An Air Quality Study in the Vicinity of Lewiston,Idaho, and Clarkston,Washington

This report summarizes data and conclusions from a one-year, interstate air quality study conducted in 1962 in the vicinity of Lewiston, Idaho, and Clarkston, Wash.^{1, 6, 7} The sampling and analyses techniques were selected to permit differentiation between possible sources and types of air pollutants.     

Occurrence of sulfonamide antimicrobials in private water wells in Washington County, Idaho, USA

Samples from six private wells formerly used as sources for drinking water by the residents of Washington County (Weiser, Idaho) were collected to assess the impact of a nearby confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) on the quality of the local groundwater. All six samples were found contaminated by two veterinary antimicrobials, sulfamethazine (at concentrations from 0.076 to 0.22 μg/l) and sulfadimethoxine (at concentrations from 0.046 to 0.068 μg/l). These groundwater samples also contained elevated concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Three of the sampled wells have nitrate levels that exceeded the maximum contaminant level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, with nitrate concentration as high as 39.1 mg/l. All but one well showed nitrate, which instead contained ammonium at 1.22 mg/l. Analysis of the nitrate and ammonium in these samples by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry indicated δ¹⁵N characteristic of an animal or human waste source. Results from this study underscore the role of CAFO as an important source of antibiotic contamination of groundwater.     

Air pollution and climate gradients in western Oregon and Washington indicated by epiphytic macrolichens

Human activity is changing air quality and climate in the US Pacific Northwest. In a first application of non-metric multidimensional scaling to a large-scale, framework dataset, we modeled lichen community response to air quality and climate gradients at 1416 forested 0.4 ha plots. Model development balanced polluted plots across elevation, forest type and precipitation ranges to isolate pollution response. Air and climate scores were fitted for remaining plots, classed by lichen bioeffects, and mapped. Projected 2040 temperatures would create climate zones with no current analogue. Worst air scores occurred in urban-industrial and agricultural valleys and represented 24% of the landscape. They were correlated with: absence of sensitive lichens, enhancement of nitrophilous lichens, mean wet deposition of ammonium >0.06 mg l(-1), lichen nitrogen and sulfur concentrations >0.6% and 0.07%, and SO(2) levels harmful to sensitive lichens. The model can detect changes in air quality and climate by scoring re-measurements.     

Concentrations of metals in mink and other mammals from Washington and Idaho

From 1981 to 1983, concentrations of metals were determined in mink Mustela vison, muskrats Ondatra zibethica, and small mammals at one contaminated site in Idaho and at two less contaminated sites in Idaho and Washington. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd occurred in samples from the Coeur d'Alene River system near or downstream from an extensive mining-smelting complex in northern Idaho. Maximum concentrations of Pb in the liver of a mink (22 microg g(-1)) and in pooled liver samples of both voles (Microtus spp., 5.8 microg g(-1)) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus, 10.5 microg g(-1)) were higher than those inducing serious problems, including mortality, in experimental mammals on Pb-contaminated diets. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn were generally low. Declines in certain mammal populations have probably occurred in northern Idaho as a result of direct toxicity of metals and associated secondary effects on cover and food supply.     

Lichen-based critical loads for atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Western Oregon and Washington Forests, USA

Critical loads (CLs) define maximum atmospheric deposition levels apparently preventative of ecosystem harm. We present first nitrogen CLs for northwestern North America’s maritime forests. Using multiple linear regression, we related epiphytic-macrolichen community composition to: 1) wet deposition from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 2) wet, dry, and total N deposition from the Communities Multi-Scale Air Quality model, and 3) ambient particulate N from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). Sensitive species declines of 20-40% were associated with CLs of 1-4 and 3-9 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in wet and total deposition. CLs increased with precipitation across the landscape, presumably from dilution or leaching of depositional N. Tight linear correlation between lichen and IMPROVE data suggests a simple screening tool for CL exceedance in US Class I areas. The total N model replicated several US and European lichen CLs and may therefore be helpful in estimating other temperate-forest lichen CLs.     

锆化工废渣无害化处理与利用研究

研究了锆化工废渣用在水泥生产中替代部分混合材料，经正常水泥生产各道工序后，生产水泥的无害化处理与利用技术。所采用的工艺既解决了锆化工废渣的出路，又减少了水泥混合材料的使用量，节省了其它原料，具有较好的环境效益和经济效益。     

上海市固废处理现状及建议

防止固体废弃物污染城市环境是环境保护一项十分重要的工作,因此,分析上海市废弃物处理现状,针对目前固废处理中垃圾分类、垃圾压缩站扰民、郊区垃圾管理、处置难等问题,提出改进建议,并在立足于上海市的实际情况和国际先进固废处理经验的基础上,提出设想和展望.     

浅谈无锡市危险废物产生情况与处置现状

无锡市作为江苏重点发展的城市,随着社会和经济的快速发展,危险废物产生量和种类不断增多。文中针对无锡市2011年—2018年危险废物产生量、综合利用与处置情况,分析危险废物处置利用存在的问题,同时,就目前危险废物存在的问题,提出科学合理的建议。     

两种方法测定固体废物中的总氮

对固体废物中总氮含量的测定方法进行了研究，用修正的凯氏法消解作比较、凯氏定氮仪定氮，纳氏试剂分光光度法和滴定法分别测定铵态氮，对国家标准土样GSS-7及实际的不同含氮固体废物样舄的测定值进行F检验和t检验，结果表明，两种测定方法间的精密度与准确度均无显著性差异，修正的凯氏法-纳氏试剂分光光度法及修正的凯氏法-滴定法均适用于测定固体废物中的总氮。     

连云港经济技术开发区危废处置情况的调查研究

通过对连云港市经济技术开发区内医药企业危废产生及库存等情况进行调查,针对目前危废处理处置过程中存在问题,提出解决对策及建议。     

Current Status of Home Medical Care Waste Collection by Nurses in Japan

A questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the current status of home medical care (HMC) waste collection by nurses for individual items and whether the collection rate differs with city size. The questionnaire was mailed to 1,022 nursing offices, of which 645 offices provided valid responses. Offices were classified into three groups according to the local population size. Responses indicated that used syringes and needles, except for pen-type self-injection needles, were collected by >50% of HMC nurses. On the other hand, enteral nutrients, nutritional adjustment diet vessels, feeding tubes, portable injectors, ventilator masks, endotracheal suction catheters, tracheal cannulas, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) bags, and urinary catheters and bags had a low collection rate in comparison with syringes or needles. The collection percentage of used syringes, needles, and infusion needles (p < 0.05) and that for infusion bags, tubes, and catheters (p < 0.001) differed among the three population groups. Although municipalities are responsible for collect all HMC waste, sharp or infectious items should be collected by HMC doctors or nurses. On the contrary, nonhazardous HMC waste should be collected by municipalities.

Implications: This paper illustrates the status of waste collection of individual home medical care (HMC) items by HMC nurses. Infectious waste, such as needles and syringes, is collected by nurses. The collection rate of infectious waste by nurses in large cities was low compared with that in small cities. Although municipalities are responsible for collecting all HMC waste, sharp or infectious items should be collected by HMC doctors or nurses, whereas nonhazardous HMC waste should be collected by the municipalities.     

Public Policy impacts on the Generation and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in New York State

A number of policies adopted by the federal government and the states have been designed to promote waste reduction or influence the choice of waste disposal technologies employed by generators of hazardous waste. Graphic analysis of smoothed time series data for hazardous wastes manifested in New York State for the period between June 1982 and February 1987 suggests that some of these policies have had the intended effects.

Significant shifts in manifested waste volumes are evident that coincide with the following policy interventions: (1) increased state waste-end tax rates; (2) state and federal landfill bans; (3) federal restrictions on burning hazardous wastes and waste oils for energy recovery; and (4) changes in the federal regulatory definition of hazardous waste. Other changes in waste generation and management appear to be attributable to such factors as state and regional economic conditions and changes in instate treatment and disposal facility capacity. Analysis of the management of specific waste types supports evidence from the graphic analysis that waste generators changed from land disposal to “higher” waste handling technologies in response to several policy interventions.     

江苏省“十二五”废旧家电处理预测及环境监管对策研究

废弃电器电子产品具有较高的回收利用价值,同时处理不当会导致二次污染。介绍了江苏废弃电器电子产品回收、处理现状,并作预测分析,提出了管理对策和措施。     

Humans and Ecosystems Over the Coming Millennia: Overview of a Biosphere Assessment of Radioactive Waste Disposal in Sweden

This is an overview of the strategy used to describe the effects of a potential release from a radioactive waste repository on human exposure and future environments. It introduces a special issue of AMBIO, in which 13 articles show ways of understanding and characterizing the future. The study relies mainly on research performed in the context of a recent safety report concerning a repository for spent nuclear fuel in Sweden (the so-called SR-Site project). The development of a good understanding of on-site processes and acquisition of site-specific data facilitated the development of new approaches for assessment of surface ecosystems. A systematic and scientifically coherent methodology utilizes the understanding of the current spatial and temporal dynamics as an analog for future conditions. We conclude that future ecosystem can be inferred from a few variables and that this multidisciplinary approach is relevant in a much wider context than radioactive waste.     

苏南危险废物集中处理处置的可行性研究

从法律、技术、环境、经济以及社会层面,结合国际流行管理理念,对苏南危险废物处理处置现状进行了全面评估;提出了苏南危险废物综合管理方案以及废物减量化、资源化、收集、运输、处理处置的技术模式;未来危险废物处理厂的选址方法及标准;新建现代化废弃物物化处理厂、焚烧厂以及填埋场的实施方案。     

《医疗废物消毒处理设施运行管理技术规范》 (HJ1284-2023) 解读及实施建议

为促进相关单位准确理解《医疗废物消毒处理设施运行管理技术规范》 (HJ 1284-2023) 各条款,推动医疗废物集中处置行业全面执行环境管理技术要求,结合行业典型工艺路线、特征污染物排放和环境污染防治措施现状,对新发布的技术规范进行了解读。技术规范的实施将进一步完善我国现行医疗废物环境管理体系,更好的推进我国医疗废物处理处置行业合理发展。     

铁黄生产中废水处理与废渣的回收利用

介绍了氧化铁黄生产中的废水治理情况，同时其产生的废渣可回收利用。经过治理产生的环境、经济和社会效益显著。     

Butyltins in shellfish, finfish, water and sediment from the Coos Bay estuary (Oregon, USA)

Butyltin was measured in tissue, water and sediment samples collected throughout Coos Bay estuary between 1986 and 1997. Butyltin-induced shell deformation in commercial oysters prompted this assessment. Butyltins are released from tributyltin oxide (TBTO)-containing boat paint. Clams from three sites contained tributyltin (TBT) levels ranging from 168 to 457 microg/kg in 1992-1994. Consequently, Oregon Health Division (OHD) issued a shellfish consumption advisory in 1995; it was rescinded in 1997 after US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revised the TBTO oral reference dose (RfD). The revised RfD changed the tissue screening level from 112 to 1120 microg TBT/kg. Fifty percent of sediment samples collected during 1991-1997 and analyzed for total butyltins (TotBT) exceeded the Puget Sound Dredge Disposal Analysis Screening Level (PSDDA SL) of 73 microg TBT/kg dw. TotBT at three shipyards selected for site assessment by EPA ranged from 24 to 68,613 microg/kg dw. Sediment and tissue butyltins have been decreasing in all but one area of the estuary.     

Aerosol chemical composition and light scattering in Portland,Oregon: The role of carbon

Measurements of light scattering and the chemical composition of the fine aerosol from the Portland (Oregon) Aerosol Characterization Study (PACS) of 1977–1978 are reported. Scattering coefficients for sulfate, nitrate, carbonaceous aerosol and residual mass were determined by stepwise multiple linear regression. Unlike other cities the scattering efficiencies for sulfate, nitrate and carbonaceous aerosol were approximately the same. Carbonaceous aerosol was found to account for about 50% of both the fine aerosol mass and the light scattering.