Membrane Bioreactor Model for Removal of Organics from Wastewater

Abstract

The persistence of trace organics in wastewater effluent is a major environmental concern. Possible use of fixed microbial films in wastewater treatment processes is currently an active area of research that may be able to address many of these problems. In the waste effluent, the persistence of trace organics is attributed, in part, to the inability of microbial populations to extract energy from dilute environments at a rate fast enough to sustain themselves. To address this problem, a novel wastewater treatment scheme is considered. On the basis of previous hollow fiber biomass growth studies, we believe that an anaerobic biofilm supported by hollow fibers could achieve greater biomass density than a film grown on traditional impermeable supports. This in turn could lead to improved substrate removal efficiency in a reactor of a given volume. Using this concept, we developed a mathematical model to test the potential of hollow fiber membrane reactors for biodegradation of acetate solution. A computer simulation has shown that it would be possible to remove about 90% from feed solutions containing 0.1 mg-cm^-3 acetate with biomass density 25 mg-cm^-3 in the hollow fiber supported biofilm. More concentrated feeds could be effectively treated if sufficiently high biomass density could be attained. This process, therefore, shows promise in wastewater treatment. The advantages of hollow fiber membrane bioreactors are their high surface-to-volume ratio, separation of cells from flow, and high cell concentration. All of these are essential requirements for optimum utilization of biomass in wastewater treatment. The hollow fiber membrane bioreactor concept, therefore, may provide a new and unique approach to treating organics.     

Removal of Volatile Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in a Soil Bioreactor

Soil removal of propane, isobutane and n-butane from a waste air stream was evaluated in the laboratory and in a prototype soil bioreactor. Laboratory investigations indicated first-order kinetics and the potential to degrade light aliphatic hydrocarbons and trichlorethylene, a compound ordinarily resistant to aerobic biological treatment. The predicted behavior of the bioreactor, based on laboratory studies, agreed closely with the actual behavior of the Reid system. The prototype bioreactor reduced the hydrocarbon concentrations in the air by at least 90percent with a residence time of 15 minutes and a pressure drop of 85 cm of water. The bioreactor functioned well through a range of temperatures, 12°C to 24°C.     

倒置AAO工艺处理啤酒废水脱氮除磷的研究

以某啤酒厂的生产废水为处理对象,对厌氧反应器的出水经倒置AAO工艺进行高效脱碳、深度脱氮除磷。倒置AAO工艺针对射流曝气池进行改造,在不改变原水力停留时间的情况下,采用缺氧区前置的方式,在厌氧区、缺氧区和好氧区设置悬挂式填料,构建生物膜与悬浮污泥的双泥处理系统。结果表明:在20℃条件下,AAO进水COD为180.1 mg/L～575.8 mg/L,NH 4+-N为20 mg/L～35 mg/L,TN为30 mg/L～45 mg/L,TP为5 mg/L～10 mg/L,其平均去除率分别达到了89.5%、97.4%、72.7%和62.5%。最后通过对啤酒废水深度处理工程的改造,废水排放达到一级A排放标准。     

Removal of SO2 from Simulated Flue Gases Using Non-Thermal Plasma-Based Microgap Discharge

Abstract

The removal of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from simulated flue gases streams (N₂/O₂/H₂O/SO₂) was experimentally investigated using microgap discharge. In the experiment, the thinner dielectric layers of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) were used to form the microgap discharge. With this physical method, a high concentration of hydroxyl (OH·) radicals were produced using the ionization of O₂ and H₂O to further the conversion of SO₂ into sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at 120° C in the absence of any catalysts and absorbents, which were captured with the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). As a result, the increase of discharge power and concentrations of O₂ and H₂O increased the production of OH· radicals resulting in enhanced removal of SO₂ from gas streams. With the test and analysis, a number of H₂SO₄ droplets were produced in experiment. Therefore, a new method for removal of SO₂ in semidry method without ammonia (NH₃) additive was found.     

A Method for Removal of CO from Exhaust Gas Using Pulsed Corona Discharge

ABSTRACT

An experimental study of the oxidation of CO in exhaust gas from a motorcycle has been carried out using plasma chemical reactions in a pulsed corona discharge. In the process, some main parameters, such as the initial CO concentration, amplitude and frequency of pulses, residence time, reactor volume, and relative humidity (RH), as well as their effects on CO removal characteristics, were investigated. O₃, which is beneficial to reducing CO, was produced during CO removal . When the exhaust gas was at ambient temperature, more than 80% CO removal efficiency was realized at an initial concentration of 288 ppm in a suitable range of the parameters.     

Measurement of Hydrocarbon Emissions Fluxes from Refinery Wastewater Impoundments Using Atmospheric Tracer Techniques

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer was used in a series of the experiments to simulate emissions of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from a refinery wastewater basin. The ratio of the measured tracer release to the ambient tracer concentration established a dilution factor which was then used to calculate the mass flux of BTEX from the wastewater basin using the ambient BTEX concentration data. Measured fluxes of BTEX varied from 7 g/min to 70 g/min.

The CHEMDAT7 air emissions model was then used to predict emissions for comparison with the emissions measured using the tracer flux simulation. CHEMDAT7 typically overpredicted total measured BTEX emissions by factors of twelve to seventeen. The degree of overprediction varied both by the individual compound and the module of CHEMDAT7 used to predict emission fluxes.     

Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the

Abstract

Diesel fuels governed by U.S. regulations are based on the index of the total aromatic contents. Three diesel fuels, containing various fractions of light cycle oil (LCO) and various sulfur, total polyaromatic, and total aromatic contents, were used in a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) under transient cycle test to assess the feasibility of using current indices in managing the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from HDDE. The mean sulfur content in LCO is 20.8 times as much as that of premium diesel fuel (PDF). The mean total polyaromatic content in LCO is 28.7 times as much as that of PDF, and the mean total aromatic content in LCO is 2.53 times as much as that of PDF. The total polyaromatic hydrocarbon emission factors in the exhaust from the diesel engine, as determined using PDF L3.5 (3.5% LCO and 96.5% PDF), L7.5 (7.5% LCO and 92.5% PDF), and L15 (15% LCO and 85% PDF) were 14.3, 25.8, 44, and 101 mg L^?1, respectively. The total benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) emission factors in the exhaust from PDF, L3.5, L7.5, and L15 were 0.0402, 0.121, 0.219, and 0.548 mg L^?1, respectively. Results indicated that using L3.5 instead of PDF will result in an 80.4% and a 201% increase of emission for total PAHs and total BaP_eq, respectively. The relationships between the total polyaromatic hydrocarbon emission factor and the two emission control indices, including fuel polyaromatic content and fuel aromatic content, suggest that both indices could be used feasibly to regulate total PAH emissions. These results strongly suggest that LCO used in the traveling diesel vehicles significantly influences PAH emissions.     

铁促电解去除高浊度老龄垃圾渗滤液COD的机理

铁促电解是去除水中有机污染物的新型方法,采用箱式电化学反应器研究了该法去除填埋场高浊度老龄垃圾渗滤液COD的机理.实验结果表明：用浊度衡量老龄垃圾渗滤液非溶解态有机物的含量是合理的;垃圾渗滤液中非溶解态有机物对铁促电解去除COD的效率有显著影响.铁促电解对高浊度垃圾渗滤液COD的去除存在三种机理,即电化学氧化、电解气浮和絮凝沉淀.随着水质与实验参数的变化,三种机理对COD总去除率的贡献亦发生变化;对比了Fe^2＋与Fe^3＋促进COD去除的效果,提出了一种铁离子循环电解处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的新工艺.     

Effect of Long Retention Time in the Settler on Phosphorus Removal from Communal Wastewater (4 pp)

- Goals. The objective of the paper is to illustrate the solution of a chronic problem occurring in a wastewater treatment facility with a capacity of 12,000 inhabitant equivalent. A drastic phosphorus concentration increase (two or three times higher than the Hungarian limit of 1 mg/l) was observed in the wastewater treatment facility for a long time (12–24 h) with changing time periods indicating malfunctioning in the operation of the facility. Methods Computer-aided simulation technique was used to develop a solution for the treatment of the problem using a software developed by the Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Veszprém, Hungary. Results and Discussion The simulation studies show that if the nightly inflow is less than 200 m3/h at least for two hours, the system doesn't then receive enough fresh nutrients which can cause a deficiency in the nutrient uptake of the PAOs in the anaerobic zones. This can result in the fact that the PAOs accumulate less phosphorus into the aerobic zones. Conclusion Long retention time (10 h) is the reason for the problem, namely – under special conditions – the phosphorus in the sludge of the settling tank of the wastewater treatment plant. The problem was caused by phosphorus dissolution from the sludge of the settling tank during the undesirably long retention time.     

城市污水脱氮除磷结合工艺评述

城市污水脱氮除磷结合工艺是一种重要的水污染控制技术,根据脱氮与除磷机理之间的冲突,比较分析了目前主流的脱氮除磷结合工艺的优缺点,同时提出了一些建议.     

菌藻共生体去除废水中砷初探

研究了菌藻共生体对废水中砷的去除效果。研究发现：培养分离所得菌藻共生体中以小球藻为主，此时菌藻共生体积累砷达７．４７ｇ／ｋｇ干重。在引入菌藻共生体并培养１６ｈ后，其对无营养源的含Ａｓ（Ⅲ）、Ａｓ（Ｖ）的废水除砷率达８０％以上，并趋于平衡；含营养源的Ａｓ（Ⅲ）、Ａｓ（Ｖ）的废水中，菌藻共生体对Ａｓ（Ｖ）的去除率大于Ａｓ（Ⅲ），对Ａｓ（Ｖ）去除率超过７０％，但对Ａｓ（Ⅲ）的去除率也在５０％以上，在除砷     

Using Radiocarbon to Apportion Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Household Soot

To determine whether polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in household soot were derived from the combustion of scrap wood or creosote that was impregnated in the wood (or some combination of both), the molecular composition and radiocarbon ( 14 C) content of the total carbon and several PAHs in the soot was investigated. The 5730-year half-life of 14 C makes it an ideal marker for identifying creosote-derived PAHs ( 14 C-free) versus those derived from the combustion of wood (contemporary 14 C). The 14 C abundance of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and retene was determined by accelerator mass spectrometry after solvent extraction and purification by preparative capillary gas chromatography. The molecular analysis (presence of retene and 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene) and bulk 14 C content (contemporary) of the soot indicated that wood combustion was a strong source of carbon to the soot. The 14 C of retene in two soot samples was also contemporary, indicating that it was derived from the combustion of the scrap wood. These results are consistent with previous work that has suggested that retene is an excellent marker of wood combustion. However, the 14 C content of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene in one soot sample was much lower and revealed that these compounds had a mixed creosote and wood source. Using an isotopic mass balance approach, we estimate that 40 to 70% of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were derived from the combustion of the scrap wood. The results of this study show that molecular marker and bulk 14 C analysis can be potentially misleading in apportioning sources of every PAH, and that molecular-level 14 C analysis of PAHs can be a powerful tool for environmental forensics.     

污水处理技术新突破—硅藻精土处理污水的新技术

用硅藻精土作为处理污水的新材料，辅以相配套的处理工艺技术，创造了污水处理新方法，与传统工艺相比，显示出新工艺诸多的优势。     

人工湿地的净化机理及对氮磷的去除效果

人工湿地是模拟自然湿地的人工生态系统,它利用生态系统中的物理、化学和生物的三重协同作用来实现对污水的净化,土壤、植物、微生物是其基本构成,因此,从这三个方面介绍了人工湿地的净化机理,综述了人工湿地在N、P去除方面的研究成果和存在问题.     

悬浮填料处理市政废水的实验研究

将悬浮填料移动床生物膜反应器技术应用到市政废水处理的中试。具体为选用YLXZ-型悬浮填料进行试验,考核该悬浮填料对市政废水的处理效果,通过填料在不同填充率下的试验效果对比,确定填料的最佳填充率,并缩短水力停留时间,考察对废水处理效果的影响,以提升对废水的处理效率。     

UASB厌氧处理核糖核酸废水的研究

根据核糖核酸废水水质的特性,采用高负荷UASB厌氧处理工艺,验证了采用厌氧处理核糖核酸废水的可能性.实验过程中分析了UASB有机负荷对CODcr去除率的影响,及进出水pH的变化情况,研究表明,在中温(35～38℃)的条件下,UASB有机负荷3.0 kg/(m3·d)时,CODcr去除率可达到85%左右,出水平均pH值在7.0左右,因此,说明该工艺有推广应用的可能性.     

硅藻精土技术处理喷水织机污水

阐述了用硅藻精土技术处理喷水织机的污水，处理效果好，运行成本低，具有推广价值。     

Removal of hexafluoroarsenate from waters

Arsenic predominantly occurs in natural ground and surface waters as arsenate and arsenite. Other arsenic species can also be present in anthropogenically influenced waters. By means of a newly-developed speciation technique an arsenic compound was identified as hexafluoroarsenate at high concentration (about 0.8mgl(-1) as As) in a lake polluted by waste water from a former crystal glass factory. This compound shows a completely different behavior than common arsenite and arsenate in waters. However, respective literature data were little found regarding its environmental behavior as well as the applicable remediation technologies. Conventional arsenic treatment mechanisms, such as the well-known sorption to iron hydroxides, can not be used to remediate water with this compound. Hence, an effective method to remove hexafluoroarsenate from water was developed using its strong affinity to anion exchangers (strong basic exchangers with quaternary ammonium groups). The sorption can be described by a Langmuir isotherm and first-order kinetics with a half-life of about 10min. Interferences by sulphate and fluoride, present at much higher concentrations in the polluted lake water, might be expected due to the anion exchange mechanism, but were shown to be of minor importance.     

废水中硫化物的去除技术

含硫化物的废水常见于染料、医药、农药以及石油化工的生产过程中,对环境影响很大,必须经处理达标才能排放。介绍回收利用法、汽提法、混凝沉淀法、氧化法、生化法和树脂法等六种去除废水中硫化物技术的特点、原理以及局限性,可根据具体废水水质状况选用。