Conservation of the Biodiversity of Brazil's Inland Waters

Abstract:  In terms of biodiversity, Brazilian inland waters are of enormous global significance for Algae (25% of the world's species), Porifera (Demospongiae, 33%), Rotifera (25%), Cladocera (Branchiopoda, 20%), and fishes (21%). Threatened freshwater species include 44 species of invertebrates (mostly Porifera) and 134 fishes (mostly Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae), primarily distributed in south and southeastern Brazil. Reasons for the declines in biodiversity in Brazilian inland waters include pollution and eutrophication, siltation, impoundments and flood control, fisheries, and species introductions. These problems are more conspicuous in the more-developed regions. The majority of protected areas in Brazil have been created for terrestrial fauna and flora, but they also protect significant water bodies and wetlands. As a result, although very poorly documented, these areas are of great importance for aquatic species. A major and pressing challenge is the assessment of the freshwater biodiversity in protected areas and surveys to better understand the diversity and geography of freshwater species in Brazil. The concept of umbrella species (e.g., certain migratory fishes) would be beneficial for the protection of aquatic biodiversity and habitats. The conservation and improved management of river corridors and associated floodplains and the maintenance of their hydrological integrity is fundamental to preserving Brazil's freshwater biodiversity and the health of its aquatic resources.     

影响津河水生生态环境的主要因素及保护对策

论述了津河改造后整体水生生态环境的改善成效,对影响津河生态环境的城市径流、工业废水、生活垃圾、海河水质、津河底质等因素进行分析,并提出了相关的防护措施和建议。     

Coexistence of Fisheries with River Dolphin Conservation

Abstract: Freshwater biodiversity conservation is generally perceived to conflict with human use and extraction (e.g., fisheries). Overexploited fisheries upset the balance between local economic needs and endangered species’ conservation. We investigated resource competition between fisheries and Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in a human‐dominated river system in India to assess the potential for their coexistence. We surveyed a 65‐km stretch of the lower Ganga River to assess habitat use by dolphins (encounter rates) and fishing activity (habitat preferences of fishers, intensity of net and boat use). Dolphin abundance in the main channel increased from 179 (SE 7) (mid dry season) to 270 (SE 8) (peak dry season), probably as a result of immigration from upstream tributaries. Dolphins preferred river channels with muddy, rocky substrates, and deep midchannel waters. These areas overlapped considerably with fishing areas. Sites with 2–6 boats/km (moderately fished) were more preferred by dolphins than sites with 8–55 boats/km (heavily fished). Estimated spatial (85%) and prey–resource overlap (75%) between fisheries and dolphins (chiefly predators of small fish) suggests a high level of competition between the two groups. A decrease in abundance of larger fish, indicated by the fact that small fish comprised 74% of the total caught, may have intensified the present competition. Dolphins seem resilient to changes in fish community structure and may persist in overfished rivers. Regulated fishing in dolphin hotspots and maintenance of adequate dry season flows can sustain dolphins in tributaries and reduce competition in the main river. Fish‐stock restoration and management, effective monitoring, curbing destructive fishing practices, secure tenure rights, and provision of alternative livelihoods for fishers may help reconcile conservation and local needs in overexploited river systems.     

Factors Affecting Population Assessments of Desert Tortoises

Abstract: Desert tortoises have been a subject of controversy since their listing as threatened in 1990. With a wide geographic range and more living individuals than any other listed land animal, biologists have needed to detect population trends against a "noisy" background of strong annual changes. We obtained annual population estimates of desert tortoises over 6 consecutive years at a 2.59-km² plot in Joshua Tree National Park, California. Our estimates, based on weekly spring surveys, varied substantially, particularly between wet and dry years. Concurrently, we followed 10 radiotagged animals for 3 years to corroborate the surveys. Population density was determined separately for each year and for all years combined. Our best population estimate was an average of 67 adult tortoises, three times more than the density reported in a 1978 survey of the same site. Annual mortality was low ( <10%), and the animals showed extreme site fidelity. Apparent changes in population size were most strongly related to the animals' varying susceptibility to capture. In dry years, home ranges decreased, captures decreased, and effort required to find each tortoise nearly doubled. Our data confirm that tortoises are likely to be undercounted during dry years and call into question earlier studies conducted during droughts.     

黄浦江支流富营养化原水的生物膜修复技术试验研究

采用气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器（IAL-CHS）对受污染黄浦江支流进行生物修复,反应器采用自然挂膜法低温启动挂膜,第9天就完成挂膜。经过5个月的运行,在HRT为1.03 h时,反应器对氨氮去除率达到84.8%～99.2%,水力负荷可达到33.68 m^3/（m^2·d）,氨氮容积负荷达到0.60 kg/（m^3·d）,氨氮去除速率能达到0.53 kg/（m^3·d）。对NO2--N、TP、CODCr、TOC、UV254、浊度的去除率分别为40.7%～69.9%、9.26%～27.1%、8.22%～41.1%、9.49%～29.8%、11.4%～19.5%、27.0%～62.8%。微生物镜检表明此反应器生物相丰富,生物量大。     

影响土壤中微生物体氮的因子

综述了影响土壤微生物体氮的因子,以及微生物体氮与可矿化氮之间的关系。着重讨论了土壤有机质、有机物料、氮肥、作物根系、土壤温度和湿度对微生物体氮的影响及研究进展;评价了土壤微生物体氮与可矿化氮的关系的研究结果。     

污泥臭氧化减量技术的影响因子

采用臭氧作为剩余污泥的细胞裂解剂,并与生物接触氧化工艺相结合进行污泥减量的实验研究,臭氧化后的污泥上清液回流入曝气池与污水合并处理。结果表明:在臭氧投量为0.05kgO3/kgMLSS,臭氧化污泥量为进水量的5%条件下,生物接触氧化系统对SCOD和NH4-N的平均去除率分别为87.06%和84.80%,出水水质同对比实验相当;同时获得了0.054(gMLSS/去除1gSCOD)的剩余污泥产率,与对比实验相比降低了78.4%。     

Consensus versus Conservation in the Upper Colorado River Basin Recovery Implementation Program

Abstract: We examined consensus-based management through the lens of the Colorado River Recovery Implementation Program, a consensus-based plan that attempts to develop the Colorado River's water while protecting its endangered fishes. Because this management model has been touted as a preferred substitute to government-imposed regulation, we analyzed the recovery implementation program to determine its strengths and weaknesses. By reviewing secondary information and interviewing members of the diverse groups involved in the program, we gathered detailed information about the program's history, implementation, and progress. Our investigation revealed that the recovery implementation program has allowed development of the Colorado River's water and incorporated more voices into the decision-making process. But the program circumvented federal authority over endangered species conservation, which has proved detrimental to the fishes. Furthermore, we learned that the consensus-based model is vulnerable to control by special-interests and may be driven by bureaucratic procedural goals rather than species recovery. To ameliorate these concerns, (1) program success should be judged by species recovery, rather than political achievements, (2) the federal government should retain the power of issuing statutory sanctions in the event of continued population decline, and (3) funding should be provided by an agency with a clear species-protection agenda to reduce the disproportionate power of utilitarian interest groups. By incorporating these recommendations, conservation programs can better realize the benefits of a consensus-based approach without sacrificing species recovery.     

黄河三角洲自然保护区生物多样性及其保护

介绍了黄河三角洲自然保护区内物种多样性和生态系统的多样性,分析了破坏和威胁生物多样性的因素,提出了自然保护区生物多样性保护措施。     

城市带状绿地空气负离子水平及其影响因子

以北京市西四环旁侧城市带状绿地作为研究对象,采用小尺度测定的方法,分析城市带状绿地空气负离子水平及其影响因子。结果表明：城市带状绿地空气负离子浓度的日变化与季节变化均较明显;清晨时段负离子浓度较高,中午时段空气负离子浓度较低;7月空气负离子浓度最高,12月最低;空气负离子浓度与温度分别呈显著负相关（4、7月）、显著正相关（12月）,与相对湿度呈显著正相关,与空气含菌量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。     

生物沥浸法去除畜禽粪便中重金属的影响因素研究

研究了粪液固体浓度和硫细菌混合菌液接种量对猪粪中重金属生物沥浸的影响。结果表明,猪粪固体浓度越低,重金属沥浸周期越短,沥浸效果越好。从沥浸效果和经济效益2方面综合考虑,固体质量浓度采用70~100 g.L-1较为合适。接种量也是影响生物沥浸的重要因素,试验结果表明,接种量越大,生物沥浸速度越快,但接种量小的粪样只需适当延长沥浸时间即可达到较高的重金属去除效果,2%接种量的猪粪沥浸14 d时,Cu、Zn和Cd沥出率可分别达到76.9%、75.2%和47.8%。从经济角度考虑,接种量采用2%即可满足生物沥浸的需要。     

呋喃丹和阿特拉津在土柱中的淋溶及其影响因素

通过室内柱淋溶试验研究呋喃丹与阿特拉津在河南潮土及2种太湖水稻土中的淋溶作用及其影响因素。结果表明:2种农药在河南潮土中的淋溶作用比在太湖水稻土中弱。在表土中添加2 mg农药、模拟1次降水200mm条件下,呋喃丹最大淋溶量峰值可达25—30 cm深处,阿特拉津最大淋溶量峰值可达15—20 cm。表明呋喃丹、阿特拉津2种农药在供试土柱中均表现出较强淋溶特性。土壤和农药性质对淋溶作用均有很大影响。土壤有机质和粘粒含量越高,对农药的吸附性越强,土壤中农药越不容易随水下移;土壤大孔隙越多,农药在土壤中淋溶作用也越强,且相邻大孔隙对农药淋溶存在协同作用。土柱中插入4根直形多孔玻璃管后,土壤淋出液中农药量比插入2根的高2.7倍,比不插玻璃管对照高10倍。土柱中插入扭曲(60°)形玻璃管与插入直形玻璃管相比,农药在土壤中持留性增强,淋溶作用减弱。同一土柱中农药水溶性越大,淋溶作用也越强。     

Bradford法测定土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白的影响因子

土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)是评价土壤健康的重要指标。研究了土样粒径、贮存条件和高温提取后离心延误时间3个影响因子对采用Bradford法测定GRSP含量的作用效果。结果表明,土样粒径对易提取GRSP(EEG)的提取测定影响显著,过0.074 mm孔径筛土样中提取出的EEG含量高于过0.149、0.25、1 mm孔径筛的土样;总GRSP(TG)含量的测定结果对土样粒径的变化没有明显响应,测定TG含量可采用过1 mm孔径筛的土样。贮存条件影响EEG和TG含量的测定,有机质含量低的土样室温保存18个月条件下测得的EEG含量低于-20℃保存条件下;有机质含量高的土样室温保存条件下测得的EEG含量高于-20℃保存条件下;室温保存条件下3个有机质含量水平的土样TG含量均高于-20℃保存条件下。不同样品保存方式间3个有机质含量水平的土样EEG或TG含量差异均显著。为减小有机质降解等的影响,宜低温保存土样。提取后延误离心将导致EEG含量测定值降低,因此延误时间以控制在1 h之内为宜;离心延误2 h内不同延误时间之间测得的TG含量无显著差异。     

复合磷酸盐水氟吸附特性及其影响因素

采用静态吸附法研究了不同比例钙铝、铁铝、锰铝的磷酸盐共沉物的除氟性能,比较发现,铝与铁的磷酸盐共沉物除氟效果最好,锰离子对磷酸铝的除氟效果则有明显的抑制作用。以吸附性能较好的1∶100铁铝比例的磷酸盐共沉物为吸附剂,研究了接触时间、pH值、吸附剂量等对其除氟效果的影响,结果表明,在25℃、氟离子初始质量浓度为10 mg.L-1、pH值为6~8、振荡时间为90 m in、投加量为2.5 g.L-1条件下,1∶100铁铝比例的磷酸盐共沉物对氟的吸附量可达2.7 mg.g-1。     

岷江上游典型生态系统水源涵养量及价值评估

岷江上游自然生态系统由于具有重要的水源涵养功能,被誉为长江流域"水塔"的重要组成部分.通过野外实地调查和已有文献资料收集分析,初步核算了岷江上游典型生态系统的水源涵养量;并利用生态经济学价值量评估方法,分别估算了该区典型生态系统的水源涵养价值.岷江上游森林、灌从和草地3种典型生态系统的水源涵养量分别为21.23×108 m3、17.92×108 m3和14.00×108 m3,价值6.34×108元、5.36x10s元和4.19×108元.植被冠层和土壤层是水源涵养的主要作用层,而枯枝落叶层水源涵养量和价值均较小.3种典型生态系统中以森林生态系统水源涵养价值最大.占总价值的39.92%,灌从和草地生态系统分别占33.73%和26.35%.森林生态系统中以冷杉林的水源涵养最和价值为最高,占整个森林系统涵养水源价值的51.22%,整个研究区价值的20.48%,在涵养水源过程中占据主导地位.图2表4参31