汞和两种农药复合污染对土壤转化酶活性的影响

通过模拟方法研究了豆磺隆,呋喃丹2种农药与重金属汞(Hg)单一及复合污染对草甸棕壤和黑土4个土壤转化酶活性的影响.结果显示,在试验浓度范围内,土壤添加豆磺隆和呋喃丹后,转化酶变化幅度分别为-12%～7%和-6%～7%,表明2种农药对土壤转化酶的毒性较小;Hg对转化酶最大抑制率为22%～35%,二者之间呈显著的对数负相关关系,表明Hg对转化酶的毒性较大,转化酶在一定程度上可作为Hg污染的监测指标,通过对数方程计算出4个土样的生态剂量(ED₅₀)分别为76.68,727.49,236.52,316.59mg/kg;Hg和2种农药之间普遍存在交互作用,豆磺隆与Hg复合污染引起土壤转化酶最大净变化量(△I)为对照的-12%～15%,呋喃丹和Hg为-25%～-6%,有机质对复合污染产生的毒性有明显的缓冲作用.     

我国14种典型土壤脲酶、脱氢酶活性对汞胁迫的响应

Hg作为环境的主要污染重金属之一,其对土壤酶的影响是表征其环境效应的重要方面,结果可为土壤环境监测等提供生物学依据.因此,本文通过室内模拟试验,较系统地分析了全国14种主要类型18个土样的脲酶和脱氢酶活性在Hg胁迫下的响应.结果表明,Hg会抑制土壤酶活性,其降幅随土壤类型的不同有明显差异;随着Hg含量的升高,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性均显著降低;模型U=A/(1+B×C)可较好地拟合酶活性(U)与汞含量(C)之间的关系,揭示出土壤脲酶和脱氢酶在一定程度上可监测土壤Hg污染的程度,且机理为完全抑制(包括竞争性抑制和非竞争性抑制)作用.同时,实验获得的供试土样脲酶的生态剂量(ED10)范围为0.08~0.77 mg·kg-1,脱氢酶ED10范围为0.11~2.58mg·kg-1,从土壤酶角度获得的土壤汞轻度污染临界值为0.08 mg·kg-1,此值要小于国家土壤质量标准中的二级标准.有机质、pH、CEC和粘粒显著影响了汞与土壤脱氢酶的关系,上述4个土壤性状参数值越高,汞对土壤酶的毒害作用就越弱;酸性土壤中汞的毒害作用强于碱性土壤.表明在我国主要土壤类型上,土壤脲酶、脱氢酶对Hg毒性均较为敏感,可在更广范围内作为Hg污染程度的监测指标之一.     

Cd、Zn、菲和多效唑复合污染土壤的微生物生态毒理效应

以土壤脱氢酶、呼吸强度和微生物生物量作为生态毒理指标,通过正交实验,在室内培养条件下考察了4种不同性质的有机与无机污染物（Cd、Zn、菲和多效唑）复合污染的土壤微生物生态效应。复合投加这4种污染物能使土壤微生物活性受到不同程度的抑制,且抑制率随时间的推移而下降;3种微生物生态毒理指标之间存在着很好的相关性,但脱氢酶活性在三者中最敏感;影响土壤微生物活性的主要因子依次为：菲＞Cd＞Zn＞Zn与菲的交互作用＞Zn与多效唑的交互作用;实验表明,Zn与菲的交互作用为拮抗作用,但Zn与多效唑的复合效应机制仍不明确     

重金属对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长的抑制效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤中铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长抑制率以及草甸棕壤条件下重金属复合污染的生态效应.结果表明,重金属对西红柿根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.土壤重金属明显低于水体重金属对西红柿根伸长的抑制.抑制率大小排列为红壤>>草甸棕壤>栗钙土>暗棕壤.铜、锌、铅、镉对西红柿根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质、土壤凯氏氮、全钾含量显著线性负相关(P=0.05);与土壤pH值和土壤全磷含量线性不相关(P=0.05).重金属复合污染对西红柿根伸长表现为协同作用和拮抗作用.     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.