Prenatal diagnosis and management of twin pregnancies complicated by a co-existing molar pregnancy

Recent advances in ultrasound and molecular genetics have increased our understanding and hence enhanced the perinatal management of complete and partial hydatidiform mole. By contrast, the management of a twin pregnancy combining a normal pregnancy with a normal fetus and a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) remains complex and controversial due to conflicting data from different parts of the world. The aim of this review is to analyse the international literature on twin pregnancies that include a mole, present the complications and outcome of pregnancy and to discuss the perinatal management. Management is complicated and women should be counselled about the maternal and fetal complications, and the pregnancy monitored carefully by a perinatal team with experience in high-risk obstetrics and access to neonatal care. The data reviewed here suggest that a woman who decides to continue with the pregnancy including a CHM must be aware that, overall, she only has a one in four chance of live birth and in around 35% of cases she will develop persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD) after delivery. In ongoing pregnancies, there will be, in at least 20% of the cases, an early onset of pre-eclampsia (PET) and a 29% risk of fetal loss due to late miscarriage, intrauterine death and neonatal death. Maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (MShCG) could be useful in predicting outcome in twin pregnancy combining normal pregnancy and CHM, but this needs to be investigated prospectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and fetal triploidy

Fetal triploidy is commonly found in early pregnancy. The majority of these pregnancies spontaneously abort in the first trimester. Occasionally, the pregnancy progresses to the second and third trimesters. We reviewed the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP), amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), fetal pathology, and placental pathology in sex second-trimester pregnancies complicated by fetal triploidy. Four of these patients had MSAFP values greater than 7.5 multiples of the median (MoM). Five of six pregnancies had MSAFP values greater than 2.25 MoM. All five of these patients had a partial mole. Four patients had amniotic fluid AFP values greater than 2.0 MoM. Two fetuses had associated neural tube defects. These were the only patients with positive amniotic fluid ACHE. None of the other patients had fetuses with anomalies that are known to be associated with an elevated MSAFP. The elevated MSAFP appeared to be related to the presence of a partial mole. Two of the five cases with an MSAFP greater than 2.25 MoM did not have sonographic evidence of a significant anomaly. Therefore, karyotyping can be of benefit in evaluating patients with elevated MSAFP.     

Triploid fetus: An important consideration in the evaluation of very high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein

Two patients referred for evaluation of very high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (10–20 multiples of the median) were carrying triploid fetuses with placentas showing features of partial hydatidiform mole. The diagnosis of fetal triploidy should be considered when there is a very high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and no ultrasound evidence of open neural tube defect, ventral wall defect, or any other explanation. Therefore, chromosomal analysis of amniotic fluid cells in such cases is essential.     

Second trimester maternal serum analytes in triploid pregnancies: correlation with phenotype and sex chromosome complement

Second trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MS-AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), unconjugated estiol (uE3), and inhibin-A (INH-A) levels were evaluated in pregnancies complicated by triploidy. In addition to seven new triploid pregnancies, the results for 67 published cases were reviewed. All cases appear to fall into two major groups. First, those identifiable as screen-positive for both Down syndrome and an open neural tube defect (ONTD) with elevated MS-AFP, grossly elevated hCG, low/normal uE3, and probably elevated INH-A. Pregnancies in the second group are identifiable as screen-positive for trisomy 18 with low/normal MS-AFP, and very low hCG, uE3 and INH-A. Triploid pregnancies with high maternal serum hCG nearly always show a placenta with partial mole (25/27 or 93%), a high frequency of ONTDs or ventral wall defects (VWDs) (8/28 or 29%) and have either an XXX or XXY karyotype (observed ratio 6:10, respectively). Low hCG is infrequently associated with a molar placenta (1/11 or 9%), does not appear to be associated with ONTDs or VWDs (0/29 or 0%), and shows an excess of XXX over XXY karyotypes (observed ratio 17:2). There were 16 cases with either a molar placenta, an ONTD or a VWD that received the MS-AFP and hCG tests. All 16 were screen-positive for an ONTD (MS-AFP≥2 multiples of the median). In addition, all 31 cases that received MS-AFP, hCG, uE3 (and where available INH-A) were screen-positive for either Down syndrome or trisomy 18. The findings are discussed in the context of expected differences between digynic and diandric triploidy. It is suggested that the sex chromosome complement in triploidy is an important factor in determining risk for partial mole development and in utero survival. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磷酸钙沉淀法同步去除污泥水中磷和腐殖质的优化研究

以含有腐殖质(HS)的含磷污水为处理对象,开展了磷酸钙结晶同步去除磷和HS的优化研究.通过响应面法考察了HS浓度、p H和Ca/P摩尔比(Ca/P)对正磷和HS去除效果的单独和联合效应,利用X射线衍射表征固体产物.结果表明,磷酸钙结晶法可同步去除磷和HS,HS的存在降低了除磷效率.p H对磷去除率有显著性影响,而Ca/P和HS浓度对HS去除率有显著性影响.三因素联合效应中Ca/P和HS浓度联合效应对HS去除率有显著性影响.提高反应p H有助于减小HS对磷酸钙除磷的影响,固体产物结晶度增强,但固体纯度降低.     

质谱法定量生态物种基因组DNA低甲基化

为了定量生态相关物种基因组中低丰度的5-甲基-2-脱氧胞苷(5-mdC),建立了一种采用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)的无标记方法.全基因组DNA甲基化计算公式5-mdC (mole)/(5-mdC (mole)+dC (mole)可以转化为1/(1+dC (mole)/5-mdC (mole)),然后通过HPLC-MS/MS得到DNA样品中5-mdC和dC的物质的量比(dC (mole)/5-mdC (mole))即可得到基因组DNA甲基化值.此外,还对HPLC条件进行了优化使正常核苷和修饰核苷基线分离,消除分析物的交叉干扰.本方法避免了使用昂贵的稳定同位素标记内标,在等度高效液相色谱条件下实现了正常和修饰核苷基线分离,5-mdC和dC的保留时间分别为5.50和3.06min.5-mdC和dC的定量限分别为14.2和19.1pg/mL.日内和日间偏差和准确性(相对误差)都≤ 10%.该方法测定的小牛胸腺DNA和大型蚤及秀丽线虫的全基因组DNA甲基化值分别为(6.44 ±0.25)%,(0.097 ±0.010)%和(0.025 ±0.002)%.采用HPLC-MS/MS技术建立并验证了一种快速、高精密度和灵敏度的DNA样品全基因组DNA甲基化测定方法,适用于评估环境污染物对生态学相关物种的潜在表观遗传风险.     

氯基和硫基肥对土壤镉水稻生物有效性的影响

为探明氯基和硫基化肥单施或混施对土壤镉（Cd）水稻生物有效性的影响,选取典型水稻土红黄泥（第四纪红色黏土母质发育）,按不同比例添加氯基肥（KCl、NH₄Cl）和硫基肥［K₂SO₄、（NH₄）₂SO₄］,在3种外源Cd水平下（0、0.5和2.0 mg ·kg^-1）进行水稻盆栽试验,研究土壤pH、Cd形态、水稻植株各部位和糙米Cd富集情况.结果表明,施用氯基和硫基肥均会使土壤酸化,但氯基肥的影响更显著.水稻灌浆期,单施氯基肥较单施硫基肥的土壤pH值平均降低了0.28;水稻成熟期,氯基肥对残渣态Cd具有活化作用,而硫基肥会将酸可提取态Cd钝化为残渣态;氯基和硫基肥混施较单施同种肥料更易促进水稻植株富集Cd;糙米Cd富集量在氯基和硫基肥1 ：1处理时最高,为0.21 mg ·kg^-1（2.0 mg ·kg^-1外源Cd水平）,较单施氯基肥提高了16.4%,较单施硫基肥显著提高了113.3%.因此,氯基肥和硫基肥混施会使水稻糙米Cd富集量上升,为保障粮食品质安全,水稻种植更宜单施硫基肥.     

Mole rats (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spalax ehrenbergi</Emphasis>) select bypass burrowing strategies in accordance with obstacle size

Mole rats inhabit extensive individual tunnel systems. Since the energetic cost of burrowing far exceeds that of surface locomotion, excellent orientation ability is crucial. Here we examined whether mole rats can bypass an obstacle (ditch) intersecting an existing tunnel in order to rejoin the two tunnel sections. The mole rats dug two bypass types, depending on the size of the obstacle confronting them: a bypass around the small ditches, parallel and close to the ditch walls; or a bypass beneath the floor of the large ditches. These results demonstrate that the mole rat has the ability to avoid obstacles by digging accurate and energy-conserving bypass tunnels. In order to utilize such a capacity, the mole rat must possess both the means to evaluate the size of the obstacle as well as the ability to perceive its exact position relative to the original tunnel that it will rejoin. Possible mechanisms of orientation that could explain such ability are briefly discussed.     

春季中国近海海表大气中六氟化硫的分布特征

基于2017年春季黄-东海航次,在我国南黄海和东海海域开展了海表大气中六氟化硫离散采样和测定工作。结果显示,观测期间,黄-东海海表大气中六氟化硫摩尔分数范围为（9.5~14.0）×10-12,平均值为（10.5±1.3）×10-12,总体呈近岸高,远岸低的分布特征。结合现场风速和风向数据及后向轨迹模拟计算分析可得,受短距离和低空陆源气团输送的主导影响,东海东北部和西南部六氟化硫摩尔分数较高。受长距离或来自太平洋地区气团输送的主导影响,南黄海和东海西北部及东南部海表大气六氟化硫摩尔分数较低且分布均匀。本研究所获数据和结论将有助于更深入准确地研究本海域其他大气成分的时空分布特征和调控机制。     

鸟粪石法处理高浓度氮磷废水的动态试验研究

本研究以实验室模拟的高浓度氮磷废水为研究对象,采用折流式反应器,探讨了在动态条件下,pH、Mg：P、N：P及水力停留时间对鸟粪石法脱氮除磷的影响。试验结果表明：对于氨氮的去除率,以上四个因素影响相当;对于磷的除率,各因素的影响大小为：N：P〉pH〉Mg：P〉水力停留时间。当模拟水样中的TP浓度为310mg／l,pH为9．7,水力停留时间为60min,Mg：N：P=1．2：1．2：l时,氨氮和磷的去除率分别可高迭85．8％和86．3％。     

AOB溶解氧亲和力低于NOB条件下序批反应器中NOB淘汰的实现机制

经精确测定AOB和NOB的溶解氧半速度常数及其他动力学参数,研究在AOB溶解氧亲和力低于NOB条件下,在序批反应器中短程硝化实现机制.测得AOB和NOB的溶解氧半速度常数分别为0.46和0.14mg O₂/L.在这种条件下,AOB的最大比生长速率高于NOB是实现短程硝化的重要特点,测得的AOB和NOB最大比生长速率分别为0.65和0.45d^-1.两级硝化数学模拟的结果表明,在AOB的溶解氧亲和力低于NOB条件下,低溶解氧和高泥龄都不利于短程硝化实现,而较高溶解氧和低泥龄的组合条件有利于短程硝化实现.在序批反应中的实验结果验证了数学模拟结论的正确性.     

炉内喷钙脱硫的模拟

煤粉炉内喷钙脱硫是应用较为广泛的脱硫技术，运用逾渗理论建立氧化钙脱硫模型，用来模拟煤粉炉喷钙脱硫过程，并对脱硫影响因素：ＳＯ２浓度、温度、Ｃａ／Ｓ比等进行了研究，模拟计算显示了这些因素对脱硫效果的影响，其结果与试验数据相一致。通过该模型计算可以优化脱硫过程，对煤粉炉内喷钙脱硫有重要的指导意义。     

2015年北京大气VOCs时空分布及反应活性特征

2015年在北京市城区东四、东南边界点永乐店、以及背景点定陵进行了全年连续VOCs监测,其中市区的大气VOCs年均摩尔分数为（48.93±31.03）×10^-9,东南边界的年均摩尔分数为（54.55±39.64）×10^-9,背景点定陵年均摩尔分数为（28.25±21.26）×10^-9.组分中烷烃占比最高,之后依次是含氧VOCs,烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和乙炔等物质.VOCs浓度整体呈现冬天高,夏天低,夜间高,白天低的特点.城区乙炔在春、夏、秋季浓度较高,冬季东南边界点乙炔浓度较高.在人为源干扰较小的背景点,含氧VOCs每天的中午以及每年的夏天阳光充足时浓度较高.VOCs中年均摩尔分数较高的物种主要是乙烷、乙炔、乙烯、乙醛、丙烷、丙酮、正丁烷、二氯甲烷等低碳物质.高碳物质中苯和甲苯年均摩尔分数相对较高.从甲苯/苯比值发现北京VOCs除交通源外受到其他多种源的共同影响.而乙烷/乙炔比值发现北京受到气团老化影响较严重,尤其东南边界受到周边老化气团传输的影响较大.从异戊烷占总VOCs比例变化上发现夏季高温使汽油挥发情况比其他季节严重.从活性上分析,东南边界的臭氧生成潜势最高,市区其次,定陵较低.对臭氧生成潜势贡献较大的物种是乙烯、丙烯、乙醛、间/对-二甲苯和甲苯,而摩尔分数较高的烷烃对臭氧生成潜势贡献不大.     

厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺

厌氧氨氧化(ANaerobicAMMonium OXidation,缩写为ANAMMOX)指的是在缺氧条件下以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将氨氧化为氮气的过程.该过程由一类独特的、被称为"厌氧氨氧化菌"的专性厌氧微生物催化完成.作为细菌域浮霉菌门的成员,厌氧氨氧化菌具有与普通原核细菌显著不同的细胞结构;更重要的是,厌氧氨氧化在氮循环中扮演重要角色,并在污水处理领域显示出良好的应用潜力:厌氧氨氧化联合短程硝化非常适合处理高氨氮低碳废水.在一段式的CANON(Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite)厌氧氨氧化工艺中,好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在氧限制的单个反应器内协同去除氨氮,这在节省反应器空间的同时对系统内功能菌群的优化调控提出了更高的要求.本文重点介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性以及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺的最新进展.     

次氯酸钙溶液脱硫脱硝一体化过程热力学分析

烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术已成为当前大气污染防治领域的研究热点,其中氧化剂液相吸收法极有可能率先实现产业化。文章理论上首次提出了次氯酸钙溶液脱硫脱硝一体化技术,利用热力学函数计算分析了脱硫脱硝反应的方向和限度,通过SO2和NO平衡分压计算推导了污染物的脱除效率,考察标准吉布斯函数变分析了该技术的优势。结果表明:脱硫脱硝反应的标准吉布斯函数变分别为-614.55和-888.21 kJ/mol,热力学角度上完全可行,反应限度极深,优于文献中介绍的尿素、NaClO2、KMnO4/NaOH溶液吸收法和臭氧结合氨水吸收法。同时,SO2和NO平衡分压很小,说明次氯酸钙溶液几乎可以完全脱除烟气中的SO2和NOX。     

新型生物脱氮工艺的研究进展

新型生物脱氮技术已经在国内外展开了广泛的研究和应用,为废水脱氮处理提供了一个实用而节能的新途径。该技术基于氨氮从短程硝化途径转化为氮气的生物反应过程,根据反应条件的不同,主要包括亚硝酸盐存在条件下的高活性氨氮去除反应器 (SHARON);厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX);亚硝酸盐存在的条件下全程自养脱氮过程(CANON);限氧自养硝化反硝化(OLAND)。介绍了国内外对新型工艺运行参数和影响因素(DO,ORP,pH等)的研究状况,以及新型生物脱氮反应器研究成果。     

HCO3-对部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺脱氮效能的影响

利用已经启动并达到稳定运行的部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究了HCO-3对部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当C/N比由2降低到0.17时,因HCO-3投加量的限制,亚硝化区和厌氧氨氧化区p H值大幅下降,从而导致各区域氮素转化效能受限.联合工艺的氮去除速率由1.3 kg·(m3·d)-1下降到0.40 kg·(m3·d)-1,下降幅度达到69.3%.在联合脱氮工艺运行过程中,降低HCO-3对亚硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和硝化细菌活性的影响依次下降.当C/N比恢复到1时,联合工艺的脱氮效能很快恢复到1 kg·(m3·d)-1,说明短期内HCO-3限制对联合工艺氮素转化效能的影响能够快速恢复.通过拟合后发现,进水C/N比值与联合工艺脱氮效能存在明显的相关性.     

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationship for prediction acute toxicity of benzene derivatives to the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationship(HQSAR) is an emerging QSAR technique with the combined application of molecular hologram, which encoded the frequency of occurrence of various molecular fragment types, and the subsequent partial least squares(PLS) regression analysis. In this paper, the acute toxicity data to the guppy( poecilia reticulata) for a series of 56 substituted benzenes, phenols, aromatic amines and nitro-aromatics were subjected and this resulted in a model with a high predictive ability. The influence of fragment size and fragment distinction parameters on the quality of HQSAR model was investigated. The robustness and predictive ability of the model were also validated by leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation procedure and external testing data set.     

浙江临安大气本底站CO浓度及变化特征

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术自组装的大气CO在线观测系统,于2010年9月~2012年2月在浙江省临安大气本底站对大气CO进行了在线观测.结果表明临安站四季CO日变化明显受人为活动影响,分别在每日07:00~10:00和19:00~20:00出现峰值,夏季CO日平均浓度和振幅均最低,分别为314.3×10-9±7.6×10-9(摩尔分数,下同)和50.1×10-9±47.9×10-9.该站全年大气CO浓度呈现冬春季高、夏季低的趋势,与北半球瑞士Jungfraujoch站、青海瓦里关等站基本一致,但平均浓度明显高于其他国际站点,全年CO月均值振幅约为286.8×10-9±19.2×10-9.后向轨迹聚类和地面风结果分析表明,临安站非本底CO浓度主要来自于N-NNE-ENE扇区内城市及工业等人为排放所引起.春、夏和冬季最大的浓度抬升均出现在ENE风向,冬季抬升值最大,约为106.3×10-9±58.0×10-9.     

UASB1-A/O-UASB2深度处理垃圾渗滤液

针对传统垃圾渗滤液生物处理TN去除率低、投加碳源成本高的问题,采用UASB1-A/O-UASB2(单级上流式厌氧污泥床+缺氧/好氧+后置上流式厌氧污泥床)工艺处理实际垃圾渗滤液,实现NH₄+-N和TN的同步深度脱除,并且定量解析了A/O反应器实现并维持稳定短程硝化的影响因素. 结果表明:以V(垃圾渗滤液)∶V(生活污水)为1∶5的混合液作为进水,其ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别为1 700~1 800、660~700和650~680 mg/L,最终出水COD_Cr、TN和NH₄+-N去除率均在95%以上,出水ρ(TN)为38 mg/L,满足GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的排放要求. 在好氧反应器中,FA(游离氨)与FNA(游离亚硝酸)对NOB(硝化细菌)的联合抑制作用是实现NO₂--N积累率稳定在80%以上的主要原因,而产生的NO₂--N和NO₃--N可在UASB2中以难降解的有机物为碳源,通过反硝化途径被去除. 研究显示,组合系统可实现对TN的深度去除.