Industrial Pollution Prevention! A Critical Review

Abstract

Pyrolytic product distribution rates and pyrolysis behavior of tire-derived fuels (TDF) were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) techniques. A TGA was designed and built to investigate the behavior and products of pyrolysis of typical TDF specimens. The fundamental knowledge of TGA analysis and principal fuel analysis are applied in this study. Thermogravimetry of the degradation temperature of the TDF confirms the overall decomposition rate of the volatile products during the depolymerization reaction. The principal fuel analysis (proximate and ultimate analysis) of the pyrolytic char products show the correlation of volatilization into the gas and liquid phases and the existence of fixed carbon and other compounds that remain as a solid char. The kinetic parameters were calculated using least square with minimizing sum of error square technique. The results show that the average kinetic parameters of TDF are the activation energy, E = 1322 ± 244 kJ/mol, a pre-exponential constant of A = 2.06 ± 3.47 × 10¹⁰ min^?1, and a reaction order n = 1.62 ± 0.31. The model-predicted rate equations agree with the experimental data. The overall TDF weight conversion represents the carbon weight conversion in the sample.     

农业生物技术与污染防治

当前农业生物技术飞速发展，在解决人类的资源短缺、效益衰减等问题的同时，也显示出其巨大的环境效益，但任何科学技术都是“双刃剑”，主要论述了农业生物工程在污染防治中积极和消极两方面的作用，并对如何防治“基因污染”提出了建议。     

Industrial Planning for Air Pollution Control

Seven general planning concepts for air pollution control are presented for industry’s consideration in this text of a speech delivered at the Air Pollution Control Workshop, New England Conference on Urban Planning for Environmental Health, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, September 9, 1965.     

Industrial Ovens Designed for Air Pollution Control

Abstract

A sample preparation method has been developed in which a powder may be aerosolized and collected onto filter media in the form of a uniform layer of participate matter similar to the EPA Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) aerodynamic diameter. Samples of dusts and powders as small as 100 mg may be prepared for metals analysis by XRF with this method. The method is also applicable to the preparation of samples such as ores, soils, sediments, etc., which may be ground to pass through a #400 Tyler equivalent sieve (37 um geometric diameter) prior to aerosolization. Samples prepared in this manner present a representative aliquot with minimal matrix interferences to the XRF instrument for elements with atomic number as low as 13 (aluminum). This method is equivalent to EPA's Method 3050A digestion and subsequent analysis by either ICP or GFAA for many analytes, while other species (notably Cr) are not as favorable in comparison.     

电子废弃物的环境污染及防治对策

论述了电子废弃物产生污染的主要原因，分析了其来源及危害，并结合回收，处理和清洁生产，提出了预防和控制电子废弃物污染的具体办法。     

Implementing Pollution Prevention: Incentives and Irrationalities

Widespread pollution prevention will turn on creative use of incentives, since prevention means decentralized changes in raw materials, products, production processes and disposal practices—in short, new ways of doing business—that are difficult to achieve through information transfer or regulatory mandates alone. But past experience with incentives and the context in which these approaches are used will shape both regulators’ attitudes and industry willingness to respond. Thus the choice of incentive mechanism (s) may well determine the extent to which “prevention” is implemented—as well as the extent to which implementation yields environmentally-sound rather than perverse results. Approaches now being debated could produce such perverse effects by treating recyclables as pollution and assuming all reductions towards zero are equally desirable, regardless of net risks reduced or costs incurred by waste generators. Another alternative— tradeable permits progressively reducing the amount of waste received by disposal facilities—could help agencies think through such consequences, force needed decisions on how much “prevention” of which “pollution” is appropriate, and encourage investment to reduce commercial as well as municipal waste. This alternative implies that the criteria for “appropriate prevention” are reduction in waste needing disposal and in overall environmental impact; that recycling should be equated with source reduction in waste management hierarchies, not placed on a lower rung; and that Air Toxics provisions of the pending Clean Air Act may require some adjustments if prevention is not to be aborted by the threat that voluntary reduction steps will become national requirements, for existing sources as well as new ones.     

论新时期的噪声污染防治

目前我国噪声污染的形势比较严峻，不断发生扰民现象，作者从新时期噪声污染的特点出发，提出了防治噪声污染必须遵循五项原则和防治建议。     

Federal Air Pollution Prevention and Abatement Responsibilities and Operations

The direct federal role in air pollution control was expanded and intensified by the 89th Congress to include authority for: (1) abatement of international pollution; (2) promulgation and enforcement of regulations regarding emissions from new motor vehicles and engines; and (8) the conduct cf conferences and formulation of advisory recommendations concerning potential air pollution of substantial significance. Experiences under interstate abatement authorities of the Clean Air Act and plans for future activities under the new authorities are discussed.     

The Opportunities for the Industrial Scientist-Engineer in Air Pollution Research

The industrial scientist-engineer is characterized by a high level of interest in solving problems, with the honest expectation that a novel solution to a problem will be rewarded by society with attendant economic benefits to his employer and to himself. Markets for new and improved emission control equipment and techniques are being created by the ever increasing public awareness of the consequences of continuing air pollution and suggest that new emission-free processes and manufacturing techniques and products will similarly find ready acceptance if not outright demand.     

论污染防控与生态保育

近年来,不仅是生态保育,污染防控也越来越呈现出区域性乃至整体性,这是由环境自身运动规律决定的。污染防控和生态保育必须重宏观、重预防、重效率。环境污染加剧生态破坏,使脆弱的生态环境雪上加霜,也使生态问题更加复杂化,但环境污染不是生态环境问题的全部。生态问题必须用生态的办法来解决。违反自然规律的行为必须禁止,让不堪重负的生态系统休养生息。生态保育不仅是解决生态问题的基本出路,也是从深层次上解决污染问题的基本出路。生态保育是生态文明建设的一个重要组成部分。不论是污染防控,还是生态保育,都必须同时遵循自然规律和社会主义市场经济规律,激发市场主体保护环境的内生动因,方能可持续发展。     

Industrial Responsibilities in and Advantages from the Control of Air Pollution

The requirements for public participation in air pollution control programs have been significantly increased by the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments. This paper is directed to state and local agency officials, to assist them in carrying out these responsibilities under the Act. The changes in the Act and the guidelines that have been issued pursuant to these new provisions are summarized. The elements of an effective public participation program are described. The current status of public participation in state implementation plan revision programs is reported.     

洪泽湖水污染事故起因与防落探讨

通过对近年来洪泽湖（淮河）几次特大污染事故起因分析，提出了预测和预警污染的可行性，探讨了洪泽湖污染事故有效防范的对策。     

Synthesis of Hybrid Gas Permeation Membrane/Condensation Systems for Pollution Prevention

ABSTRACT

Pollution prevention is a major economic and environmental issue in the chemical processing industries. This paper addresses the design of cost-effective recovery systems for vaporous emissions, systems that allow environmentally sound recycling of the recovered components for re-use within the process as a means of pollution prevention. A methodology is proposed to design optimal hybrid systems that involve gas permeation membranes and vapor condensation systems. The design methodology is presented as a mixed-integer, nonlinear program. Based on a fixed structure of the system, a short-cut formulation is derived. Additionally, the incorporation of the system into the emerging mass integration methodology is presented. It is demonstrated, through an industrial case study, that hybrid membrane/condensation systems possess advantages over either separation technique alone.     

宝应县工业固体废物污染现状及防治对策

近年来,随着宝应县大力实施工业强县战略,规模企业群体加快壮大,固体废物的产生量也随之不断增加,构成类别逐步呈现多样化,尤其是工业固废污染环境状况由此变得严峻起来。本文在近年来环境统计及2007年度污染源普查数据的基础上,对宝应县工业固体废物的产生、构成、处置现状进行了分析,并针对该县在处置利用工业固体废物过程中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Air Pollution Emissions from Increased Industrial Coal Use in the Northeastern United States

Evaluating the air pollution impacts of energy use in the industrial sector is difficult because of the diversity and multiplicity of sources and a general lack of systematic, up-to-date data collection mechanisms. Fuel-specific energy consumption for a multi-state region is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy PIES model for a base year (1975), together with scenarios for future years. A computer model developed in this study—the Sub-regional Energy and Emissions Model (SEEM)—is applied to disaggregate the regional industrial figures to the county level according to fuel type and industrial category at the two-digit SIC level. The resulting emissions of total suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) for all industrial categories are estimated at the county level by Incorporating county-specific air pollution regulations in SEEM, and are then aggregated to larger geographical regions. The model has been applied to evaluate the increased air pollution impacts of industrial energy use in the northeastern United States for two alternative 1990 scenarios: (1) the midrange/trendlong PIES projections, and (2) a Coal Replacement Scenario, which assumes a higher percentage of fuel burned in new boilers will be coal. The results are discussed in terms of implications for air pollution control policy.     

Interaction between environmental policy instruments: carbon emissions trading and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

As the number of environmental policy instruments grows, so the potential for interaction between different instruments increases. This interaction can be detrimental or beneficial. To avoid conflict, it is essential that the potential for interaction be assessed during the formulation of new policy instruments. This paper illustrates this through an analysis of how the European Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control might interact with future schemes for carbon emissions trading. Both instruments encourage industrial energy efficiency, but in fundamentally different ways. This is demonstrated through a detailed comparison of the two policy instruments, followed by the development of three implementation scenarios for IPPC, in which the interaction with potential carbon trading schemes is assessed. The paper concludes that the interpretation of the IPPC energy efficiency requirements could either constrain or facilitate the participation of regulated installations in any carbon trading scheme.     

Residential Proximity to Industrial Sources of Air Pollution: Interrelationships among Race,Poverty, and Age

ABSTRACT

This study builds on earlier work investigating statistical relationships between sociodemographic characteristics of populations and their residential proximity to industrial sources of air pollution. The analysis uses demographic data from the 1990 U.S. Census and industrial site data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). The focus is on examining interactions among race (African Americans and Whites), poverty (above and below household poverty threshold), and age (children from birth to 5 years of age and elderly people 65 years old or older). Results from three different study areas (Kanawha Valley in West Virginia, the Baton Rouge-New Orleans Corridor in Louisiana, and the greater Baltimore metropolitan area in Maryland) suggest there are important interactions among race, poverty, and age that are likely to have consequential ramifications for efforts aimed at investigating issues related to environmental justice. Our results indicate that a substantial proportion of all demographic groups studied live within a mile of the nearest facility, with values ranging from 22% of Whites above poverty in the Baton Rouge-New Orleans Corridor to 60% of African Americans below poverty in Baltimore. Likewise, a substantial proportion of all demographic groups also live within 2 miles of four or more industrial facilities, with values ranging from 16% for Whites above poverty in the Corridor to 70% for African Americans below poverty in Baltimore. In all three study areas, African Americans were more likely than Whites to (1) live in households with incomes below the household poverty line, (2) have children 5 years of age or younger, (3) live closer to the nearest industrial emissions source, and (4) live within 2 miles of multiple industrial emission sources. Findings indicate that, compared with White children, a substantially higher proportion of African-American children 5 years of age or younger lived in poor households that were located in relatively close proximity to one or more industrial sources of air pollution.     

Program: Third International Clean Air Congress of Theinternational Union Ofair Pollution Prevention Associations (IUAPPA)

The host association for the Third International Clean Air Congress, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure—Kommission Rein-haltung der Luft, is happy to announce the authors who will deliver papers at the conference. The Air Pollution Control Association joins the VDI-Commission for Clean Air in inviting you to attend and participate in this significant international event.