折点加氯反应在次氯酸钠消毒中水中的应用

为研究中水消毒过程,对次氯酸钠消毒中水的折点加氯反应与消毒效果之间的关系进行研究。通过探讨加氯量位于折点曲线不同位置的消毒效果,分析接触时间和氨氮浓度的影响,得出了根据氨氮浓度确定的接触时间和加氯量公式。结果表明,氨氮浓度〈2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在折点之后接触反应30 min,氨氮浓度〉2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在峰点附近接触反应60 min均可实现中水消毒要求。     

对电化学消毒影响因素的研究

利用电化学方法对某污水处理厂二级处理后的絮凝池出水进行消毒,利用自行研制的新型电解消毒器,固定极板间距为5mm,分别研究了电流、消毒期内的停留时间、消毒后存放时间和水流方向等结构参数对消毒效果的影响。用实验室自配水研究了水质(SS、COD、TN、TP和NH3-N等)因素与消毒效果的关系,并优化工艺条件参数,使出水基本满足城市污水处理厂的污水排放标准。     

电化学法消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

采用电化学法消毒处理医院污水,通过选用不同阳极材料构建的电化学体系,探讨电化学法的消毒机理.试验表明,以涂有贵金属(钌、铂和铱)氧化物的钛板作阳极,不锈钢板作阴极,在电流密度为8 mA/cm2、水力停留时间为15 min、空气流量为40L/h、极水比为1.0的试验条件下,消毒后污水中总大肠菌群数＜500 cfu/L,达到国家一级排放标准(GB8978-1996).     

简化医院污水消毒效果监测方法的实验研究

目前,医院污水加氯消毒效果的监测,常以余氯量、细菌总数和大肠菌群数为指标。余氯量测定方法简单,可当即得出结果。微生物检验较复杂,需1～2天才能得出结果,不适合日常的监测要求。我们根据加氯消毒余氯量与杀菌率间的内在规律,以经沉淀后的医院污水为标本,选择染菌浓度、水温、加氯量和接触时间等四个因素,每个因素均定为三个水     

电化学法消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

采用电化学法消毒处理医院污水，通过选用不同阳极材料构建的电化学体系，探讨电化学法的消毒机理。试验表明，以涂有贵金属（钌、铂和铱）氧化物的钛板作阳极，不锈钢板作阴极，在电流密度为8mA／cm^2、水力停留时间为15min、空气流量为40L／h、极水比为1．0的试验条件下，消毒后污水中总大肠菌群数（500cfu／L，达到国家一级排放标准（GB8978-1996）。     

再生水做景观用水使用含氯消毒剂消毒的副产物及安全性

再生水消毒后主要作为城市杂用水利用,消毒副产物及其毒性的研究非常重要.在浓度为 5～8 mg/L 的消毒剂(ClO2、HClO)量下,灭菌率能够达到 100%.2 种消毒体系均产生少量ClO2-、ClO3-和CHCl3,对检验用水生生物未产生毒性.适当的选择消毒剂浓度,控制反应条件,能够实现再生水的安全回用.     

模拟再生水配水管网生物稳定性的研究

以T市J再生水厂出厂水为研究对象,利用生物膜反应器模拟再生水配水管网系统.通过微生物的培养和加氯消毒发现,培养40 d后出水和生物膜异养菌达到平衡,出水达5.63 log(CFU/mL),膜片达5.13 log(CFU/cm2).加氯消毒后出水和膜片上异养菌随着出水自由氯和总氯的增加而降低,通过比较可知控制出水自由氯0...     

Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/β-PbO2阳极消毒处理医院污水

采用热分解+电沉积法制备Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/β-PbO2作为阳极消毒处理医院污水,初步探讨其杀菌基本原理,并研究了阳极材料、电流密度、电极间距、NaCl电解质浓度对消毒效果的影响。结果表明,以Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/β-PbO2作为阳极,碳纤维作为阴极,在电流密度为80 A/m2,消毒时间为12 min,电极间距为5 mm,不添加电解质的实验条件下,处理后出水的粪大群肠菌数小于500 cfu/L,符合污水综合排放一级标准(GB8978-1996)。     

氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒中水的影响

研究了氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒中水的影响,讨论了中水氨氮浓度、氯胺浓度、总余氯浓度、消毒接触时间和总大肠菌群指标的变化关系。结果表明,氨氮随消毒接触时间呈先降低再升高的趋势,中水氨氮浓度越高,其变化幅度越小,反之,则变化幅度较大;氯胺浓度随消毒接触时间的延长先升高再降低,而总余氯量则逐渐降低,并有一定的持续消毒作用;此外,总余氯随次氯酸钠投加量的增加呈先升高后降低再逐渐升高的趋势,整个反应过程符合折点加氯消毒理论;当次氯酸钠投加量与氨氮的比值（以后简称C1／N）为25／1时,氨氮消耗掉的次氯酸钠量最多,生成的总余氯量最少;当C1／N比大于25／1时,消毒后中水氨氮浓度为零,反之,则随C1／N比升高逐渐降低;而当氨氮浓度相同时,中水消毒达标的主要影响因素是水中总大肠菌群的数量。     

MBR出水氯、紫外、臭氧单独与组合消毒

采用氯、紫外和臭氧单独与2种组合工艺对MBR工艺中试出水进行了消毒实验,研究了不同消毒方式对指示性微生物的去除效果以及消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量随有效氯投加量的变化。结果表明,组合工艺消毒效果明显优于单独消毒效果,紫外剂量为25 mJ/cm2与有效氯投加量为3 mg/L的紫外与氯组合、臭氧投加量为6 mg/L与有效氯投加量为4 mg/L的臭氧与氯组合2种工艺消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群指标均满足《污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求。THMs生成量随着有效氯投加量的增加而增加。相对紫外与氯组合消毒,臭氧与氯组合消毒可以大幅度降低THMs生成量,有效氯投加量为4 mg/L时,THMs生成浓度为14.11μg/L,比氯单独消毒过程降低了37.19%。     

二沉池出水的电化学消毒试验研究

对德国威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水分别进行了电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明,用电化学方法对威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水进行消毒是可行的,消毒效果好,耗电少,杀菌率随电流、处理时间的增加而提高。     

Inactivation of Escherichia coli in the electrochemical disinfection process using a Pt anode

Recently, the electrochemical disinfection has gained a great interest as one of the alternatives to conventional chlorination due to its high effectiveness and environmental compatibility. Despite the extensive reports on electro-chlorination disinfection, few researches were reported on the systems without generating chlorine. This study mainly focused on the potential disinfecting ability of electro-generated oxidants other than chlorine with using an inert medium (chloride-free phosphate buffer solution), which was intended to exclude the formation of chlorine during the electrolysis, as the Escherichia coli as an indicator bacterium was disinfected by applying the current to a platinum anode. The electrochemical inactivation of E. coli without chlorine production was demonstrated to occur in two distinct stages. The first stage inactivation takes place rapidly at the beginning of electrolysis, which appears to be achieved by the electrosorption of negatively charged E. coli cells to the anode surface, followed by a direct electron transfer reaction. As the electrolysis continues further, the inactivation becomes slower but steady, in contrast to the first stage of inactivation. This was attributed to the action of reactive oxidants generated from water discharge, such as hydroxyl radical. Overall, this study suggests that the electrochemical disinfection could be successfully performed even without producing chlorine, recommending the potential application for disinfecting water that does not allow including any chloride ions (such as the production of ultra-pure sterilized water for semiconductor washing).     

Effects of thiocyanate on the formation of free cyanide during chlorination and ultraviolet disinfection of publicly owned treatment works secondary effluent.

Cyanide has been detected in effluent of some publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) at levels exceeding influent concentration. Thiocyanate (SCN-) is a cyanide-related compound encountered in most POTW influents and may be decomposed to free cyanide (CN-) under some circumstances. Effects of SCN- on the formation of cyanide during chlorination and UV disinfection were studied through a laboratory study with synthetic solutions and POTW secondary effluent. Results indicated that CN- was detected in SCN- solutions after chlorination in which the chlorine dose or reaction time was not sufficient to destroy SCN-completely, thus ensuring no residual chlorine to destroy any CN-produced. It was also found that SCN can be broken down to yield cyanide by UV irradiation. In addition, SCN- was observed to cause significant positive error in the conventional total cyanide analysis technique involving acidic distillation and colorimetric measurement when nitrate was present in the sample.     

自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷研究

对自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷形成进行了试验研究 ,二氧化氯预消毒替代预氯化消毒可以降低水中的三氯甲烷 ,预消毒处理后形成三氯甲烷的反应受温度和反应时间的影响。使用二氧化氯与氯配制的混合消毒剂消毒时 ,随二氧化氯含量增加 ,水中的三氯甲烷将明显减少。     

Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection

Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98 ng L⁻¹, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212 ng L⁻¹, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1 ng L⁻¹) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22 ng L⁻¹ in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system.     

PEM式臭氧消毒在地上游泳池水处理中的应用

采用臭氧法水处理系统对地上游泳池的循环水进行灭菌消毒,研究了臭氧用量、循环水流量和运行时间等因素对臭氧法灭菌效果的影响。结果表明,3组PEM臭氧发生器应用于21.2 m3的地上游泳池,在4 m3/h的循环水流量下运行12 h后,水中的细菌总数与大肠杆菌群数达到国家标准,去除率均在99%以上。与盐电解法水处理系统相比较,臭氧法水处理系统的优势在于:杀菌快速高效、出水水质的理化指标较好和运行费用低廉。     

Effect of chlorination and ultraviolet disinfection on tetA-mediated tetracycline resistance of Escherichia coli

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an emerging threat to public health during drinking water consumption and reclaimed water reuse. Several studies have shown that the proportions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in waters may increase when exposed to low doses of UV light or chlorine. In this study, inactivation of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli and antibiotic-sensitive E. coli by UV disinfection and chlorination was compared to determine the tolerance of tetracycline-resistant E. coli to UV light and chlorine, and tetracycline resistance of a tetracycline-resistant E. coli population was studied under different doses of the disinfectants. Our results showed that relative to antibiotic-sensitive E. coli, tetracycline-resistant E. coli had the same tolerance to UV light and a potentially higher tolerance to chlorination. The mortality frequency distributions of tetracycline-resistant E. coli exposed to tetracycline were shifted by both chlorination and UV disinfection. When compared to the hemi-inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of tetracycline-resistant E. coli with no exposure to UV or chlorination, the IC₅₀ of tetracycline-resistant E. coli treated with tetracycline was 40% lower when inactivation by UV light or chlorination reached 3-log but was 1.18 times greater when inactivation by chlorination reached 4.3-log. Chlorination applied to drinking water or reclaimed water treatment may increase the risk of selection for highly tetracycline-resistant E. coli.     

氯消毒对城市污水中DOM的三维荧光特性影响

在城市污水二级出水氯消毒过程中,通过对溶解性有机物(DOM)的三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)分析及反应过程中三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量的连续测定,分析各类荧光物质随加氯反应时间的变化规律,探讨其与THMs生成量之间的关系,以此来推测THMs的主要前驱物质。结果表明,加氯后0～6 h内,各反应时间点三维荧光光谱图的等高线的密集程度较原二级出水明显降低,荧光峰的荧光强度减少40%～70%,说明DOM与氯发生反应,芳香构造化程度及不饱程度降低,从而失去荧光特性。其中,简单芳香族蛋白质(酪氨酸类)、腐殖酸类及富里酸类物质在加氯前后荧光强度变化较大,是生成THMs的主要前驱物质。THMs的生成量随反应时间的增加呈现明显的上升趋势,15 min内各类荧光特性有机物的荧光强度减少约50%左右,同时生成了50.17%的THMs。