奇异变形杆菌TJ-1产絮凝剂的培养基优化研究

从活性污泥中分离出1株新型高效产絮凝剂菌TJ-1,经16S rDNA相似性分析鉴定为奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis),这是首次发现奇异变形杆菌能产微生物絮凝剂,对其进行了产絮凝剂培养条件优化研究.结果表明,TJ-1菌产絮凝剂的最佳培养基成分为:葡萄糖10g,蛋白胨1g,MgS040.3g,KH2PO42g,K2HP04 5g,去离子水1L,pH=7.0.絮凝实验结果表明,该菌在最佳培养条件下所产絮凝剂对高岭土悬液的絮凝率达到92%.     

磷霉素降解菌株的筛选及其降解性能研究

以磷霉素为唯一碳源,从驯化污泥中纯化筛选出3株降解磷霉素的菌株(F1、F2、F3),对其进行形态学、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其菌属,分析其生长特征;选用生长适应期较短的菌株F3开展不同pH和温度条件下菌株对磷霉素降解性能的研究,并用一级动力学方程对其降解过程进行拟合。结果表明:菌株F1鉴定为微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.),菌株F2和F3均鉴定为贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus sp.)。菌株F3对磷霉素的降解性能受温度和pH的影响,在种液接种量为20%、转速为150 r/min、磷霉素浓度为20 mg/L时,菌株F3对磷霉素的最适降解条件:pH为5.0,温度为20 ℃。菌株F3对磷霉素的降解符合一级动力学特征,拟合方程相关系数(R²)>0.88;pH为5.0、温度为20 ℃时,半衰期(t_1/2)为31.36 d。     

Screening of flocculant-producing microorganisms and flocculating activity

A strain saccharomycete STSM-I with high flocculanting activity was isolated from activated sludge with conventional methods.The high production rate and the low cost STSM-I medium was obtained by selecting different kinds of media, carbon source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt ion. The best flocculant-producing conditions were found by changing medium initial pH, culture temperature and ventilation flow. The best flocculating effect was obtained by changing positive ion types, density and concentration of flocculant.     

与黄孢原毛平革菌协同降解稻草的混合菌筛选

在纤维素筛选培养基中加入黄孢原毛平革菌稻草固态发酵的浸提液,用这种培养基从自然环境中筛选出与黄孢原毛平革菌相容的菌株,在PDA和MEA平板上进行相容性测试,选择出生长稳定,可以与黄孢原毛平革菌较好共存的6株真菌.考察了6株真菌分别与黄孢原毛平革菌混合培养降解稻草时的酶活和对木质纤维素类组分的降解,筛选出3组更优的组合,其混合培养时,对于纤维素酶能产生较好的协同效果,纤维素降解效果较好.对于木质素降解效率的显著提高,可能是由于发酵体系内的胞外酶和一些活性因子的作用.     

絮凝天然碱碱泥的絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及最佳产絮条件研究

从生活污水中分离得到一株在强碱性条件下能絮凝天然碱碱泥的高效絮凝剂产生菌EWY1,并通过稳定性试验证明了其具有较好的稳定性,经鉴定为肠球菌属(Enterococcus)中的盲肠肠球菌(E.cecorum).通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了该菌产絮凝剂的最佳培养基为:麦芽糖15 g·L-1,KNO3 1.2 g·L-1,KH2PO4 0.5 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 0.4 g·L-1,NaCl0.6 g·L-1,FeSO4·7H2O 0.008 g·L-1;该菌产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件为pH 7.0、温度30℃、摇床转速170 r·min-1.絮凝实验结果表明,用该菌产生的絮凝剂处理天然碱碱泥效果较好,絮凝率达到了89%.     

原生质体紫外诱变提高简青霉的木质素降解性能

以简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom BGA为出发菌株,对其进行原生质体紫外诱变.经过筛选获得2株诱变菌株(J12与J18),它们的木质素降解酶酶活要明显高于出发菌株J.其中诱变菌株J12产生的漆酶和锰过氧化物酶酶活较高,相对于出发菌株J分别提高了145%和47%,达到44.0,50.9 U/g.诱变菌株J18产生的木质素过氧化物酶酶活较高,达到67.1 U/g,相对于出发菌株J提高了40%.且木质素降解率也最高,相对于出发菌株J分别提高了198.1%.经过7次传代, J12和J18的木质素降解酶活性保持稳定,没有降低.     

Biodegradation of 2,6-ditert-butylphenol by immobilized microorganism strains

2,6-Ditert-butylphenol （2,6-DTBP） is a major organic contaminant presenting in acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewaters. This compound is of high bio-resistance due to its complex structure which consists of one phenol group and two highly branched tert-butyl groups. This research attempted to improve the biodegradation efficiency of 2,6-DTBP through various strain immobilization methods. The stratified immobilization can settle oxygen transmission in the single microorganism immobilization, and can realize two-process reaction in the single device by choosing two symbiotic microorganisms. Two effective strains, named F-1-4 and F-3-4, which were screened out in our previous work, were used to degrade 2,6-DTBP after being immobilized in calcium alginate gel. Results indicate that the substrate removal efficiency of various immobilization methods follows the order： stratified 〉 single F-3-4 〉 mixed ≈single F-1-4. The immobilized biodegradation capacity was higher than the free one. After an incubation time of 12 d, 91% of 2,6-DTBP could be degraded by the stratified immobilization method, compared to 79% achieved by the mixed immobilization method with an initial 2,6-DTBP concentration of 100 mg/L. The stratified immobilization satisfies the oxygen demand nature of the aerobic F-3-4 and the facultative F-1-4, thus yielding the highest degradation efficiency. Both the outer layer strain F-3-4 and the inner layer strain F-1-4 can grow actively on the substrate of 2,6-DTBP, as illustrated by SEM images. This study shows that the highly bio-refractory compound, 2,6-DTBP, can be effectively degraded using appropriately inunobilized microorganism strains.     

混合菌对原油的降解及其降解性能的研究

从污染土壤中分离筛选到四株石油组分降解菌被用于组建降解原油的混合菌体系.石油组分降解菌包括:烷烃降解菌洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)GS3C、菲降解菌鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)GY2B、芘降解菌GP3(假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)GP3A和伯克菌科的菌株(Pandoraea pnomenusa)GP3B).气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)用于对原油降解性能的测定,并对原油组分的降解情况进行详细分析.通过对不同菌株的混合培养比较,得到降解原油的最佳组合G8(GS3C+GY2B+GP3B),培养5d后使初始原油浓度为2000mg·mL-1的总去除率达到69.20%,并且对烷烃类和芳烃类化合物都表现出较强的降解能力.混合菌G8对原油的总去除率比单菌提高了近30%,其最适生长条件为:温度为30℃,初始pH值为7,接种量为4%.     

镉抗性菌株的筛选及对番茄吸收镉的影响

通过在培养基中加入一定浓度的镉(CdSO₄8H₂O, Cd 200mg/L),从土壤中分离到3株具有很强的镉抗性细菌,经初步鉴定,它们分别属于假单胞菌属和芽胞杆菌属(编号分别为NJ3、NJ9、RJ16).将分离到的3株菌分别接种到添加镉(200mg/kg)的土壤并进行番茄盆栽试验,结果表明,供试抗性菌株均能显著促进植株生长,活化植株根际镉,接RJ16菌株处理的番茄地上部植株干重、根际有效镉含量及植株吸收的镉含量分别比不接菌对照增加64.2%,46.3%,107.8%,而接NJ3和NJ9菌株处理的番茄植株吸收的镉与对照植株吸收的镉没有显著差异.     

Tolerance and biosorption of copper （Cu） and lead （Pb） by filamentous fungi isolated from a freshwater ecosystem

Filamentous fungi are able to accumulate significant amount of metals from their environment. The potential of fungal biomass as agents for biosorption of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is currently receiving attention. In the present study, a total of 41 isolates of filamentous fungi obtained from the sediment of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were screened for their tolerance and uptake capability of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P. janthinellum. A. niger and P. simplicissimum, were able to survive at 1000 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while for Pb, only A. niger survived at 5000 mg/L concentration. The results showed that A. niger, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum have a better uptake capacity for Pb compared to Cu and the findings indicated promising biosorption of Cu and Pb by these filamentous fungi from aqueous solution. The present study was also determined the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) that was performed by A. niger. The metal removal which occurred at Cu(II) 200 mg/L was (20.910 0.581) mg/g and at 250 mg/L of Pb(II) was (54.046 0.328) mg/g.     

两相法筛选高效除磷菌的研究

利用模拟除磷菌生存环境的两相法,设计厌氧-好氧两相交替条件,配合厌氧相含底物无磷培养基和好氧相含磷无底物培养基,进行高效除磷菌的筛选和菌株除磷能力检测.两相法包括前期富集、筛选、检测前驯化和检测共四个阶段.采用两相法从运行良好的SBR反应器中筛得15株菌,所有菌株均具有除磷能力,菌株除磷能力强.两相法筛选除磷菌具有针对性强,工作量小,筛选获得的菌株多样性好和高效除磷菌比例高等优点.     

高温纤维素降解菌群筛选及产酶特性

从园林废弃物鸡粪混合堆肥的高温期堆肥样品中,筛选出6株具有高效纤维素降解性的高温菌.通过16S rRNA基因序列比对和构建系统发育树分析,初步鉴定这6种菌株为高温紫链霉菌(Streptomyces thermoviolaceus)、嗜热淀粉酶链霉菌(S.thermodiastaticus)、嗜热一氧化碳链霉菌(S.thermocarboxydus)、黄白链霉菌(S.albidoflavus)、热普通链霉菌(S.thermovulgaris)和波茨坦短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus borstelensis).目前为止,国内外对纤维素降菌群的研究较少,本研究将6种菌株1∶1等体积混合制成混合菌群M-1,利用DNS法比较混合菌群M-1和单一菌株的产羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)能力.结果表明,混合菌群M-1比单一菌株产CMCase能力强.对混合菌群M-1产CMCase活力特性进行研究,确定混合菌群M-1的最佳产酶条件.结果表明,混合菌群M-1以体积分数1%接种量接种于初始p H为4的以麸皮+淀粉混合物为碳源,玉米粉为有机氮源,KNO_3为无机氮源的培养基中,45℃条件下培养,能够有最大的酶活,达135.9 U·m L~(-1).条件优化后,产酶能力提高1.8倍.     

基因工程菌强化芳香化合物的处理工艺

分别固定克隆有甲苯加双氧酶基因的工程菌和筛选出的野生菌株,串联两种固定化细胞反应器,研究以基因工程菌突破关键步骤的限制,筛选菌株辅助完成彻底降解芳香类污染物复合工艺可行性和强化效果.克隆有苯降解过程中的关键基因——甲苯加双氧酶的基因工程菌E. coli. JM109(pKST11)对苯具有较高的降解效率和降解速度,应用于固定化细胞反应器中效果突出.在较短的水力停留时间内,可以将1500mg/L苯降解70%,降解速度为1.11mg/(Ls),延长水力停留时间,可以使去除率达到95%以上.该反应器对高浓度的苯具有突出的处理效果.同时所得到的产物为环己二烯双醇,可以被野生非高效菌W3快速利用.     

Differential degradation of crude oil （Bonny Light） by four Pseudomonas strains

Four hydrocarbon degraders isolated from enriched oil- and asphalt-contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria, were tested for their petroleum degradation potentials. All the isolates were identified as species of Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas putida P11 demonstrated a strong ability to degrade kerosene, gasoline, diesel, engine oil and crude oil while P. aeruginosa BB3 exhibited fair degradative ability on crude oil, gasoline, engine oil, anthracene and pyrene but weak on kerosene, diesel and dibenzothiophene. Pseudomonas putida WL2 and P. aeruginosa MVL1 grew on crude oil and all its cuts tested with the latter possessing similar polycyclic aromatic potentials as P11. All the strains grew logarithmically with 1–2 orders of magnitude and with generation time ranging significantly between 3.07 and 8.55 d at 0.05 level of confidence. Strains WL2 and MVL1 utilized the oil substrate best with more than 70% in 6 d experimental period, whereas the same feat was achieved by P11 in 12 d period. BB3 on the other hand degraded only 46% within 6 d. Interestingly, data obtained from gas chromatographic analysis of oil recovered from the culture fluids of MVL1 confirmed near-disappearance of major peaks (including aliphatics and aromatics) in the hydrocarbon mixture.     

耐镉细菌联合电动技术修复镉污染土壤的研究

为提高传统电动技术对重金属污染土壤的修复效果以及经济效益,本研究采用耐镉细菌联合电动修复技术修复镉污染土壤.通过在含镉土壤中接种3种耐镉细菌Escherichia coli strain、Bacillus sp.和Bacillus cereus strain,以电压梯度1 V·cm^-1通电10 d,比较不同耐镉细菌对土壤Cd去除和形态转化,以及电能消耗的影响.结果表明,接种Escherichia coli strain、Bacillus sp.、Bacillus cereus strain的试验组比传统电动修复的Cd去除率分别提高7.63%、17.21%、19.53%;单位修复能耗分别降低64.78、109.52、116.54 kW·min·mg^-1.由于Bacillus cereus strain对Cd²⁺的吸附量高于Escherichia coli strain和Bacillus sp.,且能有效降低土壤中Cd的生物毒性,因此采用Bacillus cereus strain联合电动技术修复镉污染土壤时效果最佳,Cd去除率达到30.77%,单位修复耗能为48.94 kW·min·mg^-1.     

含氟有机化合物优势降解菌的筛选

从受含氟有机物长期污染的污泥中驯化筛选得到7株优势降解菌,可利用氟代有机化合物为唯一碳源生长。取其中2株菌进行生物忍耐力及生物降解实验,结果表明:菌株对含氟有机物有较强的忍受能力,在浓度高达1000mg/L的条件下仍能生长;生物降解实验中全氟辛酸可被筛选菌脱氟降解。     

二株产壳聚糖酶海洋微生物的筛选和鉴定

采用不同培养基对海水养殖场环境样品进行壳聚糖酶产生菌的分离,结果表明海水培养基对于菌株筛选有显著的促进作用,同时甲壳类外壳是壳聚糖酶产生菌的良好来源。KJT-A和KJT-D是从海水养殖场蟹壳表面分离到的两株壳聚糖酶产生菌株,结合形态学观察、生理生化反应和分子生物学鉴定,初步确定菌株KJT-A和KJT-D分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudo-monas)和青霉属(Penicillium)。同时分析了不同温度、盐度对两株菌株生长的影响。     

絮凝剂产生菌Geotrichum candidum的絮凝特性研究

本文研究了活性污泥中分离出的絮凝剂产生菌J-5的絮凝特性。通过形态学、理化特征、18SrDNA序列和G+C含量研究,鉴定J-5为Geotrichum candidum。培养3d,G.candidum的生长量达到最高,但其絮凝活性在1d培养后即达到最大值。絮凝活性分布研究表明G.candidum的胞外分泌物是起主要絮凝作用的物质。培养液的上层清液通过乙醇沉淀和去离子水渗析后得到粗制生物絮凝剂。利用化学分析、紫外分析和红外分析研究生物絮凝剂的化学组成,发现其主要由多糖构成,其中占主要成分的是中性糖和糖醛酸,生物絮凝剂分子含羟基、羧基和甲氧基官能团。     

厌氧/好氧交替快速筛选聚磷菌及其生理特性的研究

通过厌氧/好氧交替的平板筛选方法,快速的筛选出除磷率高于60%的高效聚磷菌15株,并对其进行16S rDNA和生理生化测定,除2株为芽孢杆菌外,其余均为γ变形菌纲,主要以Klebsiella sp.和Pseudomonas sp.为主.菌种除磷实验表明,聚磷菌除磷能力越高,发酵终点pH值越高.聚磷菌反投加实验表明,与活性污泥52%的除磷率相比,投加后除磷率可达到73.3%,可以有效提高活性污泥的除磷能力.     

餐厨垃圾好氧生物处理菌株的选育

文章以枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌等10株细菌为出发菌株,以耐高温、生长速度快、生物安全性、生物拮抗性以及产酶能力为筛选原则,从中筛选得到4株细菌,分别为:地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis,TKFW1003)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium,TKFW1005)、纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto,TKFW1102)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,TKFW1108)。然后将筛选得到的4株细菌按10%的比例添加到30 L固态发酵罐中,再添加10%的麸皮和50%的水为辅料,对餐厨垃圾进行固态发酵处理。最后将固态发酵结束后得到的产品取出烘干粉碎,经检测:经好氧微生物处理后得到的产品,其有效活菌数、有机质含量、水分含量及蛔虫卵死亡率等指标均达到了农业部农用有机肥标准,此法实现了餐厨垃圾的无害化、资源化、减量化处理,具有生产成本低、无二次污染、可操作性强等优点。