水、土环境中锑污染与控制研究进展

随着工业的发展,锑作为一种具有潜在毒性和致癌性的类金属元素,已经较为广泛地存在于水体和土壤环境中,显现出不可忽视的环境问题,并引起国际科学界的高度关注。文章综述了锑在水体和土壤环境中的污染现状、化学行为形态以及污染控制方面的研究进展。由采矿业、制造业带来的锑水土污染问题较为突出,目前的处理处置方法难以满足需求。今后需要在锑的水土环境化学方面加强研究,探讨锑的迁移转化规律;高效吸附材料的开发制备也是一个重要内容;植物组合修复土壤中的锑污染将是一个重要的突破口。     

水、土环境中锑污染与控制研究进展

随着工业的发展,锑作为一种具有潜在毒性和致癌性的类金属元素,已经较为广泛地存在于水体和土壤环境中,显现出不可忽视的环境问题,并引起国际科学界的高度关注。文章综述了锑在水体和土壤环境中的污染现状、化学行为形态以及污染控制方面的研究进展。由采矿业、制造业带来的锑水土污染问题较为突出,目前的处理处置方法难以满足需求。今后需要在锑的水土环境化学方面加强研究,探讨锑的迁移转化规律;高效吸附材料的开发制备也是一个重要内容;植物组合修复土壤中的锑污染将是一个重要的突破口。     

Some effects of century old abandoned lead mining operations on streams in Missouri,USA

Lead has been mined in the Old Lead Belt region of southeastern Missouri, USA since the early 1700s. Mining operations ceased totally in 1972. Since no other major industries were associated with the region, an investigation was initiated to study the long-term environmental effects of lead mining activities on the water quality sediments and biota otarea receiving streams. The principal study area was Flat River Creek,. which drained the major mining operations of the region. The findings of this study indicated the water of the lower Flat River Creek below the mining elevation contained elevated levels of lead, zinc, calcium and magnesium. The sediments and biota of the same stream area were also found to contain significantly higher levels of lead and zinc as well as copper and cadmium. Algae, crayfish and minnows were all found to have concentrated these metals. The studies indicated that some type of abandonment plan must be developed for the control and treatment of heavy metal pollution for mining operations on a continuing basis.     

城郊森林区对城区环境生态影响

城郊森林区正成为城市生态绿地系统的重要组成部分，本文选定常熟市及近郊的虞山国家森林公园作为实验区，根据主要环境影响因子的测试结果，分析探讨城郊森林区对城市区域的生态影响及作用机制，表明森林群落是优于其它下垫面类型的多层，多效，可持续利用的城区环境生物净化器。     

Assessment of forest fire vulnerability zones in Missouri,United States of America

Forest fire is one of the major disasters that distresses the terrestrial environment and causes economic disruptions for people and communities in areas prone to forest fire. Information on forest fire risk zones is therefore essential for effective and sound decision-making in forest management. Forest fire risk assessment is a critical part and the most important step in forest management because it enables us to know where the risk is higher in order to minimize threats to life, property and natural resources. This study used a hazard assessment model to assess forest fire risk in Missouri based on several measurable environmental parameters influencing forest fire risk vulnerability. Using the four ecological zones in Missouri as the basis of analysis, three forest risk zones were identified. These were high forest fire risk zones, moderate forest fire risk zone and low forest fire risk zone. Strategies for the mitigation of the hazard of forest fire in the state were also recommended.     

论矿区土壤环境问题

我国矿山生态环境破坏和环境污染十分严重。文章论述了矿区土壤环境问题的相关概念及相关问题,指出矿区土壤环境问题包括矿区生态破坏和矿区环境污染。分析了矿区土壤环境问题的影响因素识别以及调查研究主要性状识别等普遍性问题。分析了矿区生态修复问题的复杂性,即有的属于典型的土壤环境学科问题,有的属于相关学科问题引发的土壤环境问题要求矿区生态修复研究的多学科交叉与融合。建议淡化矿区复垦土壤的学科问题,强化矿区复垦土壤的科学问题,集成不同学科的修复技术,从源头上控制矿区土壤污染,将有利于我国不同类型矿区土壤环境问题的诊断,以及矿区复垦土壤生产功能、环境功能和生态功能的恢复对策的正确选择。     

Rethinking Tropical Forest Conservation: Perils in Parks

Abstract: According to some conservationists, large, pristine, uninhabited parks are the defining criterion of success in conserving tropical forests. They argue that human residents in tropical forests inevitably deplete populations of large animals through hunting, which triggers a chain reaction of ecological events that greatly diminish the conservation value of these forests. Hence, they believe that removal of people from tropical forests is an essential step in the creation of successful parks and in the conservation of nature in the tropics. This approach can lead to undesirable consequences, however. Forest residents—and rural people generally—are potent political actors in tropical forest regions and an essential component of the environmental political constituencies that are necessary for the long-term conservation of tropical forests. In Amazonia and elsewhere, rural people are defending far bigger areas of tropical forest from unfettered deforestation and logging than are parks, thereby conserving the ecological services provided by these forests and the majority of their component plant and animal species. Moreover, the data are too sparse to judge the effects of forest peoples on populations of large forest animals. The establishment of pristine, tropical forest parks is an important conservation goal, but the exclusive pursuit of this goal undermines the broader objectives of conservation when it identifies forest residents and other rural people as the enemies of nature.     

Restoration of native biotic communities on land disturbed by metalliferous mining

The worldwide expansion of the metalliferous mining industry has caused increased attention to be directed at the reclamation of mine wastes. Until recently the majority of reclamation procedures were based on substrate amelioration with innocuous covering materials, the application of fertilisers and the sowing of non-indigenous species. Reinstatement of the native flora and fauna was rarely attempted. However, in several countries the mining legislation now requires reinstatement of at least the native vegetation as a reclamation objective. Many mines are located in natural ecosystems such as tropical and temperate forest, and arctic and alpine tundra where faithful reinstatement of the native flora and, if possible, the fauna is the prime objective.Despite the adverse physical and chemical properties of metal mine wastes, the requirements for the restoration of native floras and faunas are not impossible to meet. This paper reviews procedures for the restoration of native vegetation on land disturbed by metalliferous mining, and assesses the success of the procedures where appropriate evidence is available. Using these methods it has often been possible to create a permanent, self-perpetuating and relatively maintenance-free native vegetation which provides a diverse mosaic of habitats for native fauna to colonise. However, the development of methods for reinstatement of native biological communities on metalliferous mine wastes is in its infancy. Proper criteria have not yet been established for the assessment of the success of reinstatement and there is a paucity of published qualitative information on the success of restoration of native plant communities, particularly information covering a sufficient period of time to be ecologically meaningful.     

黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展问题

沙棘适合于在干旱瘠溥的黄土高原地区生长，在黄土高原生态恢复、环境治理和经济发展中成效显著，近年来沙棘灌丛资源发展迅速。但由于在沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展中还存在不少问题，使黄土高原区域整体效益并不理想。文章研究了黄土高原地区沙棘灌丛资源的类型，共有6个群系；分析了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源的现状和效益，其在工矿废弃地治理、砒砂岩区治理、沙化土地治理、水土保持等方面作用明显，对当地畜牧业、食品工业、医药业起到促进作用；探讨了存在的主要问题，一是资源发展问题，二是保护问题，三是管理问题，四是科学技术问题；最后从多个方面提出了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护与发展的对策，     

活性氮增加:一个威胁环境的问题

活性氮增加是当前全球变化的重要现象之一,已经对全球氮素循环产生了严重的影响。人类活动,如燃料燃烧、氮肥生产、固氮植物的培育和畜牧业的集约经营等是引起全球活性氮增加的主要原因。活性氮增加正在引起大气污染、N2O等温室气体增加、森林退化、土壤和淡水酸化、海水富营养化、陆地和水体生态系统物种组成变化和生物多样性减少等诸多环境问题。该文综述了活性氮及其对环境的影响,主要包括:⑴活性氮的来源;⑵活性氮生产的历史与现状;⑶活性氮对大气、水体、森林、土壤等多种生态系统的影响等,并提出了减少活性氮产量和降低其环境危害的一些思路。     

巢湖典型低山丘陵区不同土地利用类型壤中流养分流失特征

以巢湖典型低丘山区坡地的6种主要土地利用类型（弃耕地、尾矿裸地、灌木林地、荒草地、马尾松林地和人工恢复林地）为研究对象,通过定位观测与收集坡面壤中流,探讨该地区壤中流养分流失动态变化特征。结果表明,巢湖低丘山区典型土地利用类型壤中流发生概率为灌木林地和荒草地较高,尾矿裸地最低（仅在0～20cm土层产生）;表层壤中流氮含量为尾矿裸地最高,人工恢复林地最低,壤中流磷含量为弃耕地最高,尾矿裸地最低;壤中流氮素流失以溶解态NO3-N为主,并随雨季的到来而呈下降趋势,随土层加深呈先下降后升高趋势;磷主要以有机溶解态形式流失,随土层加深而呈下降趋势。相关分析表明,地表总盖度、地表植被均匀度、土壤养分含量与壤中流氮、磷含量间存在显著相关性,而降雨特征（降雨量、降雨强度）与壤中流氮、磷含量问相关性不显著。由于人为开采严重,在分析该地区壤中流氮素含量时,应注意干湿沉降的影响。     

森林旅游业的投资与回收渠道分析

森林旅游业是二十一世纪的朝阳产业，我国森林旅游业发展较晚，但近几十年来发展迅猛，森林旅游业的开发有利于改善林业的产业结构，推动林业第三产业的发展．资金投入与回收是林业行业发展森林旅游业的关键问题，是制约森林旅游业发展的主要因素，解决资金问题是发展森林旅游业的保障所在．     

镍钴采选行业废石和尾矿中重金属淋溶释放规律研究

镍钴采选废石和尾矿中重金属的溶出释放规律对矿区的重金属污染防治具有重要意义。但目前,国内还没有对镍钴行业采选产生的尾矿和废石中重金属的溶出规律开展研究。本文以镍钴采选企业的尾矿和废石作为样本,开展了毒性浸出实验。研究了不同pH值、离子强度、温度等实验条件对重金属溶出的影响,探讨了镍钴采选过程中所产生的尾矿和废石中重金属的溶出特性和释放规律。实验结果表明,尾矿样品中Ni的浸出浓度为42.28 mg·L^-1,是最大允许排放浓度的8.86倍,为具有浸出毒性特征的危险废物;废石样品中重金属Ni和Cu的溶出浓度分别为4.72 mg·L^-1和26.2 mg·L^-1,超过最大允许排放浓度,属于第Ⅱ类一般工业固体废物。pH对样品中Ni、Cr、Pb、Co和As的溶出量影响较大,其中尾矿中Ni和Cu在pH较低的条件下,可达到44.28 mg·L^-1和53 mg·L^-1,远高于最大允许排放浓度,而Hg、Cd和Cu的溶出量随pH值的变化不大。除As以外,样品中大多数重金属的溶出质量浓度在酸性条件下比在中性条件下高,这表明在酸性环境条件下,这些重金属对周围生态环境的潜在风险更大。离子强度的变化对Cd和Co的溶出量的变化并不明显,而当离子强度变化时,Ni、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu和As的溶出量可能达到最大,使周围环境的潜在生态风险增大。当温度达到35~40℃时,部分重金属如Co、Pb、Cd 等,溶出量将达到最大;当温度低于25℃时,除 Ni 以外,大部分重金属溶出量很低。而温度变化对重金属Cu、As、Cr和Hg的溶出量的影响不明显,波动范围较小,对周围生态环境产生的潜在生态风险较小。     

广州市区植物叶片重金属元素含量及其大气污染评价

文章通过对广州市区植物叶片中重金属元素含量的分析,研究了植物大气环境污染指数,探讨了植物叶片重金属元素含量与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明,植物叶片中Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr元素污染都较严重,在重污染区这些元素的含量明显高于清洁对照区;用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境质量状况;利用植物叶片内的重金属含量变化,为大气污染生物监测和环境质量评价提供了科学依据。     

广东省生态环境现状、存在问题和对策

近年来，广东省基本实现土地资源的占补平衡，但部分城市周边土地污染较为严重；森林覆盖率较高，但森林生态系统较为脆弱；大江大河水质良好，但城市江段水质较差，生活污水成为主要的污染源；入海河口和近岸海域受陆源污染，部分海域海水水质变差，赤潮危害有所加剧；红树林面积大幅度减少；外来物种入侵面积较大；农业面源污染日趋严重。总的来说，广东省生态环境现状总体良好，但人为因素等对生态环境所造成的破坏不容忽视，应加强领导和规划，以实现可持续发展。     

The Precautionary Principle and the Prevention of Marine Pollution

This paper argues that the environmental changes witnessed in the past decade call for a new approach to environmental management; an approach based not on the principle of the assimilative capacity of the environment but on the precautionary principle, and the emerging preventive environmental paradigm. Uncertainties in scientific knowledge and complexities in ecological systems have presented specific failures of the assimilative capacity methodology. It is argued that these failures are not circumstantial in nature, nor are they the result of misapplication of science by scientists. Rather, they represent inherent problems in the use of the assimilative capacity concept in environmental management. The emergence of the precautionary principle is discussed and a formulation of the principle is presented. In conjunction with the operational approach of clean production, we believe that this principle offers a sounder basis for the prevention of marine pollution in the next decade.     

The Precautionary Principle and the Prevention of Marine Pollution

This paper argues that the environmental changes witnessed in the past decade call for a new approach to environmental management; an approach based not on the principle of the assimilative capacity of the environment but on the precautionary principle, and the emerging preventive environmental paradigm. Uncertainties in scientific knowledge and complexities in ecological systems have presented specific failures of the assimilative capacity methodology. It is argued that these failures are not circumstantial in nature, nor are they the result of misapplication of science by scientists. Rather, they represent inherent problems in the use of the assimilative capacity concept in environmental management. The emergence of the precautionary principle is discussed and a formulation of the principle is presented. In conjunction with the operational approach of clean production, we believe that this principle offers a sounder basis for the prevention of marine pollution in the next decade.     

我国集约化畜禽养殖场污染治理障碍分析及对策

随着我国集约化畜禽养殖场的快速发展，行业污染危害日益严重，对自然环境和居民健康威胁很大。由于技术经济原因，只有综合利用、农牧一体的方法才能根本解决养殖场污染问题，但这种方式在我国存在着诸多推广障碍：环境标准和监管体系有缺陷、资金和技术门槛较高、副产品没有获得应有的市场回报等。建议采取以下措施促进综合利用：提高养殖场的排污标准和排污费征收标准，按照工业污染治理的办法进行养殖场环境监管，对这类污染在重点地区开展专项整治，从税收、土地价格、贷款等方面扶持综合利用。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。     

Changing forest conservation and management paradigms: traditional ecological knowledge systems and sustainable forestry: Perspectives from Chile and India

This paper first explores the shift now occurring in the science that provides the theoretical basis for forest conservation and management. The paper then presents the concepts of traditional ecological knowledge and traditional management systems and practise to provide background for two case studies that examine traditional knowledge and forest management practices of tribal communities in the Sariska region (Rajasthan, India) and of the indigenous Mapuche Pewenhce communities in the Andean mountains of southern Patagonia in Chile, underlining the special relationship these tribal and indigenous communities maintain with the forest and their usefulness in community-based native forest conservation. These examples of traditional ecological knowledge and traditional management systems suggest that it is important to focus on managing ecological processes, instead of products, and to use integrated ecosystem management. Recommendations to move forest management paradigms beyond the current view of ‘timber’ or ‘reserves’ and toward one of truly integrated use that adapt conservation approaches to local cultural representations of the environment are made.