2000年全球气象灾害评价

2000年,全球气候持续较常年偏暖。赤道中,东太平洋地区强拉尼娜事件在1月再次达到峰值后,迅速减弱,强拉尼娜事件对全球,特别是对热带地区产生了较大的影响,北半球许多地区冬季出现严寒天气,夏季又遭热浪袭击,严重的高温、干旱、森林大火困扰全球。而亚洲南部、西欧、南部非洲、南美北部的许多地区暴雨频繁。估计气象自然灾害造成全球经济损失达上千亿美元。数亿人口受灾。     

河南省春季降水与温度变化的时空分布——基于地理信息系统的分析

春季的气候条件异常一直是制约河南省小麦生产的瓶颈之一,春旱作为河南省主要的气象灾害,严重影响了小麦的生长。近几十年来,极端天气事件随着全球气候变暖的加快而越发频繁。春季干旱发生的主要因子降水和温度的变异性显著变大。基于GIS及和河南省30年的气候整编资料,对河南省春季降水、温度及降水温度比的变化趋势及时空变化分布进行了研究。结果表明:豫南春季降水减少最为严重(南阳盆地除外),豫中次之,豫北春季降水稍有增加;从温度的变化分布来看,河南全省春季温度都呈上升趋势,其中,豫南的信阳、驻马店,豫西北的济源、焦作、洛阳、郑州及平顶山地区温度上升趋势较大,南阳盆地、豫东平原及豫北平原地带温度变化相对较小;反应春季气候异常的降水温度比豫南为负向变化最大,豫北为正向变化最大,空间分布与春季降水基本吻合。综合分析说明未来河南地区的气候变化将会更加不稳定。     

Migration as an adaptive strategy to climate variability: a study of the Tonga‐speaking people of Southern Zambia

There is increasing consensus that the effects of extreme weather conditions in the form of drought, flooding and extreme temperature will have increasingly devastating impacts on those who depend on climate‐sensitive resources and ecosystems for their livelihoods. The most affected will be the poor in developing countries who have a low adaptive capacity to climate change due to high poverty levels. Despite these projections, there are, to date, insufficient empirical studies linking the relationship between climate change and migration, particularly in the context of southern Africa. Using field‐based data collected from two study locations in Zambia, this paper examines the complex relationship between extreme weather events and population movement. It is envisaged that the findings presented in this paper will contribute to current discussions on the complex relationship between extreme weather conditions and population movement specifically in the context of sub‐Saharan Africa and other developing countries.     

How much more exposed are the poor to natural disasters? Global and regional measurement

This paper proposes a simple indicator to measure the exposure to natural disasters for the poor and non-poor population, in order to assess the global and regional trend of natural hazard and poverty. Globally, poor people are two times more exposed to natural disasters than the non-poor in the twenty-first century. The time trend varies across regions, with poor people in East Asia and Pacific being most exposed to natural disasters, followed by those in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The change of exposure measure over time is decomposed into two factors: a pure exposure change, which could be fuelled by climate change; and a concentration component. The result shows that the total net increase of exposure between the 1970s and the 2000s is driven significantly by the increased concentration of the poor (26 per cent) in disaster-prone areas, whereas the contribution of that factor remains very small for the non-poor (six per cent).     

2003年我国十大极端天气气候事件

2003年我国极端天气气候事件及气象灾害发生较为频繁,特别是淮河流域特大洪水、南方持续的高温热浪及伏秋连旱,造成了严重影响.另外,低温阴雨、秋汛、台风、局地暴雨等也较为突出.本文利用我中心气候业务系统所得资料,对2003年我国极端天气气候事件作一综合评述.     

凝冻灾害特征及其天气成因分析

利用2008年1月10日至2月2日南方特大雨雪冰冻灾害期间主要受灾地区气象观测数据,对灾害期间各地出现的天气现象及其致灾机理差异进行了分析比较,并以贵州为代表对凝冻灾害特征及其天气成因进行了分析总结,主要得到以下结论:(1)2008年初南方受灾地区西段即贵州全省、湖南西部以及云南东北部、广西北部主要是由于冻雨、湿雪造成的凝冻灾害,东段的江西、安徽、浙江等长江中下游地区主要是以雪灾为代表的冰冻灾害,而整个南方受灾地区低温雨雪混合冻结的情况比较普遍;(2)凝冻灾害的特征是在物体表面形成覆冰层,其形成过程中一般有液态水向固态冰的转化;(3)凝冻灾害具有多种覆冰致灾机制,包括雨凇、雾凇、湿雪以及雨雾或雨雪混合冻结,其危害性比一般的冰冻灾害更为严重;(4)凝冻天气现象包括冻雨、冻毛雨、雨夹雪、过冷雾、湿雪等,持续的凝冻天气过程往往出现多种凝冻天气现象的交替,造成雨凇、雾凇、雨雾混合凇及雨雪混合冻结等多种类型的覆冰,从而导致严重的凝冻灾害。这也是2008年初贵州成为全国受灾最重地区的原因。     

气候变化对我国农业的可能影响及适应性对策

全球气候变暖已经成了一个不争的事实。在全球气候变化背景下,我国的气温不断增高,降水和极端天气气候事件不断增多。根据气候变化情景,从区域布局、种植结构、农作物产量和品质以及设施农业等方面分析了气候变化对我国农业的可能影响,并提出了我国农业应对气候变化的适应性对策。     

1980-2009年期间黑龙江省玉米低温冷害年判定

将黑龙江省玉米种植区分为东、西、南、北、中5个区域,并在5个区域中选取24个气象站作为研究对象,利用逐日气象资料和玉米发育期资料,考虑玉米各发育阶段对温度的不同需求,建立具有气象、农学和生物学意义的玉米低温冷害综合指标。结果表明:1980-2009年间,黑龙江省共发生了14次玉米低温冷害,其中1987年冷害严重;以每10年进行比较,冷害的发生频次和程度都呈下降趋势。近30年来,冷害程度具有明显的区域差异,北部重于中部,中部重于南部;冷害频次上呈现北部最多,中部次之,南部最少的特点。     

Characterizing the urban heat island in current and future climates in New Jersey

Climate change caused by increased anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases is a long-term climate hazard with the potential to alter the intensity, temporal pattern, and spatial extent of the urban heat island (UHI) in metropolitan regions. Particular meteorological conditions—including high temperature, low cloud cover, and low average wind speed—tend to intensify the heat island effect. Analyses of existing archived climate data for the vicinities of Newark and Camden, New Jersey indicate urban to suburban/rural temperature differences over the previous half-century. Surface temperatures derived from a Landsat thermal image for each site were also analyzed for spatial patterns of heat islands. Potential interactions between the UHI effect and projected changes in temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover are then examined under a range of climate change scenarios, encompassing different greenhouse gas emissions trajectories. The scenarios include those utilized in the Metropolitan East Coast Regional Assessment of Climate Variability and Change and the A2 and B2 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES).

The UHI effect was detected in Newark and Camden in both satellite surface-temperature and meteorological station airtemperature records. The average difference in urban—nonurban minimum temperatures was 3.0 °C for the Newark area and 1.5 °C for Camden. Extrapolation of current trends and the selected global climate models (GCMs) project that temperatures in the case study areas will continue to warm in the current century, as they have over the past half-century. An initial analysis of global climate scenarios shows that wind speed may decline, and that cloud cover may increase in the coming decades. These generally small countervailing tendencies suggest that urban—nonurban temperature differences may be maintained under climate change.

Overall warmer conditions throughout the year may extend the spatial and temporal dimensions of the urban-suburban heat complex. The incidence of heat-related morbidity and mortality are likely to increase with interactions between the increased frequency and duration of heat waves and the UHI effect. Camden and Newark will likely be subjected to higher temperatures, and areas experiencing UHI-like conditions and temperature extremes will expand. Thus, urban heat island-related hazard potential is likely to increase in a warmer climate.     

影响黄渤海域热带气旋的灾害分析

分析了1971—2000年北上影响辽东半岛及黄渤海域热带气旋的气候特征、路径分类及灾害特点，结果表明，台风是造成黄渤海域风浪灾害的主要天气系统之一；辽东半岛地区，最大暴雨是由台风引起的；不同路径的热带气旋造成的灾害不同；热带气旋活动具有群集性，在产生风暴潮、暴雨的同时，常引发洪涝灾害、泥石流、滑坡等次生灾害，加重了灾害程度。     

九十年代以来全球重大天气气候事件回顾

本文首先揭示了九十年代全球变暖背景下北半球中高纬度地区冬季的异常冷暖气候事件及其相应的环流形势。着重回顾了全球热浪、暴雨洪涝、大范围持续干旱及热带风暴等重大灾害性天气气候事件及其影响，并对其形成的可能原因进行了一些诊断分析。     

对2000～2003年陕西三场洪灾暴雨天气的对比分析

对陕西2000年7月13日紫阳和镇巴暴雨、2002年6月8日佛坪暴雨及2003年8月23日～10月4日渭河流域(二华夹槽地区)的连阴雨中的暴雨从环流形势场进行了对比分析,认为,在不同天气气候背景下都有可能出现大的洪涝灾害,只有提高防范意识,才可以减轻灾难造成的结果.     

城市高温热浪调控机制模拟研究

在全球气候变暖和城市化加速发展的共同影响下,高温热浪事件频繁发生、日趋严重。为了分析屋顶亮化、城市绿化和地表增湿在调节城市热力环境、缓解城市高温灾害中的作用,本文选择了2013年8月的高温天气过程,利用耦合了城市冠层模式的WRF模拟系统,采用屋顶亮化、屋顶绿化和地表增湿3种不同的调控方案模拟分析其对城市热环境、湿度和近地面热量通量的影响,及其不同的降温效果和影响时段。研究发现:(1)3种调控方案通过改变城市地区的辐射过程或者能量平衡过程,降低白天尤其是正午时分的近地面气温,可有效的减缓夏季城市地区的高温热浪。(2)采用地表增湿方案,当城市街道表面含水层厚度从0mm增加到3mm时,潜热通量迅速增加,感热通量迅速减少,降温迅速。这说明在白天用较少水量多次对城市街道增湿,是一种显著降温的有效方法。     

宁夏大雾的气候特征及变化

选用1961～2004年宁夏19个主要站逐日大雾天气现象观测资料,分析了宁夏大雾的空间、时间分布气候特征和大雾气候变化的事实。宁夏大雾空间分布为南部多中北部少,高山、城市多,其他地区少;时间分布为夏、秋季节多,冬、春季节少且大雾日数月季分布存在地域差别,北部引黄灌区季节变化差异明显,中部干旱带不明显,南部山区季节变化曲线有两个峰值,分别在春季的3月和整个秋季,春末夏初大雾日数最少。宁夏年大雾日数突变特征不明显,在1961～1995年存在8年左右周期,1995年以后有4年左右的周期变化,目前处在一个相对偏多的阶段。宁夏大雾局地特征十分明显,不同地区大雾日数年变化差异较大,但大雾日数年代际变化特征不明显。     

中国的降水量符合正态分布吗?

利用适合性检验方法 ,对中国境内 16 0个测站自 195 1～ 2 0 0 0年 5 0年的逐月降水资料是否符合正态分布进行了检验 ,并在此基础上对该 16 0个测站降水量的统计分布做了区划。研究结果表明 ,对夏季 ,通过显著性检验的测站数最少 ,而对冬季 ,通过显著性检验的测站数最多 ,即中国夏季降水多符合正态分布 ,而冬季降水多符合非正态分布。一方面 ,我国降水量的统计分布具有一定的区域性、其中黄河流域以南和江淮流域 ,东北地区的东部和西北部以及云南的部分地区为基本符合正态分布区 ,其原因是该区域的气候基本属于季风性气候 ;西北、华北和东北西部为严重偏离正态分布区 ,其原因是西北地区的气候基本是大陆性气候 ;其他地区为偏离正态分布区。另一方面 ,我国降水量的统计分布又具有较强的局地性 ,因此 ,在做有关降水量的分析预报时 ,有必要考虑其统计分布特征。     

洋面风场的QuikSCAT/SeaWinds遥感探测

QuikSCAT卫星是监测全球气候和海洋环境的重要卫星之一，它已经被世界气象组织列为业务卫星，所得数据对天气预报、气候研究等方面有重要作用。介绍了QuikSCAT卫星的有关背景情况，星载SeaWinds散射测风计观测洋面风的原理和基本算法，说明了利用该资料在热带气旋中心定位及移向预报以及2003年淮河流域暴雨成因分析方面做了尝试性工作。最后，对该数据资料应用中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Public perception of drought and climate change in southeast England

Droughts occur as a natural feature of many climates. Several southern areas of the UK experienced water stress during 2004–2006 because of low water availability and high water demand. Climate change scenarios suggest that drought frequency could increase here in the future. This will increase the competition for water across all sectors. Understanding people's perceptions of drought and climate change is likely to be an important factor for sustainable water management by pointing to barriers to behavioural change. A mixed methodology study using questionnaires and focus groups was conducted in the Anglian and southern regions of the UK to explore public perceptions of drought and climate change. Respondents attributed the 2004–2006 regional drought to lower than average rainfall. Water-intensive lifestyles, a growth in population, increasing housing developments, leaking pipes and the privatization of water companies were also implicated. The majority of respondents claimed to change their behaviour to conserve water during 2006. Regarding the future, and under a number of different scenarios, people were more inclined to accept restrictions than agree to pay more to ensure the supply of water. They were concerned about climate change and recognized that more frequent water shortages may be one of the impacts, but this concern did not necessarily translate into action. Barriers to engagement with climate change and water-efficient behaviour included a lack of accessible information, a lack of knowledge regarding the integration of environmental spheres, a lack of resources, and a perceived lack of institutional engagement. The barriers identified appear to pose a major challenge to successful adaptation to climate change.     

气候变暖与我国夏季洪涝灾害风险

根据近十几年的月平均降水观测资料,对我国东部地区夏季降水的异常偏多和偏少的趋进行了分析,发现自７０年代后期以来,东部地区降水量及降水异常偏多事件有明显的处升趋势;同时异常偏少事件则略有下降,但不显著。     

极端气温对城市人群死亡的影响评估

利用北京心肺血管疾病研究所提供的1994-2000年北京城近郊区的七个监测点的以25-74岁人群为监测对象的25余万居民中全死因死亡事件监测数据、同期北京观象台的逐日气温观测数据、月平均气候资料，对极端气温对城市人群死亡的影响进行分析，得出对城市人群死亡影响的极端气温阈值及其长序列的时间线形变率，采用最优子集回归方法建立预测评估模型，根据气候模式对未来气候变化的预测结果，对未来北京城市人群死亡的影响进行定量评估。     

2005年陕西省雷电活动特征及灾害过程分析

2005年是陕西省正式采用ADTAD雷电定位技术监测雷电活动的第一年。依据雷电定位监测的云地闪数据，对陕西省雷电分布特征分析可知：与年平均雷电气候特征比较，2005年雷电的时间分布特征与年平均基本一致，但空间分布差异较大，雷电高值区发生在陕南南部地区；雷电数据监测覆盖全省，雷电落点经纬度精确到小数点后四位，对雷电的强度、电荷、能量等有了定量监测，为认识其密度、频度等活动规律提供了依据。结合典型雷电灾害天气过程分析。为雷电灾害防御及预报提出了新的思路和指标。