共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 859 毫秒
1.
Prévot-Julliard AC Clavel J Teillac-Deschamps P Julliard R 《Environmental management》2011,48(5):882-884
This paper is an answer to the Caplat and Coutts forum about our previous paper “The need for flexibility in conservation
practices: exotic species as an example”. We precise here why we proposed to consider exotic species as well as indigenous
species in the reconnection framework in human-modified environments. One argument is that consistent and understandable arguments
must be used in the communication from scientists to the public, in order not to decrease the gap between science and society. 相似文献
2.
Prévot-Julliard AC Clavel J Teillac-Deschamps P Julliard R 《Environmental management》2011,47(3):315-321
To garner support for biodiversity from the World’s human population, conservation biologists need an open-minded, integrated
conservation strategy. We suggest that this strategy should include efforts to (1) preserve existing high quality, diverse
ecosystems, (2) remediate impaired systems, (3) balance the needs of people and ecological resources, and (4) engender appreciation
of nature and its services. We refer to these four key tenets as reservation, restoration, reconciliation, and reconnection.
We illustrate these concepts by presenting the debate surrounding the management of exotic species from an unusual perspective,
the benefits of exotic species. By this example we hope to encourage an integrated approach to conservation in which management
strategies can be flexible, adjusting to society’s needs and the overall goals of conservation. 相似文献
3.
Corace RG Shartell LM Schulte LA Brininger WL McDowell MK Kashian DM 《Environmental management》2012,49(2):359-371
To facilitate forest planning and management on National Wildlife Refuges, we synthesized multiple data sources to describe
land ownership patterns, land cover, landscape pattern, and changes in forest composition for four ecoregions and their associated
refuges of the Upper Midwest. We related observed patterns to ecological processes important for forest conservation and restoration,
with specific attention to refuge patterns of importance for forest landbirds of conservation priority. The large amount of
public land within the ecoregions (31–80%) suggests that opportunities exist for coarse and meso-scale approaches to conserving
and restoring ecological processes affecting the refuges, particularly historical fire regimes. Forests dominate both ecoregions
and refuges, but refuge forest patches are generally larger and more aggregated than in associated ecoregions. Broadleaf taxa
have increased in dominance in the ecoregions and displaced fire-dependent taxa such as pine (Pinus spp.) and other coniferous species; these changes in forest composition have likely also affected refuge forests. Despite
compositional changes, larger forest patches on refuges suggests that they may provide better habitat for area-sensitive forest
landbirds of mature, compositionally diverse forests than surrounding lands if management continues to promote increased patch
size. We reason that although fine-scale research and monitoring for species of conservation priority is important, broad
scale (ecoregional) assessments provide crucial context for effective forest and wildlife management in protected areas. 相似文献
4.
Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation.
“Adaptive Resource Management” is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions
increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions
are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however,
appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon
the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve
management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell’s vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow
the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and
actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management
decisions, essentially “management by assertion,” undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
5.
Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems,
as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity
is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments.
We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution
is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based
selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order
to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed
species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based
on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation
strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of
the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied.
This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction
method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking.
In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data
only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence. 相似文献
6.
This work presents a method of assessing plant conservation effectiveness in a given region, which takes into account the legal, species-centered protection, ecosystem conservation, ex situ conservation, restorations and translocations, reintroductions, and monitoring. In order to illustrate the conservation effectiveness, both legally protected species of plants and threatened species were examined. The conservation effectiveness of legally protected species was estimated to have a low value of 23.328 points (pts) according to the methods of calculation. Habitat conservation is insufficient for these species. Almost 40% of all localities are deprived of any ecosystem protection. The conservation effectiveness of the threatened group of species scored a very low value of 13.46 pts. The major reason for this result is a very low level of species protection. Less than 30% of the threatened taxa are under legal preservation and some species from the Orobanche and Cuscuta genera are treated as harmful organisms, which it is obligatory to control within the province territory. Almost 30% of all localities of threatened species are deprived of any ecosystem protection and only 10% lie inside nature reserves. It is suggested that the conclusion of this investigation be used in the preparation and realization of the regional floristic diversity preservation strategy.Published online 相似文献
7.
S. L. Goodman W. Seabrooke S. A. Jaffry 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1998,41(3):313-336
Measuring the economic value of environmental quality is useful to evaluate policies that affect the use of natural resources. This paper presents the findings of a contingent valuation (CV) survey designed to measure non-use values for the natural coastal environment.This was attempted through evaluating public and scientific values of conservation quality. The results suggest that public perceptions of conservation quality are multidimensional,and that it may be difficult for some individuals to express their preferences for the conservation value of natural resources in monetary terms. Additionally, public and scientific judgments differ concerning some of the physical attributes imparting conservation value. These findings have important implications on efforts to consider environmental quality in land and coastal use decisions. 相似文献
8.
Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)
The monetary assessment of biodiversity measures the welfare damages brought by biodiversity losses and the cost-benefit analysis
of conservation projects in a socio-economic context. The contingent valuation method could include motivational factors to
strengthen economic analysis of nature conservation. This study analyzed Guangzhou residents’ motivations and willingness-to-pay
(WTP) for an urban biodiversity conservation program in the National Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area (BMSA). The peri-urban natural
site, offering refuge to some endemic species, is under increasing development pressures for recreational and residential
use. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Guangzhou metropolitan area during June to October 2007. We interviewed face-to-face
720 stratified sampled households to probe residents’ attitudes towards the city’s environmental issues, motivations for urban
nature conservation, and WTP for biodiversity conservation. Principal component analysis identified five motivational factors,
including environmental benefit, ecological diversity, nature-culture interaction, landscape-recreation function, and intergenerational
sustainability, which illustrated the general economic values of urban nature. Logistic regression was applied to predict
the probability of people being willing to pay for the urban biodiversity conservation in BMSA. The significant predictors
of WTP included household income and the factor nature-culture interaction. The median WTP estimated RMB149/household (about
US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US38.2 million) annually to support the urban
conservation project. Including public motivations into contingent valuation presents a promising approach to conduct cost-benefit
analysis of public projects in China. 相似文献
9.
Bruce Evan Goldstein 《Environmental management》2010,46(2):268-284
Two groups of biologists were responsible for an unprecedented delay in completing a endangered species habitat conservation
plan in the Coachella Valley of southern California. While antagonism grew as each group relentlessly promoted their perspective
on whether to add a few areas to the habitat preserve, their inability to resolve their differences was not simply a matter
of mistrust or poor facilitation. I analyze how these biologists practiced science in a way that supported specific institutional
and ecological relationships that in turn provided a setting in which each group’s biological expertise was meaningful, credible,
and useful. This tight coupling between scientific practice and society meant that something was more important to these scientists
than finishing the plan. For both factions of biologists, ensuring the survival of native species in the valley rested on
their ability to catalyze institutional relationships that were compatible with their scientific practice. Understanding this
co-production of science and the social order is a first step toward effectively incorporating different experts in negotiation
and implementation of technically complex collaborative agreements. 相似文献
10.
Impacts of human land use pose an increasing threat to global biodiversity. Resource managers must respond rapidly to this threat by assessing existing natural areas and prioritizing conservation actions across multiple spatial scales. Plant species richness is a useful measure of biodiversity but typically can only be evaluated on small portions of a given landscape. Modeling relationships between spatial heterogeneity and species richness may allow conservation planners to make predictions of species richness patterns within unsampled areas. We utilized a combination of field data, remotely sensed data, and landscape pattern metrics to develop models of native and exotic plant species richness at two spatial extents (60- and 120-m windows) and at four ecological levels for northwestern Ohio’s Oak Openings region. Multiple regression models explained 37–77 % of the variation in plant species richness. These models consistently explained more variation in exotic richness than in native richness. Exotic richness was better explained at the 120-m extent while native richness was better explained at the 60-m extent. Land cover composition of the surrounding landscape was an important component of all models. We found that percentage of human-modified land cover (negatively correlated with native richness and positively correlated with exotic richness) was a particularly useful predictor of plant species richness and that human-caused disturbances exert a strong influence on species richness patterns within a mixed-disturbance oak savanna landscape. Our results emphasize the importance of using a multi-scale approach to examine the complex relationships between spatial heterogeneity and plant species richness. 相似文献
11.
Norton’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sustainability</Emphasis>: Some Comments on Risk and Sustainability
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):375-386
Bryan Norton’s 2005 book Sustainability describes a pragmatic approach to environmental philosophy that stresses philosophy’s role as one of mediating between scientific
and ordinary language. But on two topics, Norton’s approach is not pragmatic enough. In the case of his discussion of risk,
he accedes to a scientific notion that fails to acknowledge the way that ordinary usage of the word risk involves pragmatic
links to human action and moral responsibility. With respect to the word sustainability, his analysis fails to acknowledge
important scientific work that characterizes the functional integrity of system cycling, opting instead for usage grounded
either in economic accounting or in an even less substantive sense of a broad social movement for environmental improvement.
On each of these topics, adherence to the pragmatic orientation of Norton’s philosophy results in a different analysis of
the concepts in question. 相似文献
12.
Sagoff [Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 18 (2005), 215–236] argues, against growing empirical evidence, that major environmental impacts of non-native species are
unproven. However, many such impacts, including extinctions of both island and continental species, have both been demonstrated
and judged by the public to be harmful. Although more public attention has been focused on non-native animals than non-native
plants, the latter more often cause ecosystem-wide impacts. Increased regulation of introduction of non-native species is,
therefore, warranted, and, contra Sagoff’s assertions, invasion biologists have recently developed methods that greatly aid prediction of which introduced
species will harm the environment and thus enable more efficient regulation. The fact that introduced species may increase
local biodiversity in certain instances has not been shown to result in desired changes in ecosystem function. In other locales,
they decrease biodiversity, as they do globally. 相似文献
13.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed permitting ballast water discharges—a benefit of which would be to reduce
the economic damages associated with the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. Research on ship-borne aquatic
invasive species has been conducted in earnest for decades, but determining the economic damages they cause remains troublesome.
Furthermore, with the exception of harmful algal blooms, the economic consequences of microscopic invaders have not been studied,
despite their potentially great negative effects. In this paper, we show how to estimate the economic benefits of preventing
the introduction and spread of harmful bacteria, microalgae, and viruses delivered in U.S. waters. Our calculations of net
social welfare show the damages from a localized incident, cholera-causing bacteria found in shellfish in the Gulf of Mexico,
to be approximately $706,000 (2006$). On a larger scale, harmful algal species have the potential to be transported in ships’
ballast tanks, and their effects in the United States have been to reduce commercial fisheries landings and impair water quality.
We examine the economic repercussions of one bloom-forming species. Finally, we consider the possible translocation within
the Great Lakes of a virus that has the potential to harm commercial and recreational fisheries. These calculations illustrate
an approach to quantifying the benefits of preventing invasive aquatic microorganisms from controls on ballast water discharges.
The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献
14.
The ability of an organisation to recognise the value of new external information, acquire it, assimilate it, transform, and
exploit it, namely its absorptive capacity (AC), has been much researched in the context of commercial organisations and even
applied to national innovation. This paper considers four key AC-related concepts and their relevance to public sector organisations
with mandates to manage and conserve freshwater ecosystems for the common good. The concepts are the importance of in-house
prior related knowledge, the importance of informal knowledge transfer, the need for motivation and intensity of effort, and
the importance of gatekeepers. These concepts are used to synthesise guidance for a way forward in respect of such freshwater
management and conservation, using the imminent release of a specific scientific conservation planning and management tool
in South Africa as a case study. The tool comprises a comprehensive series of maps that depict national freshwater ecosystem
priority areas for South Africa. Insights for implementing agencies relate to maintaining an internal science, rather than
research capacity; making unpublished and especially tacit knowledge available through informal knowledge transfer; not underestimating
the importance of intensity of effort required to create AC, driven by focussed motivation; and the potential use of a gatekeeper
at national level (external to the implementing organisations), possibly playing a more general ‘bridging’ role, and multiple
internal (organisational) gatekeepers playing the more limited role of ‘knowledge translators’. The role of AC as a unifying
framework is also proposed. 相似文献
15.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
16.
Optimum natural resource management and biodiversity conservation are desirable goals. These, however, often exclude each
other, since maximum economic benefits have promoted drastic reductions in biodiversity throughout the world. This dilemma
confronts local stakeholders, who usually go for maximizing economic inputs, whereas other social (e.g., academic) sectors
are favor conservation practices. In this paper we describe the way two scientific approaches—landscape and participatory
research—were used to develop sound and durable land use scenarios. These two approaches included expert knowledge of both
social and environmental conditions in indigenous communities. Our major emphasis was given to detect spatially explicit land
use scenarios and capacity building in order to construct a decision support system operated by stakeholders of the Comunidad
Indigena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro in Mexico. The system for decision-making was fed with data from inventories of
both abiotic and biotic biodiversity components. All research, implementation, and monitoring activities were conducted in
close collaboration with members of the indigenous community. As a major result we obtained a number of forest alternative
uses that favor emerging markets and make this indigenous community less dependent on a single market. Furthermore, skilled
members of the community are now running the automated system for decision-making. In conclusion, our results were better
expressed as products with direct benefits in local livelihoods rather than pure academic outputs. 相似文献
17.
Climate change risks to the coast and coastal developments have been well-documented. In spite of these warnings, new coastal developments are still proposed and built. Australian research has demonstrated how State-level planning documents fail to incorporate recent sea-level rise projections, with researchers demanding more responsiveness to coastal science from planners, policy-makers and developers. This paper takes an alternative approach to the science, planning and coastal development nexus by developing a relational understanding of the barriers to the uptake of science into coastal development decisions. Drawing on qualitative interview material from two recent and non-routine South Australian cases where sea-level rise (SLR) science was contested, and inspiration from actor-network theory's concepts of obligatory passage points, translation, intermediaries and mediators, this research foregrounds the malleability of scientific knowledge and planning protocols. We find that skilful social actors negotiate and re-frame science and planning; clear scientific recommendations can be subsumed to planning process, while clear planning process creates internecine disputes between nomothetic and idiographic science. An implication of this analysis is that the broad narrative of a lack of scientific uptake into coastal development needs to be sensitized to how science and planning interact in practice to legitimate decisions. 相似文献
18.
Three different systems of designating protected areas in a Mediterranean region in southeastern Spain were studied, referring
to their effectiveness and efficiency for protecting both the breeding territories and the suitable habitat of a set of ten
raptor species. Taking into consideration the varying degrees of endangerment of these species, a map of multispecies conservation
values was also drawn up and superimposed on the three protected-area systems studied. In order to compare the levels of protection
afforded by the three systems, we considered two indices that measured their relative effectiveness and efficiency. The effectiveness
estimated the proportion of territories or optimal habitat protected by the networks while efficiency implicitly considered
the area of each system (percentage of breeding territories or optimal habitat protected per 1% of land protected). Overall,
our results showed that the most efficient system was that formed by the set of regional parks and reserves (17 protected
breeding territories per 100 km2), although, given its small total area, it was by far the least effective (only protecting the 21% of the breeding territories
of all species and 17% of the area of high conservation value). The systems formed by the Special Protection Areas (designated
under the EU “Birds Directive”) and by the Special Conservation Areas (designated under the EU “Habitats Directive”) notably
increased the percentages of protected territories of all species (61%) and area of high conservation value (57%), but their
efficiency was not as high as expected in most cases. The overall level of protection was high for all species except for
the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), an endangered falcon that inhabits pseudo-steppe and traditional agricultural habitats, which are clearly underrepresented
in the protected-area network of the study region. 相似文献
19.
Seeing (and doing) conservation through cultural lenses 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this paper, we first discuss various vantage points gained through the authors’ experience of approaching conservation
through a “cultural lens.” We then draw out more general concerns that many anthropologists hold with respect to conservation,
summarizing and commenting on the work of the Conservation and Community Working Group within the Anthropology and Environment
Section of the American Anthropological Association. Here we focus on both critiques and contributions the discipline of anthropology
makes with regard to conservation, and show how anthropologists are moving beyond conservation critiques to engage actively
with conservation practice and policy. We conclude with reflections on the possibilities for enhancing transdisciplinary dialogue
and practice through reflexive questioning, the adoption of disciplinary humility, and the realization that “cross-border”
collaboration among conservation scholars and practitioners can strengthen the political will necessary to stem the growing
commoditization and ensuing degradation of the earth’s ecosystems. 相似文献
20.
Eric Tabacchi Anne‐Marie Planty Tabacchi 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(6):1629-1637
ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the spatial patterns of plant species richness observed in 1989 and in 1999 alongside the Adour River (Southwest France), focussing on: (1) upstream‐to‐down‐stream changes, (2) mid‐term changes, and (3) differences in observed patterns among various plant functional groups. The purpose of the research was to analyze how the proportions of invading species and/or ruderal species within riparian corridors can be related to regional environmental settings. About half of native and exotic species were ruderals. However, the proportion of competitors was higher within the native pool. No correlation was found between exotic and native functional groups. The longitudinal distribution of native and exotic ruderal species were correlated together, but they were not correlated with the total species richness. Converse to observations at the local scale in other studies, these patterns seem to be driven more by factors co‐varying with the size of the river and by climatic factors than by hydrological disturbance‐related factors. The role of the various plant groups studied and potential consequences on ecosystem function are discussed in the context of an increasing susceptibility of our ripanan corridors to invasions by nonriparian species. Management perspectives are discussed for the purpose of biodiversity conservation. 相似文献