在诸如共生、竞争、寄生、捕食生态空间关系等明显的类生命特征。研究旅游地的类生命特征．为运用生态学理论研究旅游发展问题提供了可靠依据和切实可行性,为更好地解释和透视旅游发展问题实质提供了崭新的途径与思路,生态学理论在旅游中的应用和解决旅游问题具有现实的可能性和潜在的应用价值,在丰富旅游学与生态学理论的同时,指导并促进旅游业的可持续发展。     

Sustainable Tourism and the Touristic Ecological Footprint

There is growing interest in ecological footprint analysis in aiding our understanding of societal demands upon the biosphere. Increasingly, attention is being focused on potential new applications of the technique. Tourism is one of the world's largest industries and can play a major part in encouraging more consumerist lifestyles. It is now widely accepted that tourism development may have profound impacts on local environments, and that, consequently, the sustainable development of tourism at destination areas is an important issue. However, sustainable tourism studies rarely look beyond the destination area, and there has been no substantive recognition of the wider ecological footprint of tourism activities. This paper attempts to connect, conceptually, the realms of sustainable tourism and ecological footprint thinking. In so doing, various conceptualisations of the 'touristic ecological footprint' (TEF) are suggested, along with some potential applications. It is argued that primary research should focus on calculating the touristic ecological footprint associated with individual tourism products, throughout the product's life-cycle. As well as bringing another dimension to our understanding of tourism's actual ecological demand, it is also argued that the concept of the touristic ecological footprint may be used to clarify theoretical aspects of the sustainable tourism debate, helping to rejuvenate this debate in the process.     

基于百度指数的湖南旅游目的地城市旅游者网络关注度及其空间格局研究

网络关注度从赛博空间层面反映了旅游者对旅游目的地的整体感知。通过社会网络分析方法,以综合运用"直接取词法"和"范围取词法"选定的与湖南旅游目的地城市旅游活动密切相关的共计103个关键词的百度指数构建而成的网络关注度指数为分析数据,对湖南旅游目的地城市的网络关注度及其空间格局进行了系统分析。研究发现:(1)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注程度有所差别,但是上述旅游目的地城市的网络关注度在年度周期内呈现出同步波动态势,具有较强的"共现性";(2)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度构成了相对完整的关联结构,但是岳阳与其他旅游目的地城市之间网络信息互动较弱,娄底和益阳与其他旅游目的地城市之间基本没有网络信息互动;(3)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度的网络影响力呈现出明显的等级结构,其中,长沙、郴州和株洲具有显著的"结构洞"优势,对湖南各旅游目的地城市之间的信息流动起到的"桥接"作用明显;(4)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度的空间关联网络可以划分4个板块:其中湘西州位于"经纪人"板块;衡阳等4个节点位于"献媚"位置;长沙等6个节点位于"首属人"位置;娄底、岳阳和益阳则位于"孤立"位置;(5)旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市的网络关注度在很大程度上反映了湖南各旅游目的地城市的资源禀赋和旅游产业发展状况,但两者之间并不完全匹配。湖南各旅游目的地城市的资源禀赋和旅游产业是旅游者对湖南各旅游目的地城市产生网络关注度的基础,而网络关注度则主要通过促进或阻碍地理空间因素的方式对湖南旅游目的地城市网络关注度及其空间格局产生影响。鉴于上述研究发现,论文提出,要促进湖南省的旅游产业发展,各旅游目的地城市除了需要强化自身的优质资源建设,凸显各自的旅游发展特质之外,还需要扩大各旅游目的地城市之间的旅游信息交流和合作,尤其需要促进湖南各旅游目的地城市与其他区域之间的旅游者、旅游信息等要素的自由流动,逐步形成多中心、多网络协同发展的旅游空间格局。     

上海市旅游生态足迹分析

运用生态足迹的理论与方法,结合旅游者的生态消费及结构特征,借助现代地理信息技术,对上海市旅游生态足迹进行了分析。通过测算,2009年上海市旅游生态足迹为66 333 483.428hm2,人均旅游生态足迹为466.547×10-4 hm2;旅游生态承载力为1 900 029.08hm2,人均旅游生态承载力为146.908×10-4 hm2,人均生态赤字为319.692×10-4 hm2。从上海市旅游生态足迹结构来看,旅游交通和旅游购物足迹的比例最大,分别占71.79%和23.76%,旅游餐饮和休闲娱乐其次,分别为3.44%和0.14%,比例最小的是旅游观光和旅游住宿。这表明旅游活动正在过度消耗上海城市资源环境,旅游业目前处于生态赤字状态,因此应采取相关的改进措施,以实现资源保护与旅游发展的平衡,并着手调整旅游产业内部结构,发展环保节能的交通工具,大力推动低碳旅游发展,开发有特色的旅游商品,提高旅游购物消费,在保证生态资源可持续利用的同时保持旅游经济快速发展。     

基于元分析的游客环境责任行为影响因素整合研究

游客环境责任行为对于推进我国旅游目的地生态环境保护及可持续发展具有重要意义，已有研究缺乏对游客环境责任行为影响因素的系统性整合研究。借助元分析法，从756篇国内外文献中筛选出30篇标准文献作为研究数据，对游客环境责任行为（TERB）影响因素进行整合研究。结果显示：（1）个人特征、感知价值、目的地体验、目的地涉入、地方特征、环境态度与地方依恋等7大因素均显著影响TERB，个人特征、感知价值与TERB之间呈中度正相关关系，其余因素与TERB之间均呈高度正相关关系，其中，目的地体验与TERB的正相关关系最强(r=0.600)，而个人特征最小(r=0.260)；（2）样本量、文化背景和出版类型在各因素对TERB的影响过程中具有调节效应，其中，样本量对个人特征、感知价值、目的地体验、目的地涉入、地方特征以及地方依恋与TERB间的关系均具调节作用；文化背景对个人特征、地方依恋与TERB间的关系存在显著的调节作用；出版类型对目的地体验、地方特征与TERB间的关系起到明显调节作用；（3）游客环境责任行为影响机理具有复杂性，不仅受到多个因素的共同影响，而且受到调节变量的影响。最后提出若干管理启示。     

区域生态承载力与可持续发展

本文探讨了生态承载力的概念和估测的方法,分析了大陆典型生态系统净第一性生产力的背景值,研究了确定自然系统最优生态承载力的依据,在此基础上,提出了提高区域生态承载力,实现区域可持续发展基本对策。     

城市旅游地景观格局演变与优化研究——以南京为例

城市旅游地景观格局是城市旅游与景观生态共同的研究热点。研究以南京为例,利用Arc GIS技术,以累积耗费距离及旅游地景观演化模型为分析手段,探讨了研究区自1991年以来的景观格局演变与优化问题。结果表明:(1)1991~2003年,旅游景观比重减少而非旅游景观增加;2003~2014年,旅游景观比重增加而非旅游景观递减。景观演化表现为先后台化再旅游化的特征。(2)河湖水面、公园与绿地、建设用地景观形状日趋规则化,林地、交通用地景观形状复杂度不断提升,景观破碎化程度加剧且多样性先上升后下降,表现出快速、高度城市化过程。(3)根据景观生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用,构建生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分来加强生态网络的空间联系,提出格局优化方案。(4)非旅游型城市景观应进一步转变为典型旅游景观,以保持景观旅游化及旅游地景观演化的可持续性。     

1996~2016年间江苏省旅游空间结构演化与影响机制研究

旅游空间结构的研究有助于梳理旅游地的发展脉络,探究其发展演化的内在规律和存在的问题,指导旅游地健康持续发展。以江苏省13个地级市为研究对象,选取1996、2002、2010、2016年4个研究时段,在构建旅游综合实力指标体系的基础上,采用交通可达性的技术方法及改进的场强模型,测度出4个研究时段江苏省各地级市旅游综合实力指数和旅游场强,揭示了江苏省旅游综合实力的区域性差异、旅游场强空间格局特征及动态演变过程,以此归纳出江苏省旅游空间结构的演化阶段,最后利用地理探测器模型探究其空间结构演化的影响机制。改进的场强模型和地理探测模型为区域旅游空间结构的研究提供新的研究视角与方法,江苏旅游空间结构演化与影响机制的研究也为进一步推进江苏省区域旅游协作,实现区域旅游的可持续发展提供借鉴与参考。     

皖江城市带温泉旅游地定量评价及开发策略

运用专家咨询法,从温泉资源质量、市场区位条件、区域支持条件3个方面构建了涵盖13个评价因子的温泉型旅游地开发评价指标体系。为最大限度降低评价的主观性,将评价因子分为数值型和模糊型两种,综合运用菲什拜因 罗森伯格模型和模糊数学模型,在深入调研皖江城市带各温泉旅游地并掌握相关数据的基础上,从市域层面对皖江城市带6个地区的温泉旅游开发条件进行了量化评价。结果显示: 合肥、马鞍山开发条件最优,其温泉旅游资源与市场区位及区域支持条件匹配良好;安庆、六安次之,宣城、池州较差。最后结合评价结论,先从文化和竞合2个方面提出皖江城市带温泉旅游地整体开发和提升的策略,再针对得分不同地区的开发现状和所处阶段,分别提出“共生模式”和“提升模式”两大对策     

可持续环境承载力的度量及其应用

本文在环境容量的基础上探讨了环境承载力的概念和模型,并进一步讨论了可持续环境承载力的定义及其应用,最后研究了环境承载力及其变量的外延意义。     

城市生态系统承载理论探索与实证--以长江三角洲为例

为深入地探讨城市生态系统内部各要素的相互作用关系,将自然生态系统承载力理论扩展到城市生态系统,提出城市生态系统的承载机制概念。分别从微观作用与宏观表现两个角度提出承载机制模型,即承载递阶模型与水桶模型,初步构建了承载理论框架。在承载理论指导下,采用层次结构模型建立了承载机制评价指标体系,提出承载机制定量评估模型,由此可计算出城市生态系统承载指数,该指数是研究资源支持系统、环境约束系统与社会经济活动三者协调性以及城市生态环境对社会经济活动供容能力的重要判据。最后对长三角具有代表性的8个城市进行了实证研究。结果表明：长三角8个^城市的综合承载指数排序依次为：上海、南京、无锡、宁波、杭州、苏州、常州、扬州。     

On Touristic Ecological Footprint of Macau

Despite its tiny territory,Macau boasts a large volume of tourist activities,which serves as the pillar of its economy.Environment and natural resources are the cornerstone of tourism,but are also subject to the negative impact of tourism.Based on the theory and methodology of ecological footprint analysis,this paper calculated the touristic ecological footprint and deficit of Macau in 2009,in an effort to bring to light the current status of excessive consumption of resources by tourism.As the findings show,the non-transferable touristic ecological footprint and touristic ecological deficit of Macau in 2009 are respectively 18 300.891 gha and 12 737.584 gha,and the former is 3.29 times as large as the touristic ecological carrying capacity.Touristic ecological footprint of Macau is highly efficient in economic sense but currently tourism is developing in an unsustainable manner,so appropriate initiatives are in need to strike a balance between tourism development and resource conservation and to promote the sustainability of tourism industry of Macau.     

Climate capacity:the measurement for adaptation to climate change

This article proposed the concept of"climate capacity"as a way of measuring human’s adaptiveness to climate change.This article also focused on the related concepts like ecological carrying capacity,water resources carrying capacity,land carrying capacity as well as population carrying capacity.The concept of climate capacity was articulated against a background of global climate and environmental change.Essentially,China’s efforts to adapt to climate change was a matter of improving climate capacity,which is the ecosystem as well as the frequency,the intensity and the scale of human’s social activities that the climatic resources of a particular geographic area were supposed to support.The climate capacity has two components.One is the natural climate capacity,which includes temperature,sunlight,precipitation,extreme climatic events,etc.The other is the derived climate capacity,which includes water resources,land resources,ecological systems,climatic risks,etc.The climate capacity can be developed or be transferred between regions by taking engineering,technology or regime-based adaptive measures.However,these adaptive measures must be implemented under the principle of economic rationalism,ecological integrity,climate protection,and social justice.It is expected that by combining the climate capacity and its threshold value with the assessment of climate change risks,we are able to predict the optimal population carrying capacity and the scale of socioeconomic development,and furthermore,provide policy support for the socioeconomic development strategy and adaptive planning.In the regions with high climate capacity,there is a symbiotic relationship between adaptation and socioeconomic development.But,in the regions with limited climate capacity,irrational development may further damage the environment.Taking the Yangtze River delta,a region with high climate capacity,and a region of Ningxia,a region with limited climate capacity,as illustrative examples,the authors of this article analyzed the policy implications of climate capacity and further made suggestions on the problems of capacitylimited adaptation and development-driven adaptation.This article argued that the concept of climate capacity can not only be used as an analytical instrument of climate change economics,but also it can provide research support for planning regional adaptation and development with climate change impact and risk assessments.     

Sustainable tourism development in remote regions? Questions arising from research in the North Kimberley,Australia

This paper is concerned with the sustainable development of a self-drive tourist destination in the remote region in Northern Australia. It first compares officially used data on visitor profiles to the information collected in the survey. Differences between data collected and available secondary data imply that tourism planning should include collection of region-specific tourism information to guide and mitigate potential environmental changes. Natural landscape features are the key attraction for visitors to the region. Visitor satisfaction levels with the current state of the destination are high. However, local residents reported perceived negative impacts of tourism, in particular on amenities and the ecology of the landscape. Visitors also reported behavior that might contribute to environmental impacts. Implications of the findings, in the context of future destination planning, are discussed.