中国沿海地区水资源及生态环境持续利用战略

由于地质和地理条件的特殊性,沿海地区生态环境极其脆弱和敏感。水资源短缺、水环境污染、海水入侵、地面沉降、生态环境退化和海平面上升,已构成我国沿海地区实现可持续发展战略面临的重大资源和环境问题。水资源和生态环境的持续利用,已成为我国沿海地区一项极其重要的战略任务。根据可持续发展理论,通过建立适应水资源持续利用的管理体制、政策和运行机制,采取生态环境可持续保护策略,可完全达到水资源和生态环境的持续利用,并有效实现中国沿海地区资源、环境与经济、社会的有机协调及经济、社会的持续、稳定、健康发展     

城市水资源的保护与合理利用

针对我国水资源匮乏的严峻现实，对人口密集城市的水资源保护和合理利用问题进行了讨论，提出对城市水资源要实行“保护与开源节流”并重的管理措施，从根本上改善城市水资源匮乏的现状，以保证城市经济的持续发展。     

生物能源的合理开发和利用

发展中国家所消耗的能量约有48％是来自生物能,而这些生物能中多半则来自薪材。但是,作为燃料用的生物能不少国家却短缺严重。据估计,约有近11亿人口缺乏薪柴。按照目前的薪柴消耗速度,1980～2000年期间,每年的薪材缺乏量将从过去的4.07亿立方米增加到9.25亿立方米。然而,目前世界范围内植树造林的速率只能满足其1％的需要量。我国农村中能源供不应求的现象也是比较严重的。农民的生活用能每年约缺3～4个月。农业生产用能供应也较紧张。全国农村每年所消耗的能源量占全国能源年消耗量的三分之一左右。因此,如何合理地利用和开发生物能源对于解决农村能源缺乏,改善农民的生活,发展农业生产和加快农村的建设包括林业建设是有着重要作用的。     

南亚国际河流及其水资源开发

本文全面介绍了南亚地区的主要国际河流,印度河、恒河和布拉马普特拉河水资源开发的地理和历史背景。详细评述了印度河用水争端的来龙去脉和印度河条约的谈判和签署过程,以及印度与巴基斯坦和孟加拉在分享印度河和恒河水资源问题上的立场,笔者还分析了南亚国际河流水资源开发的现状,提出了流域综合开发,以合理利用水资源的建议。 文章中,笔者简要介绍了国际法律界经常采用的水资源分享的理论和学说。     

四川省水资源生态足迹及可持续利用综合评价

水资源可持续利用评价是水资源可持续管理的重要手段。在分析水资源生态足迹和生态承载力时空变化的基础上,结合水资源生态足迹指标,以压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型为框架构建了水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,运用熵权法和综合指数法对四川省2010—2019年水资源利用水平进行综合评价。结果表明：2010—2019年,四川省人均水资源生态承载力呈“W”型变化,人均水资源生态盈余在时间上呈波动变化,空间上存在明显差异,呈西高东低分布。综合评价中压力指数、状态指数、响应指数分别呈下降、上升、上升趋势,综合评价指数在2015年最低(0.109 6),2019年最高(0.212 1)。研究显示,四川省水资源可持续利用状况有所改善,仍需提高生产、生活、生态环境用水账户的用水效率,进一步推进水资源可持续利用。     

城市污水再生利用现状及发展对策

阐述了开展城市污水再生利用的必要性和迫切性，介绍了国内外城市污水再生利用的现状，并针对中国城市污水再生利用存在的问题，提出了相应的发展对策。     

神东矿井污水的开发与利用

神东矿区地处荒漠地区，水资源非常缺乏，煤炭的开发不可避免地破坏了地下水资源。因此，水资源及其利用成为制约矿区建设的关键因素之一。针对这种状况，在采用先进技术对生活污水进行处理的同时，结合矿井污水和采空区及其充填物的特点，重点开发了矿井污水采空区过滤净化技术，为矿井污水的净化与利用开辟了一条新途径。     

浙江省加大太阳能、风能资源的开发和利用

从2008年中国可持续发展论坛节能减排分论坛上获悉,浙江省首个屋顶太阳能发电站有望2009年初亮相杭城,发出第一度“清洁电”。该发电站就建在浙江省电力公司楼顶,装机容量300kw左右,目前还在建造中。     

我国城镇可持续发展的水资源问题与对策

本文简述了甸水资源的现状,指出水短缺和水污染是制约我国城镇可持续发展的两个主要问题,并探讨了解决问题的对策,强调工农业及城市用水的节水,实施污水间和海水利用等方法开发新水源,进行科学的水资源管理。     

我国城镇可持续发展的水资源问题与对策

本文简述了我国水资源的现状,指出水短缺和水污染是制约我国城镇可持续发展的两个主要问题,并探讨了解决问题的对策强调工农业及城市用水的节水,实施污水回用和海水利用等方法开发新水源,进行科学的水资源管理.     

环境与经济协调发展理论研究进展

简述了协调发展的内涵及其定量化研究概况,综述了协调发展相关理论－可持续发展,环境承载力,生态经济规划等的研究进展,并指出了协调发展理论的研究趋势。     

Transnational multistakeholder partnerships for sustainable development: Conditions for success

This perspective discusses nine conditions for enhancing the performance of multistakeholder partnerships for sustainable development. Such partnerships have become mainstream implementation mechanisms for attaining international sustainable development goals and are also frequently used in other adjacent policy domains such as climate change, health and biodiversity. While multistakeholder arrangements are widely perceived as a positive contribution to addressing global change, few studies have systematically evaluated the existing evidence for their positive performance. This poses an urgent and important challenge for researchers and practitioners to understand and improve the effectiveness of partnerships, in particular since their popularity increases despite their past track record. The recommendations presented are based on own research, a literature survey and discussions with a large number or international Civil Society Organizations at two occasions during 2014. This article proceeds as follows: first, we define multistakeholder partnerships, outline their rational and summarize available assessments on partnership success; second, we provide a set of concrete recommendations based on lessons-learned from over 10 years of scholarship; and third, we conclude with some reflections on the future of multistakeholder governance for sustainability.     

基于生态足迹模型的浙江省可持续发展研究

基于废弃物处理技术与土地面积之间的关系,对Wackernagel等提出的生态足迹模型中废弃物账户的核算方法作了补充,并以浙江省为实例,分析了2003年浙江省可持续发展状况.结果表明,2003年浙江省人均生态足迹为1.70 hm2,人均生态承载力为0.42 hm2,人均生态赤字为1.28 hm2,生态需求与供给之间存在一定差距.     

用于水和废水处理的混凝剂和絮凝剂的研究进展

分三部分论述了９０年代以来国内外混凝剂和絮凝剂研究的主要进展：１）混凝、絮凝的微观机理及春行为的研究成果和实验研究手段;２）混凝剂和絮凝剂的开发;３）混凝和絮凝方法在废水处理中的净化效率的提高、条件优化和在线监控等。     

Sustaining food self-sufficiency of a nation: The case of Sri Lankan rice production and related water and fertilizer demands

Rising human demand and climatic variability have created greater uncertainty regarding global food trade and its effects on the food security of nations. To reduce reliance on imported food, many countries have focused on increasing their domestic food production in recent years. With clear goals for the complete self-sufficiency of rice production, Sri Lanka provides an ideal case study for examining the projected growth in domestic rice supply, how this compares to future national demand, and what the associated impacts from water and fertilizer demands may be. Using national rice statistics and estimates of intensification, this study finds that improvements in rice production can feed 25.3 million Sri Lankans (compared to a projected population of 23.8 million people) by 2050. However, to achieve this growth, consumptive water use and nitrogen fertilizer application may need to increase by as much as 69 and 23 %, respectively. This assessment demonstrates that targets for maintaining self-sufficiency should better incorporate avenues for improving resource use efficiency.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0720-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Learning About the History of Landscape Use for the Future: Consequences for Ecological and Social Systems in Swedish Bergslagen

Barriers and bridges to implement policies about sustainable development and sustainability commonly depend on the past development of social–ecological systems. Production of metals required integration of use of ore, streams for energy, and wood for bioenergy and construction, as well as of multiple societal actors. Focusing on the Swedish Bergslagen region as a case study we (1) describe the phases of natural resource use triggered by metallurgy, (2) the location and spatial extent of 22 definitions of Bergslagen divided into four zones as a proxy of cumulative pressure on landscapes, and (3) analyze the consequences for natural capital and society. We found clear gradients in industrial activity, stream alteration, and amount of natural forest from the core to the periphery of Bergslagen. Additionally, the legacy of top-down governance is linked to today’s poorly diversified business sector and thus municipal vulnerability. Comparing the Bergslagen case study with other similar regions in Russia and Germany, we discuss the usefulness of multiple case studies.     

Evaluation of Multi-level Social Learning for Sustainable Landscapes: Perspective of a Development Initiative in Bergslagen, Sweden

To implement policies about sustainable landscapes and rural development necessitates social learning about states and trends of sustainability indicators, norms that define sustainability, and adaptive multi-level governance. We evaluate the extent to which social learning at multiple governance levels for sustainable landscapes occur in 18 local development initiatives in the network of Sustainable Bergslagen in Sweden. We mapped activities over time, and interviewed key actors in the network about social learning. While activities resulted in exchange of experiences and some local solutions, a major challenge was to secure systematic social learning and make new knowledge explicit at multiple levels. None of the development initiatives used a systematic approach to secure social learning, and sustainability assessments were not made systematically. We discuss how social learning can be improved, and how a learning network of development initiatives could be realized.     

Toward a Sustainable Utilization of Land Resources in China: Problems,Policies, and Practices

China’s economy is growing explosively with double-digit rates of growth. However, behind the scenes of this economic miracle, a dark underbelly exists. The potential impact of the unsustainable use of land resources is increasing. Each parcel of land has a stationary geographic location, while its utilization is optional. The re-adjustment and optimization of land use patterns ought to be encouraged. Spatial reconstruction refers to the combination of various land elements, which can promote the rational and efficient allocation of land resources through a four-layer action framework: the development of unused land, urban renewal, ecological reconstruction, and spatial displacement. The feasibility and validity of these methods are illustrated by practical cases in different provinces in China. We thus propose that pursuing sustainable development and building an ecological civilization will be necessary for China in future decades.     

浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系的建立

生态环境的可持续发展评价是生态安全与生态建设中的重要内容。本研究应用主成分分析法,收集浙江省1990～2000年的数据,对评价指标进行初步筛选．同时采用德尔斐法进行专家咨询,得到评价指标的分层排序。最后从初选的54个评价指标中,根据主成分分析法、专家咨询法的指标筛选结果,结合有关国家及地方生态环境建设规划,建立了由40个指标组成的浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系。     

国家级流域水环境保护总体规划一般模式研究

流域综合水管理是发达国家普遍采用的管理模式,主要手段之一是制定流域水环境保护总体规划.流域水环境保护总体规划是流域各相关利益方就流域社会经济发展与水环境保护达成的决策,是其他所有规划制定的基础和依据,核心内容是规划目标的确定.流域水环境保护总体规划是流域综合管理的决策平台和信息共享平台,是环境保护的刚性约束,为流域水资源开发利用划定红线.流域水环境保护总体规划是目标导向型的,通过指标体系指导省级行政区负责制定的小流域水环境保护规划,协调流域内省级行政区国民经济和社会发展规划、土地利用总体规划、城市总体规划等其他部门规划.中国目前缺乏流域水环境保护总体规划,基于此提出了国家级流域水环境保护总体规划的一般模式,包括基本内容、规划文本和规划实施3个部分.流域水环境保护总体规划实施的主要手段是审批小流域水环境保护规划.