湿热对复合材料粘接修理裂纹铝合金板疲劳性能的影响

目的 研究湿热对复合材料粘接修理结构疲劳性能的影响.方法 在表面处理工艺中分别选择KH550和AC130两种偶联剂,设计制备一系列复合材料粘接修理试样.在温度为55℃、相对湿度为98％的环境试验箱中湿热处理72 h.测试湿热前后复合材料粘接修理结构的疲劳性能.结果 复合材料粘接修理后,采用KH550、AC130修理试样的疲劳寿命分别是未修理试样的4.3、5.2倍.湿热处理后,相较于未修理试样,采用KH550的修理试样,疲劳寿命提高了3.8倍,而采用AC130的试样为4.6倍.结论 湿热处理导致粘接界面和复合材料补片的性能下降,从而造成疲劳性能降低.采用AC130偶联剂比采用KH550偶联剂能够获得更好的疲劳性能,且湿热后,其疲劳性能下降较少.采用AC130的试样,其裂纹扩展速率比较低.     

催化剂厂滤渣制备高吸水复合材料的研究

炼油催化剂厂在生产过程中每年要排除大量的滤渣,对滤渣成分进行了分析,其中SiO2含量为60%左右,Al2O3含量为10%左右,重金属含量不超过土壤环境质量标准值(GB15618-95)。以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和催化剂厂滤渣等为主要原料,采用水溶液聚合法制备出了滤渣/P(AA-AM)高吸水复合材料,考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、单体中和度及滤渣用量对复合材料吸液倍率的影响。结果表明,当中和度为80%,滤渣、引发剂和交联剂用量分别为丙烯酸单体质量的25%、1.0%和0.04%时所制得复合材料吸蒸馏水、自来水和0.9%NaCl达到了1093.2g/g、323.4g/g和74.39g/g。复合材料在25℃下干燥10d,还保持50%的吸水量,在70℃下干燥10h吸水凝胶还可以保持40%的吸水量,表明复合材料具有良好的保水性能。     

表面处理对剑麻纤维/PE复合材料的影响

为改善剑麻纤维/PE复合材料的性能,对剑麻纤维分别进行了碱处理、热处理及硅烷偶联剂处理,使用双螺杆挤出机制备了剑麻纤维质量分数分别为10%、20%、30%的剑麻纤维/PE复合材料,并对复合材料的拉伸、弯曲、冲击性能以及吸湿性进行了分析。结果表明,经硅烷处理、剑麻纤维质量分数为30%的复合材料的拉伸强度和杨氏模量相比纤维含量相同但未经处理的复合材料分别提高了18%和32%;经碱处理后,剑麻纤维含量相同的复合材料的弯曲强度提高了37%;经过表面处理后,复合材料的冲击强度都有不同程度的降低。此外,随着剑麻纤维含量的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、杨氏模量得到提高,冲击强度和断裂延伸率则有所降低。经表面处理的复合材料的吸水率与未经处理的复合材料相比明显降低。     

吸附Cu~(2+)接枝纤维的制备与表征

以漂白蔗渣浆纤维素为基体,二乙烯三胺为单体,硝酸铈铵为引发剂,制备胺基接枝纤维,制备高效重金属吸附剂。研究了单体用量、引发剂用量、温度、时间等反应因素对胺基接枝纤维制备的影响。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析表征胺基接枝纤维的结构。结果表明:绝干蔗渣纤维:单体二乙烯三胺=1:1(质量比),硝酸铈铵的用量为25%,温度为70℃,时间为2 h时可以获得较高的吸附量,其吸附量可以达到12.8 mg/g。通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析手段,对接枝纤维的结构进行表征。     

聚乙烯/造纸污泥废弃物复合材料

研究填料粒径和用量对聚乙烯/造纸污泥废弃物复合材料力学性能的影响。采用氢氧化钠和KH-550硅烷作为填料的表面处理剂,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯作为体系的相容剂改善复合材料的综合性能。实验结果表明,这2种方法均可不同程度地提高复合材料的力学性能,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯的加入可以有效改善基体与填料之间的相互作用。     

异丁基黄药对黄铜尾矿有价元素铜的浮选技术研究

随着经济、科技的不断发展,全世界对铜的需求量也不断增加,铜矿开采加剧造成尾矿堆积使环境污染加剧、资源浪费日益严重,铜矿资源开展二次利用就很有意义。选择"磨矿—浮选"的工艺流程进行浮选,再利用控制变量的方法,通过实验确定对铜尾矿最佳的浮选条件,实验结果包括最佳工艺条件,包括测定磨矿细度95%,捕收剂异丁基黄药的用量150 g/t,起泡剂二号油的用量40 g/t,抑制剂氧化钙用量1.5 g/Kg,分散剂碳酸钠的用3.0 g/Kg。最红可获得铜品位为2.10%、回收率为59.98%的铜精矿。     

萃取法去除硝基苯生产废水中的硝基酚

用苯、N 50 3 苯作萃取剂对硝基苯生产废水进行处理 ,用苯萃取 3次可使硝基酚的含量达国家规定的三级排放标准 ,而用N 50 3 苯萃取剂萃取废水 2次可使硝基酚含量达到国家规定的一级排放标准。N 50 3的用量宜为萃取剂总量的 2 0 %～ 30 %。     

抗交联剂对聚丙烯酰胺分子量和絮凝性能的影响

采用K2S2O8/NaHSO3引发丙烯酰胺溶液聚合,探讨了抗交联剂甲酸钠对聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）的粘均分子量及絮凝性能的影响。研究结果表明：以K2S2O8/NaHSO3为引发剂,反应温度20℃,引发剂用量为0.5‰,丙烯酰胺单体浓度40%,抗交联剂用量为5ppm时,可获得最高粘均分子量达1.9×107的聚丙烯酰胺。絮凝实验结果表明：当抗交联剂用量为15ppm时,所合成的PAM的絮凝效果最好,上层液体的透光度可达95%以上。     

活性炭纤维萃取浓缩水样中微量有机磷农药

采用活性炭纤维(ACF)为固相萃取剂填料,萃取测定水样中微量有机磷农药。研究分析了ACF用量、洗脱剂类型、农药初始质量浓度、水样过柱速度及pH等因素对萃取回收率的影响。结果表明:洗脱剂类型和ACF用量是显著的影响因素。最佳萃取条件为:含0 1μg L有机磷农药的1L加标水样,需0 2gACF和8mL二氯甲烷,水样过柱速度40mL min。pH对萃取影响不大。萃取回收率为80 7%～118%。      

响应面优化原子吸收光谱法测定PM_(2.5)中镉的含量

以单因素试验最佳值作中心点,首先采用Plackett-Burman设计试验筛选出影响超声提取PM2.5中镉的4个显著因素:超声温度、超声时间、提取剂用量和硝酸浓度;其次采用Central Composite Design试验及响应面分析法建立二次回归模型,得到最佳超声提取条件为:HNO3浓度9%,超声时间47 min,超声温度68℃,提取剂用量18 m L。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.36%~6.73%,检出限为0.4μg/L。受人类活动影响受人类活动影响方法用于测定锦州市PM2.5中镉的含量,实验结果表明镉含量为0.84~4.02 ng/m3,虽然未超过浓度限值,但富集因子较大说明受人类活动影响镉在PM2.5中富集明显。     

Preparation and characterization of PVDF-glass fiber composite membrane reinforced by interfacial UV-grafting copolymerization

A novel inorganic–organic composite membrane,namely poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF-glass fiber(PGF) composite membrane,was prepared and reinforced by interfacial ultraviolet(UV)-grafting copolymerization to improve the interfacial bonding strength between the membrane layer and the glass fiber.The interfacial polymerization between inorganic–organic interfaces is a chemical cross-linking reaction that depends on the functionalized glass fiber with silane coupling(KH570) as the initiator and the polymer solution with acrylamide monomer(AM) as the grafting block.The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-attenuated total reflectance(FTIR-ATR) spectra and the energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) pictures of the interface between the glass fiber and polymer matrix confirmed that the AM was grafted to the surface of the glass fiber fabric and that the grafting polymer was successfully embedded in the membrane matrix.The formation mechanisms,permeation,and anti-fouling performance of the PGF composite membrane were measured with different amounts of AM in the doping solutions.The results showed that the grafting composite membrane improved the interfacial bonding strength and permeability,and the peeling strength was improved by 32.6% for PGF composite membranes with an AM concentration at 2 wt.%.     

Modifying glass fiber surface with grafting acrylamide by UV-grafting copolymerization for preparation of glass fiber reinforced PVDF composite membrane

Experimental design and response surface methodology(RSM) were used to optimize the modification of conditions for glass surface grafting with acrylamide(AM) monomer for preparation of a glass fiber reinforced poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) composite membrane(GFRP-CM). The factors considered for experimental design were the UV(ultraviolet)-irradiation time, the concentrations of the initiator and solvent, and the kinds and concentrations of the silane coupling agent. The optimum operating conditions determined were UV-irradiation time of 25 min, an initiator concentration of 0–0.25 wt.%,solvent of N-Dimethylacetamide(DMAC), and silane coupling agent KH570 with a concentration of 7 wt.%. The obtained optimal parameters were located in the valid region and the experimental confirmation tests conducted showed good accordance between predicted and experimental values. Under these optimal conditions, the water absorption of the grafted modified glass fiber was improved from 13.6% to 23%; the tensile strength was enhanced and the peeling strength of the glass fiber reinforced PVDF composite membrane was improved by 23.7% and 32.6% with an AM concentration at 1 wt.% and 2 wt.%. The surface composition and microstructure of AM grafted glass fiber were studied via several techniques including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance(FTIR-ATR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX). The analysis of the EDX and FTIR-ATR results confirmed that the AM was grafted to the glass fiber successfully by detecting and proving the existence of nitrogen atoms in the GFRP-CM.     

复合钙基吸收剂吸附烟气中汞的试验研究

将飞灰和CaO以4∶1(质量比)混合,在室温25℃下消化10min,在68℃下干燥40min,制得基础吸收剂,再添加5%的KMnO₄(或NaClO₂)和15%的水分,制成可吸附燃煤烟气汞的复合钙基吸收剂. 研究了KMnO₄/NaClO₂添加量,吸收剂中水分含量,温度,进口φ(O₂)、ρ(Hg0)、ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO)等因素对复合钙基吸收剂吸附烟气汞的影响. 结果表明:随着KMnO₄、NaClO₂添加量从0增至5%,复合钙基吸收剂对烟气汞10min吸附量从131.75ng/g分别增至443.00和876.08ng/g;在KMnO₄(或NaClO₂)添加量为5%,水分含量为15%,温度为80℃,进口φ(O₂)为6%的条件下,模拟烟气进口ρ(Hg0)从18.0μg/m3增至86.4μg/m3时,复合钙基吸收剂对烟气汞的最大吸附量升至1203.33ng/g(或2391.63ng/g);当进口ρ(SO₂)从1429mg/m3增至2286mg/m3时,KMnO₄(或NaClO₂)添加剂相对应的烟气汞最大吸附量降至421.50ng/g(或860.00ng/g);当进口ρ(NO)从536mg/m3增至938mg/m3时,KMnO₄(或NaClO₂)添加剂相对应的烟气汞最大吸附量降至336.75ng/g(或776.38ng/g).      

苯并噁嗪树脂基复合材料湿热老化性能研究

研究了苯并噁嗪树脂及苯并噁嗪树脂基复合材料的湿热老化性能。采用RTM工艺,制备了苯并噁嗪树脂浇铸体、碳纤维和玻璃纤维增强增强苯并噁嗪树脂基复合材料,采用DSC,DMA,TGA等表征了苯并噁嗪树脂及苯并噁嗪树脂树脂基复合材料的常温干态热性能,分别测试了70℃和120℃的湿热老化性能。结果表明：苯并噁嗪树脂浇铸体、碳纤维和玻璃纤维增强苯并噁嗪树脂基复合材料具有优异的常温干态力学性能。70℃时,部分性能保持率在70%以上;120℃时,部分性能保持率在50%以上。苯并噁嗪树脂及苯并噁嗪树脂基复合材料表现出优异的抗湿热老化性能。     

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil using phosphoric acid and phosphate

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study arsenic （As） removal from a naturally contaminated soil using phosphoric acid （H3PO4） and potassium dihydrogen phosphate （KHEPO4）. Both H3PO4 and KHEPO4 proved to reduce toxicity of the soil in terms of soil As content, attaining more than 20% As removal at a concentration of 200 mmol/L. At the same time, acidification of soil and dissolution of soil components （Ca, Mg, and Si） resulted from using these two extractants, especially H3PO4. The effectiveness of these two extractants could be attributed to the replacement of As by phosphate ions （PO4^3-）. The function of H3PO4 as an acid to dissolve soil components had little effects on As removal. KH2PO4 almost removed as much As as H3PO4, but it did not result in serious damage to soils, indicating that it was a more promising extractant. The results of a kinetic study showed that As removal reached equilibrium after incubation for 360 rain, but dissolution of soil components, especially Mg and Ca, was very rapid. Therefore dissolution of soil components would be inevitable if As was further removed. Elovich model best described the kinetic data of As removal among the four models used in the kinetic study.     

纳米氧化物粒子对PVDF中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

采用相转化法制备纳米氧化物/聚偏氟乙烯复合中空纤维膜,讨论了纳米氧化钛和氧化铝粒子对PVDF膜结构和性能的影响.应用牛血清白蛋白截留实验、扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶红外光谱分别对不同膜的分离性能、微观结构和晶相组成进行了分析.结果表明,复合膜的性能与纯PVDF膜相比有显著地改善,其中纯PVDF膜、Al₂O₃/PVDF和TiO₂/PVDF复合膜对牛血清白蛋白的截留率分别为3.27%、67.20%和86.67%,复合膜的水通量则较纯PVDF膜分别提高2.3倍和2.6倍.氮气吸附实验测定的孔径分布进一步表明复合膜的孔径分布变窄,孔径变小.     

不同钾肥对土壤铅植物有效性的影响及其机制

采用盆栽试验,观测了水稻土上钾常规用量(K,0.11 g·kg-1)下施用4种钾肥(KH2PO4、K2SO4、KNO3、KCl)后小油菜对铅的吸收量及土壤铅的形态转化.结果表明,与不施钾肥的对照相比,施用KH2PO4和K2SO4能够抑制植株吸收铅,其中施用KH2PO4作物生长第2季在铅低污染(Pb1=300 mg·kg-1)和高污染水平(Pb2=500 mg·kg-1)下植株体内铅含量分别降低了35.6%和45.4%;KNO3对植物铅吸收也有一定的抑制作用,KCl则促进了植株的铅吸收.在铅低污染水平时,施用KH2PO4和K2SO4降低了水溶交换态和碳酸盐结合态的铅,而铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态则显著增高;对于铅高污染土壤,仅在施用KH2PO4时表现出和铅低污染水平下相似的效果.在2种铅污染水平下,施用KCl的土壤水溶交换态或碳酸盐结合态铅都明显提高,说明其能增加铅的植物有效性.钾肥影响铅植物有效性的机制之一是改变了土壤中铅的赋存形态.     

中空纤维复合膜用于回收有机溶剂蒸气的研究

采用新的制膜工艺制备聚二甲基硅氧烷-聚砜中空纤维复合膜.该复合膜对有机溶剂蒸气具有适宜的渗透速度,且对有机溶剂蒸气和空气的分离系数较大.用该复合膜组装φ10×500mm中空纤维膜分离器,以正己烷(C_6)和氮气(N_2)的混合气做分离器性能实验.混合气从中空纤维膜内管进气,考察了压力、进气中C_6的浓度、驰放气流速等操作条件对C_6的渗透速率、驰放气及渗透气中C_6的浓度以及C_6同N_2的分离系数的影响.实验结果表明,进料浓度对分离效果有重要影响;中空纤维复合膜用于从含溶剂蒸气浓度高的废气中回收有机溶剂是可行的.     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…