中国与世界银行对新建火电厂的环保要求对比分析

详细介绍了中国和世界银行对新建火电厂的不同环保要求,比较分析了电厂污染物排放中的大气（颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物）、工业废水和噪声的排放限值,对规划、新建火电厂的主要污染物控制具有参考意义。     

国内外煤化工行业污染物排放标准研究及启示

系统分析了煤化工行业的产排污情况,梳理了国内外相关排放标准。结果表明:国内仅焦化等部分工序有行业排放标准,其余工序目前执行水或大气的综合排放标准,其污染物项目不能全面反映煤化工行业的污染特征,急需制定煤化工行业污染物排放标准;国外相关标准情况与国内类似,无直接借鉴意义。建议:合理界定煤化工排放标准的适用范围,与其他排放标准协调配套,控制整个行业的污染物排放;针对大气污染物,明确各排放口的特征污染物,结合综合指标和高毒性物质指标进行挥发性有机物的排放控制;针对水污染物,引入综合毒性指标以有效控制废水中有毒有害污染物排放的环境风险。     

钢铁行业典型HAPs的控制减排

针对钢铁行业有毒有害大气污染物(HAPs)的污染控制难题,以汞和二噁英为典型污染物,论述了钢铁行业HAPs排放特征及控制技术,介绍了HAPs的管控机制,提出了钢铁行业HAPs减排建议。     

石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异

分别介绍了旧标准GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》、GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》和新标准GB 31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》的核心内容。从适用范围、排放限值和污染控制因子3个方面分析了石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异。     

发电集团应对燃煤电厂超低排放的思考

新的《火电厂大气污染排放标准》全面加大了对火电厂大气污染物中烟尘、SO2、NOx的控制力度,收严了污染物排放限值。近期提出的煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划,进一步提出了燃煤电厂达到燃气机组排放标准的超低排放要求。解读了燃煤电厂推行超低排放的一些政策支撑、技术路线,从华电集团超低排放技术及应用实例出发,对超低排放技术实施过程中需要关注的问题进行了探讨,具有一定的参考价值。     

火电厂CO2排放及减排措施

根据全国火电装机情况及规划建设容量，结合火电行业目前CO2排放及控制情况，研究提出了有效控制CO2的减排措施，并对相应措施的CO2减排量进行了预测。     

《火电厂工业污染物排放标准》草案审定会在江西贵溪召开

1988年2月26日至28日,水电部环境保护办公室在江西贵溪主持召开了《火电厂工业水污染物排放标准》草案审定会。该标准是根据原国务院环境保护领导小组(79)国环字(31)号文《关于制订“工业企业污染物排放标准”的通知》要求,由水电部环保办组织,武汉水利电力学院负责,水电部电力环保所、西安热工所和东北电力设计院参加制订的。该标准对火电厂工业废水中12项主要污染物的排放浓度,     

锅炉大气污染物排放标准分析与讨论

通过对天津市锅炉大气污染物排放标准的分析及与国标和其他地区标准对比,分析天津市锅炉大气污染物治理的形势及标准限值的合理性,并对锅炉大气污染未来治理的趋势进行研究。     

内地与香港燃煤电厂大气污染物排放控制政策与标准比较

香港特区与广东省政府联合成立粤港持续发展与环保合作小组,并发表《改善珠江三角洲空气质量的联合声明》（简称＂减排联合声明＂）,同意制定合理的减排方案,共同执行管理计划。总结分析了粤、港地区在治理燃煤电厂大气污染物方面的控制政策,并对大陆与香港特区燃煤电厂大气污染物的排放标准进行比较。     

氯磺酸的清洁生产工艺

在对氯磺酸原有工艺——低气浓法、高气浓法进行技术分析的基础上,设计建成了氯磺酸生产产量为150t／d的循环吸收合成法生产装置。该工艺的实施,可使排放尾气中污染物的浓度低于国家排放标准,二氧化硫的转化率达到98％,三氧化硫和氯化氢利用率分别比原来提高6％和1．5％,且经济效益与环境效益显著。     

Characterization of solid waste disposed at Columbia Sanitary Landfill in Missouri.

Waste sorts were conducted during each of the four quarters (or seasons) of 1996 at the City of Columbia Sanitary Landfill. A detailed physical sampling protocol was outlined. Weight fractions of 32 waste components were quantified from all geographic areas that contribute to the Columbia Sanitary Landfill using a two-way stratification method, which accounted for variations in geographical regions and seasons. Comparisons of solid waste generated between locations and seasons were conducted at the 80% confidence level. The composition of the entire waste stream was 41% paper, 21% organic, 16% plastic, 6% metal, 3% glass and 13% other waste. Paper was the largest composition and glass was the smallest composition for all geographical regions. The result of this study was also compared with a 1987 Columbia, Missouri study conducted by EIERA (1987), with studies conducted in other states such as Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oregon and with national study conducted by the USEPA (USEPA 530-R-96-001, PB96-152 160. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC). The results of studies from other states are different from this study due to different local conditions, different methodologies and a different scope. There was a small (5%) increase in per capita weight from 1987 to 1996. The total per capita weight in the present study was 60% greater than the national per capita weight reported by the USEPA (1996) due to that the USEPA report excluded industrial, construction and certain commercial waste. The total per capita weight agrees with the national per capita weight for municipal waste reported by Tchobanoglous (1993), which included industrial, construction and commercial sources. The geographical and seasonal effects on the waste composition are evaluated and discussed. Statistical analysis indicates that waste characteristics are different among geographical regions and seasons. The potential for waste recovery and reduction is also discussed.     

催化氧化法处理含氨工业废气的应用探索

采用催化氧化工艺处理某化工厂的含氨工业废气,设计了一体式催化氧化脱氨设备,在物料与热量衡算的基础上,进行了脱氨性能测试和能耗分析。结果表明:工业化应用的一体式催化氧化设备在处理中浓度含氨废气时,可通过完善的可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)自动调节控制系统、高效的换热器以及智能化的前端补新风和阻火预处理装置,解决安全和能耗问题;该一体化设备具有很高的脱氨效率和经济性,处理后的废气满足GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》和GB 14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》中的相关规定,应用前景较好。     

Role of waste management with regard to climate protection: a case study.

According to the Kyoto Protocol and the burden-sharing agreement of the European Union, Austria is required to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the years 2008 to 2012 in order to achieve an average reduction of 13%, based on the level of emissions for the year 1990. The present contribution gives an overview of the history of GHG emission regulation in Austria and identifies the progress made towards the realization of the national climate strategy to attain the GHG emission targets. The contribution uses Austria as an example of the way in which proper waste management can help to reduce GHG emissions. The GHG inventories show that everything must be done to minimize the carbon input due to waste deposition at landfill sites. The incineration of waste is particularly helpful in reducing GHG emissions. The waste-to-energy by incineration plants and recovery of energy yield an ecologically proper treatment of waste using state-of-the-art techniques of a very high standard. The potential for GHG reduction of conventional waste treatment technologies has been estimated by the authors. A growing number of waste incinerators and intensified co-incineration of waste in Austrian industry will both help to reduce national GHG emissions substantially. By increasing the number and capacity of plants for thermal treatment of waste the contribution of proper waste management to the national target for reduction of GHG emissions will be in the range of 8 to 14%. The GHG inventories also indicate that a potential CO2 reduction of about 500 000 t year(-1) is achievable by co-incineration of waste in Austrian industry.     

Distribution Pattern of Benthic Invertebrate Communities in Traunsee (Austria) in Relation to Industrial Tailings and Trophy

Traunsee, an oligotrophic Alpine lake, has suffered from inputsof industrial tailings (soda- and salt-mining industries) forseveral decades. The effects of the industrial sludges on thespatial distribution of the littoral and profundal invertebratefauna was investigated along three transects at five dates. Inthe littoral zone, no negative impacts were found. A distinctgradient in faunal composition and diversity was, however,observed along a profundal transect relative to the distance fromthe waste emission. Near the industrial input, the enhanced pH,the substrate instability, and the poor sediment quality forsubstrate- and deposit-feeders were the main factors that loweror prohibit colonization of the industrial sludges. Along atransitional zone between the waste emission and the deepestbasin, recolonization was delayed, but did occur as soon aslayers of a few mm natural sediment seal the sludge. Mobile,epibenthic organisms are the first to settle these areas, whereasrecolonization by tube-building oligochaetes and chironomidsrequires thicker sealings of the industrial sludges. Differencesin the abundance of benthic invertebrates at different profundalsites were not only related to the waste emission, but also tothe influence of the main tributary, the River Traun. Theenhanced availability of allochthonous organic matter wasprobably responsible for high densities of tubificids near theinlet in the South of Traunsee. Moreover, a higher proportion oftolerant oligochaete and ostracod species in the lower profundaloutside the influence of the industrial tailings was interpretedas reflecting the increased trophy of Traunsee in the 1970s,which forced sensitive species to shift to the upper profundalwhen the oxygen climate deteriorated.     

喷淋工艺处理PVC塑料生产废气

采用喷淋工艺处理PVC塑料生产废气,将专利的吸收液与改型的喷淋塔相结合,在中试成功的基础上进行了实际工业化应用。应用结果表明:采用该工艺处理某PVC塑料生产企业的生产废气,吸收液在喷淋塔循环液中所占体积分数为15%时,废气中各污染物指标的去除率达85%以上,对于难处理的苯系物也能较好地去除;处理后废气中各污染物指标的含量满足GB 14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》和DB 44/27—2001《大气污染物排放限值》的要求;该工艺装置运行费用较低,仅为电费和少量药剂费用,吸收液可循环使用,设备保养及维护简单,可满足市场需求。     

Incineration of healthcare wastes: management of atmospheric emissions through waste segregation

The amount of atmospheric pollutants emitted through the incineration of healthcare wastes can be estimated using emission factors. Emission factors have been published without including sufficient information about the types of wastes incinerated. This paper reports the first emission factors estimated for the incineration of wastes segregated into different types according to the Portuguese legislation. One controlled-air incinerator without air pollution control devices was used in the research. The main objectives of the study were: (i) to estimate the emission factors for particulate matter, dioxins, heavy metals and gaseous pollutants, according to the type of waste incinerated; (ii) to evaluate the quality of atmospheric emissions; and (iii) to define a methodology for the management of atmospheric emissions, evaluating the influence of type of waste incinerated and of the segregation method used on the emitted amounts. It was concluded that: (i) when emission factors are not associated with the type of incinerated mixture, the utility of the emission factors is highly doubtful; (ii) without appropriate equipment to control atmospheric pollution, incineration emissions exceed legal limits, neglecting the protection of human health (the legal limit for pollutant concentrations could only be met for NO(x), all other concentrations were higher than the maximum allowed: dioxins, 93-710 times; Hg, 1.3-226 times; CO, 11-24 times; SO(2), 2-5 times; and HCl, 9-200 times); (iii) rigorous segregation methodologies must be used to minimize atmospheric emissions, and incinerate only those wastes that should be incinerated according to the law. A rigorous segregation program can result in a reduction of the amount of waste that should be incinerated by 80%. A reduction in the quantity of waste incinerated results in a reduction on the amounts of pollutants emitted: particulate matter, 98%; dioxins, 99.5%; As, Cd, Cr, Mn and Ni, respectively, 90%, 92%, 84%, 77% and 92%; Hg and Pb, practically eliminated; SO(2) and NO(x), 93%; and CO and HCl, more than 99%.     

氨废水资源化利用的折流式超重力床集成技术

利用折流式超重力床将氨废水处理的精馏和吸收过程集成在一台设备中,开发出一种设备小型化、流程紧凑的氨废水资源化利用集成技术。与传统技术相比,该技术在大幅节省占地面积和空间的同时,还可大幅节约设备建设所用钢材。工业规模试验结果表明,不同浓度的氨废水经该技术处理后可转化为氨质量分数大于22%的氨水资源,处理出水中氨氮质量浓度低于8.2 mg/L,尾气中未检测到氨,处理结果优于GB 31573—2015《无机化学工业污染物排放标准》。     

Searching quality data for municipal solid waste planning

Effective waste reduction and recycling is predicated upon credible data on refuse generation and disposal. Despite improvements in the quality of data for municipal solid wastes (MSW) disposal, dependable generation and recycling statistics to support planning, regulation and administration are lacking. The available aggregates on national waste production from two sources do not conform to each other and fail to serve the requirements of local solid waste planning. As recycling estimates will be difficult to discern, the collection of generation data based on weighing waste samples at generator sites has been portrayed as the key for developing sustainable local databases. The coefficients developed from the databases for the various categories of residential, commercial, industrial and institutional wastes can be used as variables for waste generation models.     

Rapid assessment of industrial waste production based on available employment statistics

A number of problems arise when trying to ascertain the types and quantities of industrial waste generated by a city or region for waste management purposes. To estimate the amount of industrial waste produced it is often necessary to carry out an industrial waste survey—this can be time consuming and costly and beyond the scope of most authorities in developing countries. INVENT is a computer program developed to predict industrial waste production within an area requiring the minimum of data gathering. It comprises a database containing information on known types and quantities of waste that arise from many different types of manufacturing industry. Using this data amounts of waste for other similar industries in an area can be predicted. Initial predictions are based on waste production per employee in other locations.     

Assessment and analysis of industrial liquid waste and sludge disposal at unlined landfill sites in arid climate

Municipal solid waste disposal sites in arid countries such as Kuwait receive various types of waste materials like sewage sludge, chemical waste and other debris. Large amounts of leachate are expected to be generated due to the improper disposal of industrial wastewater, sewage sludge and chemical wastes with municipal solid waste at landfill sites even though the rainwater is scarce. Almost 95% of all solid waste generated in Kuwait during the last 10 years was dumped in five unlined landfills. The sites accepting liquid waste consist of old sand quarries that do not follow any specific engineering guidelines. With the current practice, contamination of the ground water table is possible due to the close location of the water table beneath the bottom of the waste disposal sites. This study determined the percentage of industrial liquid waste and sludge of the total waste dumped at the landfill sites, analyzed the chemical characteristics of liquid waste stream and contaminated water at disposal sites, and finally evaluated the possible risk posed by the continuous dumping of such wastes at the unlined landfills. Statistical analysis has been performed on the disposal and characterization of industrial wastewater and sludge at five active landfill sites. The chemical analysis shows that all the industrial wastes and sludge have high concentrations of COD, suspended solids, and heavy metals. Results show that from 1993 to 2000, 5.14+/-1.13 million t of total wastes were disposed per year in all active landfill sites in Kuwait. The share of industrial liquid and sludge waste was 1.85+/-0.19 million t representing 37.22+/-6.85% of total waste disposed in all landfill sites. Such wastes contribute to landfill leachate which pollutes groundwater and may enter the food chain causing adverse health effects. Lined evaporation ponds are suggested as an economical and safe solution for industrial wastewater and sludge disposal in the arid climate of Kuwait.