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2000年全球气象灾害评价 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
2000年,全球气候持续较常年偏暖。赤道中,东太平洋地区强拉尼娜事件在1月再次达到峰值后,迅速减弱,强拉尼娜事件对全球,特别是对热带地区产生了较大的影响,北半球许多地区冬季出现严寒天气,夏季又遭热浪袭击,严重的高温、干旱、森林大火困扰全球。而亚洲南部、西欧、南部非洲、南美北部的许多地区暴雨频繁。估计气象自然灾害造成全球经济损失达上千亿美元。数亿人口受灾。 相似文献
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干旱、农业旱灾与农户旱灾脆弱性分析——以邢台县典型农户为例 总被引:23,自引:6,他引:23
从微观农户角度分析了干旱、农业旱灾和农户旱灾脆弱性的成因。文章认为,自然降水不足或与作物需求匹配不均是造成农业干旱的动力,农户对干旱的应付能力不足是导致干旱成灾的原因。这种应付能力既受区域水资源可利用量的限制,也与农户的作物种植结构、灌溉支付能力、风险认识和对农业的依赖程度有关。农户旱灾脆弱性既与农业干旱有关,又受到人均资源和收入、种植和消费结构、生态环境质量、政策、市场价格等多重因素的作用。最脆 相似文献
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Introduction Comparedwithflooding ,droughtdisasterdevelopsslowlybutlastslongwithfar reachingimpacts.Whereasfloodingisrelatedwithagreatdealofextremesofthehydrological&meteorologicalstructure,droughtisassociatedwithafewextremes.Asthebeginningandendingofdr… 相似文献
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《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(4):278-290
Weather forecasts meet the classic economic definition of a public good, since the content can be easily relayed to non-payers and the cost of sharing the forecast with an additional person is zero. Freeriding by consumers leads to the potential for an inefficiently small supply of public goods by the market. Yet television networks and stations provide a large quantity of weather coverage. This paper explores the investment by US television stations in weather coverage. Specifically, we examine whether greater investments are made in cities where weather is potentially more dangerous. We find strong evidence that tornado risk drives coverage and weaker evidence for floods and hurricanes, but discover that snowfall is unrelated to investment. In addition, stations in larger markets invest more in weather coverage, and we also find regional patterns in coverage. 相似文献
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利用2008年1月10日至2月2日南方特大雨雪冰冻灾害期间主要受灾地区气象观测数据,对灾害期间各地出现的天气现象及其致灾机理差异进行了分析比较,并以贵州为代表对凝冻灾害特征及其天气成因进行了分析总结,主要得到以下结论:(1)2008年初南方受灾地区西段即贵州全省、湖南西部以及云南东北部、广西北部主要是由于冻雨、湿雪造成的凝冻灾害,东段的江西、安徽、浙江等长江中下游地区主要是以雪灾为代表的冰冻灾害,而整个南方受灾地区低温雨雪混合冻结的情况比较普遍;(2)凝冻灾害的特征是在物体表面形成覆冰层,其形成过程中一般有液态水向固态冰的转化;(3)凝冻灾害具有多种覆冰致灾机制,包括雨凇、雾凇、湿雪以及雨雾或雨雪混合冻结,其危害性比一般的冰冻灾害更为严重;(4)凝冻天气现象包括冻雨、冻毛雨、雨夹雪、过冷雾、湿雪等,持续的凝冻天气过程往往出现多种凝冻天气现象的交替,造成雨凇、雾凇、雨雾混合凇及雨雪混合冻结等多种类型的覆冰,从而导致严重的凝冻灾害。这也是2008年初贵州成为全国受灾最重地区的原因。 相似文献
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近二千年中国重大气象灾害气候变化背景初步分析 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12
以不同分辨率建立了近二千年和近五百年中国重大气象灾害频率分布曲线。得出近二千年我国重大气象灾害频率分布,在11世纪前低处于低发时期,11~12世纪灾害迅速增加,以后通过两峰两谷于19世纪进入灾害群发时期。近五百年,17世纪和19世纪中叶后为两个灾害群发时期。上述灾害群发时期都发生在数百年气候变化暖的背景下的暖期和冷的背景下的冷期。另外在气候转折时期,我国重大气象灾害也群发。根据上述关系,估计现今至2030~2050年,具有灾害群的气候变化背景,我国重大气象灾害将群发,特别是洪涝与风暴潮增加,同时由于人类活动加剧,水资源开发力度加大,对于大面积干旱也不可忽视。 相似文献
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我国重大气候灾害特征、形成机理和预测研究 总被引:49,自引:10,他引:49
简要地介绍了我国气候灾害的种类、时空分布特征及其造成的经济损失;并从东亚气候系统海一陆- 气相互作用的观点,结合1998年夏季长江、松花江和嫩江流域特大洪涝发生的具体实例分析了我国气候灾害发生的主要原因;此外,还回顾了目前我国气候预测的实际情况。提出了关于气候灾害预测研究中急待解决的几个问题. 相似文献
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Foreword Inglobalview ,droughtdisasterisregardedasthemostserioustypeofnaturaldisasterintheworld ,whichhascausedthewidestrangeofeffectsandthebiggesteconomiclosses .Se veredroughtsmainlyoccurinAfrica ,India ,China ,formerSovietUnion ,NorthAmerica ,andAustralia,accountingforalmosthalfofcountriesintheworld .Droughtdisasteroccursfre quentlyinChina ,withwiderangeofinfluence ,whichisthemostseriousmeteorologicaldisas ter ,causingeconomiclossesinagriculture .Fromthe 50’stothe 80’sinthe 2 0thcent… 相似文献
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近50年中国旱灾的时空变化 总被引:26,自引:11,他引:26
采用省级报刊信息源 ,建立了中国旱灾数据库 ,运用数字地图技术 ,重建了 194 9~ 2 0 0 0年中国旱灾的时空格局。研究表明 :全国旱灾空间格局总体呈东西分异 ,重旱灾区域在北方 ,并相对集中分布在黑龙江西部、内蒙古中部、河北北部、陕西北部和宁夏 ;在南方主要分布在中部 5省 (安徽、湖北、湖南、江西和河南 )及四川东部、贵州和云南中东部。全国旱灾的范围有向西部扩展的趋势。全国旱灾动态变化趋向总体呈现南北分异。长江以北地区为旱灾灾次增多区 ;长江以南地区为旱灾普遍减少区或变化不明显区。 相似文献
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This paper examines the relationship between community preparedness and response to natural disaster and their level and pattern of community development. This is done by investigating preparation and response to the 1997 Red River Flood by three rural communities in Manitoba, Canada. The communities were selected because of their different ethnic mix and associated level and pattern of community development. The hypothesis was supported that the level and pattern of community development affect community capacity to respond to flooding. Communities characterised by higher levels of physical, human and social capital were better prepared and more effective responders to the flood. However, where the pattern of community development was characterised by high levels of social capital, decision-making processes were complicated. 相似文献
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The purpose of this research was to assess the importance of psychological trauma in understanding reactions to short lead time weather warnings. The research consisted of two case studies, one in Denver, Colorado and the other in Austin, Texas. A total of 61 individuals with 9 or greater traumas were compared to 281 non-trauma exposed individuals. Results demonstrated significant differences on questions related to general beliefs about flash floods and warning perceptions as well as reported anticipated actions during a flash flood at home. Results suggest high trauma exposure may lead to more threat sensitivity and a higher probability of initiated action in a home-based flash flood. 相似文献
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The purpose of this research was to assess the importance of psychological trauma in understanding reactions to short lead time weather warnings. The research consisted of two case studies, one in Denver, Colorado and the other in Austin, Texas. A total of 61 individuals with 9 or greater traumas were compared to 281 non-trauma exposed individuals. Results demonstrated significant differences on questions related to general beliefs about flash floods and warning perceptions as well as reported anticipated actions during a flash flood at home. Results suggest high trauma exposure may lead to more threat sensitivity and a higher probability of initiated action in a home-based flash flood. 相似文献
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云南省Palmer旱度模式的建立——2010年干旱灾害特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2010年春季云南省发生了特大干旱灾害,造成了严重的经济损失。按照Palmer旱度模式的思路,利用云南省的气象和土壤数据,建立了云南省的Palmer旱度模式。通过将计算得到的Palmer指数值与云南省的实际旱涝灾情历史记录进行对比,发现所建立的Palmer旱度模式能够较好地反映云南省的旱涝情况。基于该模式对2010年云南特大干旱灾害进行了特征分析,结果表明,此次干旱灾害是云南省30年来干旱变化过程中的一次突变。而且结果显示,在2010年的云南干旱灾害中,严重干旱地区整体呈现东西走向的空间分布,极端干旱地区主要分布在云南省的东南部。 相似文献