环境应急监测中两种便携式仪器的应用

在环境应急监测中,便携式气相色谱-质谱仪HAPSITE Smart IQ和便携式气相色谱仪zNose4200主要用来监测挥发性有机物。在环境污染事故中二者的应用已较成熟、广泛,二者分别发挥各自作用,在实际工作中将二者联合应用能够取得更好的效果。HAPSITE可以快速准确地对挥发性化学物质进行定性,但在定量过程中每个样品的测定过程需要数分钟,而zNose4200可以在数秒钟内对已知挥发性物质进行定量。在HAPSITE准确定性基础上,用zNose4200出具定量数据,可以有效缩短污染事故发生时环境应急监测的时间。两者联用技术,在很大程度上提高了环境应急监测能力。     

便携式GC-MS在选钛废气挥发性有机物监测中的应用

采用便携式GC-MS现场测定了某选钛厂废气中挥发性有机物。结果表明,选钛废气中检出了苯系物、丙酮、环己烷、二硫化碳等具有异味的挥发性有机物,浮选工序挥发性有机物浓度水平为0.032~1.02mg/m~3,烘干工序排气筒废气中挥发性有机物浓度水平为0.004~0.518mg/m~3。本方法操作简便,获得数据快速,为管理部门及时处理环境投诉,企业优化选钛废气处理工艺参数提供依据。     

便携式水质分析实验室在应急监测中的应用

文章对DR 2800型便携式水质分析实验室的使用进行了介绍,针对不同分析项目对其准确度和精密度进行考察,并与常规的试验方法进行比较。通过实验证明,便携式水质分析实验室携带方便、方法简单易行、准确性较高、精密性较好,既可适用于突发事件的水质应急监测、野外监测,也可用于实验室内常规分析,尤其是滴定分析其准确度很高,相比常规实验室分析其优势更为明显,为便携式水质分析实验室应用于应急监测提供了指导。     

中国挥发性有机物污染防治政策及对监测技术的管理需求

本文通过梳理现行的挥发性有机物污染防治政策法规和方法标准,结合国外经验,提出了现阶段挥发性有机物污染防治政策体系。尽管起步较晚,但陆续实施的挥发性有机物排污收费和总量控制机制,已经对污染物监测提出了明确的管理需求。虽然离线检测技术具有良好的灵敏度和响应度,但使用FID和NDIR法的在线和便携仪器响应时间短、数据连续,可以实现对挥发性有机物污染的实时追踪,更好地满足污染预警、应急执法等环境管理新需求。     

基于GC-MS-FTIR的化学实验室挥发性有机物源强核算方法

文章针对化学实验室废气排放缺乏有效源强核算手段的现状,提出了一种基于气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和便携式傅立叶红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)联合监测的现场实测方法,并于2019年6月利用该方法对北京市某高校化学实验楼进行了12天的现场实测。研究结果显示,该高校化学实验楼的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量为1094.18±180.15kg/a,其中卤代烃、烷烃和含氧有机物占比较高,分别为57.5%、24.8%和21.0%。通过研究实验室试剂与废气的物质流关系,发现溶剂的使用是VOCs排放的重要来源,占全部来源的64.1%。对于高校化学实验室大气污染物排放的管控应该从源头和末端同时管理,通过严格管理实验室试剂的使用和增加末端尾气处理装置,从而降低实验室挥发性有机物的排放。     

不境安全预警和应急监测体系建设探讨

本文介绍了环境应急监测的性质和特点,阐述了环境安全预警和应急监测网络体系的建设情况,从制度、人员、仪器装备建设方面来加强环境安全预警和应急监测能力建设,并做好应急监测的日常准备工作,提高应急监测能力,构建良好的应急监测体系。     

野营房室内空气质量问题的初步探讨

文章通过对通用住宿野营房室内环境主要污染物的确定和测定值的分析,得出住宿野营房室内环境主要污染物甲醛、苯和总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)三项中,总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)浓度超标严重;在现有装饰装修材料水平状况下,使用前和使用中,要加强室内空气流通,降低室内环境污染物的浓度。     

PXRF法测定土壤中铅的应用研究

当前测定土壤中铅的国标方法为石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法（GFAAS法）,准确度高但时效性差,如何快速测定是目前支撑土壤应急监测亟须解决的问题。采用GFAAS法与便携式X射线荧光光谱法（PXRF法）测定土壤中的铅,比对2种方法的差异,分析土壤应急监测应用PXRF法测定土壤中铅的可行性。实验结果表明,检出限、精密度和正确度均满足规范要求,且PXRF法测定标准样品和实际样品的精密度均优于GFAAS法,因此在土壤应急监测及初步监测中应用PXRF法测定土壤中的铅可行。     

宇星科技发展(深圳)有限公司

<正>碧水蓝天,我们的天职洁净清新,我们的事业VOCs在线监测及治理技术在工业生产活动中,挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的排放具有涉及行业众多、排放条件复杂等特点。针对含VOCs的废气的在线监测及治理,公司提出了完善的解决方案,并在实际应用中取得了良好的效果。公司是行业内同时具有VOCs在线监测和VOCs治理核心技术的企业之一,将为"十二五"期间VOCs总量控制做出积极的贡献。     

便携式分光光度计法快速测定水中铜方法研究

系统研究了不同厂家生产的便携式分光光度计对水中铜的测定方法。通过研究各方法的性能指标以及实际样品测定,对不同便携式分光光度计的优势进行了比较,为突发性环境污染事故应急监测选择合适的监测仪器提供了参考。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.