First-trimester prenatal diagnosis in haemophilia A and B families—10 years experience from a centre in India

During the last 10 years (1995–2005) we have offered diagnosis in 438 families out of 502 families referred, by chorionic villus sampling procedure between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy in severe haemophilia A and B families. Sixty four families could not be offered a diagnosis in the first trimester either due to non-informativeness with the available techniques or due to the absence of affected members in the family and were subsequently offered diagnosis in the second trimester by direct analysis of factor VIII/IX clotting activity and antigen in the fetal blood samples. For first-trimester diagnosis in the chorionic villus samples, we have used both direct and indirect methods, that is, intron 22 and 1 inversions in the factor VIII gene, a multiplex PCR for the detection of gross deletions in the factor IX gene and RFLP analysis using a battery of markers within and outside the factor VIII/IX gene. The informativeness of all these techniques was found to be 92.21% in case of haemophilia A and 83.91% in case of haemophilia B. We followed up 122 children out of 326 (diagnosed unaffected prenatally) after birth and the diagnosis was adequately reconfirmed by both factor assays and by DNA analysis. Only one case of misdiagnosis was detected so far (0.22%), where the diagnosis was based only on the extragenic marker of the factor VIII gene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal exclusion of haemophilia a and carrier testing by direct detection of a disease lesion

A novel mutation was detected in the Factor VIII gene of a sporadic case of severe haemophilia A. The lesion, a CGA → TGA transition, converts Arg 795 to Term and adequately accounts for the severe phenotype observed. PCR/direct sequencing was used to confirm the carrier status in the mother. Exclusion of haemophilia A in an at-risk pregnancy was then achieved by demonstration of the absence of this lesion in fetal DNA from a chorionic villus sample. The mutation was also detectable by chemical cleavage of mismatch (CCM), which both confirmed the prenatal diagnosis and established the carrier status of the proband's sister. This example therefore serves to illustrate the potential of direct gene analysis in sporadic cases of haemophilia A and/or in families uninformative for known RFLPs.     

PAAm/HACC半互穿网络水凝胶的制备及其对水中腐殖酸的吸附性能

采用原位聚合热合成法成功制备了聚丙烯酰胺-壳聚糖季铵盐半互穿网络水凝胶(PAAm/HACC semi-IPN)新型吸附剂(s-IPN 1.5)和(s-IPN 3),并用于吸附水体中的腐殖酸.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)等方法对吸附剂的结构进行表征.考察了溶液pH、离子强度、接触时间、腐殖酸初始浓度及温度等对吸附剂吸附腐殖酸的影响.结果表明s-IPN 3的吸附效果要优于s-IPN 1.5.吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附量随着pH的增大而减小,随温度的升高而增大,且一定的离子强度有助于吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附.吸附过程能较好地用准二级动力学模型及Sips等温模型进行拟合.吸附剂在pH 7.0,离子强度0.01 mol·L-1,温度为298 K条件下的最大吸附量可高达238.08 mg·g-1,吸附效果显著,能有效去除水体中的腐殖酸.     

Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solution on bilayer hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-modified zeolite

Surfactant-modified natural zeolites (SMNZ) with different coverage types were prepared by loading hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) onto the surface of a natural zeolite. The adsorption behavior of humic acid (HA) on SMNZ was investigated. Results indicate that the adsorbent SMNZ exhibited a higher affinity toward HA than the natural zeolite. HA removal efficiency by SMNZ increased with HTAB loading. Coexisting Ca²⁺ in solution favored HA adsorption onto SMNZ. Adsorption capacity decreased with an increasing solution pH. For typical SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage, HA adsorption process is well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well with the Langmuir model. Calculated maximum HA adsorption capacities for SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage at pH 5.5 and 7.5 were 63 and 41 mg·g⁻¹, respectively. E2/E3 (absorbance at 250 nm to that at 365 nm) and E4/E6 (absorbance at 465 nm to that at 665 nm) ratios of the residual HA in solution were lower than that of the original HA solution. This indicates that the HA fractions with high polar functional groups, low molecular weight (MW), and aromaticity had a stronger tendency for adsorption onto SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage. Results show that HTAB-modified natural zeolite is a promising adsorbent for removal of HA from aqueous solution.     

Five years' experience of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in the former U.S.S.R.

From a total of 490 cystic fibrosis (CF) high-risk families under supervision (mostly Russian Slavs from the European part of the country), DNA data including both direct screening for some CF gene(CFTR)mutations(deIF508, G551D and 1677delTA) and allelic polymorphism studies with tightly CF linked DNA markers were collected from 261 families. All full families (129) and 86 CF families with a deceased index child were found to be either fully (42 per cent) or partially (40 per cent) informative for DNA analysis. Prenatal diagnosis (PD) was carried out in 161 CF families. Microvillar enzyme (MVE) assay was applied to all 140 PD at the second trimester either as a single test (88) or in conjunction with DNA analysis (52). The frequency of false-negative results of the MVE assay was 1.3 percent and that of false-positive results, as judged by the albumin meconium test, was 5.0 per cent. Ambiguous results of MVE analysis were found in 30 cases, 12 of which were verified by DNA analysis. Molecular diagnosis of CF at the first trimester was carried out in 21 cases and four pregnancies were terminated. Altogether, 39 pregnancies with a predicted high risk of CF fetuses were terminated. The low average frequency of delF508 in CF chromosomes of Russian Slavs (50 per cent), its remarkable inter-population variation, and the significant proportion of at-risk families without an affected child determine the necessity of combined molecular and biochemical (MVE assay) approaches for efficient prenatal diagnosis of CF in the former U.S.S.R.     

First-trimester biochemical and molecular diagnoses using chorionic villi: High accuracy in the U.S. collaborative study

The accuracy of biochemical and molecular prenatal diagnoses using chorionic villi as the fetal source was assessed by seven centres participating in the NICHD collaborative study on the safety and accuracy of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis. Of 601 pregnancies studied, biochemical methods were used to determine the diagnosis in 283 fetuses at risk for 35 different metabolic disorders. Fifteen different lysosomal storage diseases accounted for 81 per cent of the biochemical prenatal diagnoses performed, with 57 per cent of these pregnancies at risk for Tay-Sachs disease. No errors were made in the biochemical diagnoses that predicted affected or unaffected fetuses. However, the diagnoses of certain disorders (e.g., mucopolysacchariodosis type IH, metachromatic leukodystrophy, and Krabbe disease) occasionally required confirmatory studies in cultured amniocytes because the enzyme results were inconclusive in direct and/or cultured villi or due to the presence of a pseudodeficiency allele. Of these, only the diagnosis of a fetus at risk for Krabbe disease remained inconclusive after special studies to discriminate between mutant and pseudodeficiency alleles. Recombinant DNA techniques were used to predict the diagnosis of 318 fetuses at risk for 16 different disorders in which the defective disease gene could be detected either directly or by linkage analysis to a nearby polymorphic marker. Of these, 32 per cent were for haemoglobinopathies, 25 per cent for cystic fibrosis, 24 per cent for Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy, and 7 per cent for haemophilias. Pregnancies at risk for known disorders with specific molecular lesions (e.g., sickle cell disease) were accurately diagnosed in direct and/or cultured villi. Diagnoses requiring analyses with closely linked polymorphic markers were occasionally uninformative or inconclusive. Maternal contamination was not reported in any biochemical or molecular-based diagnosis. These studies document the high accuracy and rapidity of both biochemical and mutation-specific prenatal diagnoses with direct and cultured chorionic villi.     

负载磁性废茶生物炭活化过一硫酸盐高效降解水中腐殖酸和富里酸

城市污水厂二级处理出水中含有大量的溶解性有机物（Dissolved organic matters,DOM）会对生物和受纳水体构成潜在的危害,因此有必要对二级处理出水进行深度处理.本研究以农业废弃物茶叶渣为原料,通过对废弃茶叶改性和负磁制备一种磁性废茶生物炭（Fe-tea biochar,Fe-TB）,用于活化过一硫酸盐（Peroxymonosulfate,PMS）氧化降解水中的腐殖酸（Humic acid,HA）和富里酸（Fulvic acid,FA）.考察Fe-TB铁负载量、PMS浓度、Fe-TB投加量、初始pH、HA和FA的初始浓度对Fe-TB/PMS体系氧化降解HA和FA的影响.结果表明,在铁碳比为2/1（W/W）、PMS=0.2 g·L^-1,2Fe-TB投加量分别为0.6 g·L^-1（HA体系）和0.4 g·L^-1（FA体系）、初始pH=7条件下,50 min时对初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1的HA和FA的去除率分别达到95.3%和77.4%;经过4次重复循环使用,HA和FA的去除率均在59.0%以上,表明其良好的稳定性和重复使用性.淬灭实验及电子顺磁共振（EPR）分析结果证明2Fe-TB/PMS体系以单线态氧（¹O₂）为主要氧化活性物种降解HA和FA.实际二级处理出水中的DOM降解结果表明,2Fe-TB /PMS体系可以有效降解实际水体中的DOM,具有良好的应用前景.     

胡敏酸对汞还原能力的测定和表征

还原容量(RC)是表征胡敏酸(HA)氧化还原特性的重要指标.采用饱和H2振荡法和土壤溶液法对HA分别进行化学和微生物预处理,结合对照(未经任何还原前处理),在Fe3+还原法测定RC基础上,以柠檬酸铁(FeCit)为参照,分别以氯化汞(HgCl2)及硝酸汞[Hg(NO3)3]作电子受体,测定了3种HA(上海巨枫SH、天津光复TJ、缙云山JY)对汞的化学还原容量(CRC)、微生物还原容量(MRC)、本底还原容量(NRC),以了解HA对Hg2+的还原能力.结果表明,①不同电子受体对HA还原汞能力影响显著,FeCit条件下测得RC值远高于Hg(NO3)2和HgCl2(1～2个数量级),因此采用Fe3+还原法会过高估计HA对Hg2+的实际还原能力;②受自身结构和基团的影响,3种胡敏酸对汞的还原能力差异明显,以JY最高,分别(以C计)为(0.95±0.03)mmolc.mol-1(NRC)、(5.95±0.63)mmolc.mol-1(CRC)和(6.26±0.51)mmolc.mol-1(MRC);③溶液态HA还原Hg能力明显高于固态HA,增幅在100%～691.67%之间.同时,通过对比3个还原容量指标发现,CRC和MRC均显著大于NRC,而CRC和MRC之间无明确大小关系,因此,CRC并不能完全代表HA在微生物还原条件下对Hg的真实还原容量.     

盐酸羟胺/铁基MOFs/过硫酸盐体系降解磺胺嘧啶

使用盐酸羟胺（HA）促进Fe （Ⅲ）/Fe （Ⅱ）循环,强化铁基金属有机骨架（Fe-MOFs）/过硫酸盐（PS）体系降解水中磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对Fe-MOFs进行结构和形貌的表征.探究了溶液初始pH值、PS浓度、Fe-MOFs投加量、HA浓度、SDZ浓度、共存离子、腐殖酸等对SDZ去除效果的影响,并考察了该体系的实际应用前景.结果表明,Fe-MOFs/PS/HA体系在较宽的初始pH值范围（3~6）内,对于SDZ的180min去除率可达到90.1%以上.适量的HA可以促进Fe-MOFs/PS体系降解SDZ的性能.自由基清扫实验和电子顺磁共振实验表明,Fe-MOFs/PS/HA体系降解SDZ的过程中产生了SO₄^-·、·OH、O₂^-·以及¹O₂.在本文考察范围内,Fe-MOFs/PS/HA体系对SDZ的降解性能随pH值（pH=3~6）升高逐渐下降;随着PS、HA、Fe-MOFs浓度的升高,SDZ去除率呈现率先上升后下降的趋势.氯离子、腐殖酸等因素对该体系应用于实际地表水存在负面作用,但HA可以强化该体系在自然环境下降解SDZ的效果.循环实验结果表明,Fe-MOFs具有良好的重复使用性,表现出了良好的应用潜力.     

两种新型涂铁改性砂的过滤性能及反冲洗条件研究

以两种新型涂铁改性石英砂(纳米氧化铁改性砂,Nano-OCS;氧化铁改性砂,IOCS)及普通石英砂(RQS)为研究对象,考察了两种新型改性砂对沉后水腐殖酸及浊度的直接过滤效果,对其反冲洗条件进行优化研究,并对3种滤料的过滤效果进行了比较.结果表明,1滤层厚度为45 cm时,最佳滤速为6 m·h-1;3种滤料对腐殖酸和浊度的直接过滤效果依次为:Nano-OCSIOCSRQS,其中两种涂铁砂对腐殖酸的去除率分别为71.70%和61.61%;2Nano-OCS和IOCS滤柱的反冲洗流程分4步,对应的流程及最佳操作条件为:首先,用0.5 mol·L-1NaOH的溶液浸泡,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,气冲时间6 min;然后,用0.075 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液与空气同时反冲洗,NaOH溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间3 min;接着用0.015 mol·L-1的FeCl3溶液与空气同时反冲洗,FeCl3溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间2 min;最后,用清水冲洗,冲洗强度8 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间4 min.两种涂铁砂反冲洗前后表面形态结构更加复杂、粗糙度增加,对腐殖酸去除率进一步提高.3当滤层厚度由45 cm增加到80 cm时,Nano-OCS对腐殖酸直接过滤的最高去除率由74.6%提高至80.3%,平均去除率由57.9%提高至68.5%.     

活性炭负载纳米TiO2对腐殖酸光催化降解动力学

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了以颗粒活性炭(GAC)为载体的纳米TiO2/AC复合催化剂,并将其用于腐殖酸的光催化降解.动力学研究表明,TiO2/AC光催化降解腐殖酸过程可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)动力学模式表示.L-H表观反应速率常数KLH=0.1124mg·L-·1min-1,吸附平衡常数K*=0.3402L·mg-1.活性炭负载TiO2对腐殖酸的光催化降解过程,体现了活性炭与TiO2的协同作用,活性炭的吸附作用提高了光催化反应速率.     

羟胺强化亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解对乙酰氨基酚的研究

采用羟胺(HA)强化Fe~(2+)/过硫酸盐(PS)体系降解对乙酰氨基酚(ACT),考察了Fe~(2+)、PS、HA投加浓度以及反应初始pH值对ACT降解效果的影响.结果表明,在反应时间为30 min,亚铁浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1), PS浓度为0.8 mmol·L~(-1)和初始pH为3.0的条件下,0.5 mmol·L~(-1) HA可将ACT的去除率从13%提高到90%.适量增加Fe~(2+)或HA浓度可以提高ACT的降解率,但是过高的Fe~(2+)和HA浓度会抑制ACT的降解.ACT的降解率随着PS浓度升高而提升,当PS浓度达到1.2 mmol·L~(-1)时,30 min内ACT几乎可以完全降解.ACT的降解效果随着pH的升高而降低.EPR实验表明Fe~(2+)/PS/HA体系中主要的自由基是SO■和HO~·.Na_2SO_3、NaNO_2和Na_2S_2O_3等常见的还原剂均能够强化Fe~(2+)/PS体系对ACT的降解效果,但是其对Fe~(2+)/PS体系的强化效果均比HA低.     

不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥特性与微生物群落的影响

以苯甲酸（BA）、邻苯二甲酸（PA）、连苯三甲酸（HA）、1-萘甲酸（1NA）为研究对象,探究了不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥理化特性与微生物群落的影响.结果表明,在40 d的接触实验中,1NA实验组对溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）的去除率为86.09%,与空白对照组相比降低了7%.4个实验组污泥疏松胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）中多糖含量分别比对照组高0.30~1.28、0.19~1.03 mg·g^-1,蛋白含量分别提高了0.025~0.326、0.007~0.171 mg·g^-1.在LB-EPS三维荧光（EEM）光谱中,HA和1NA实验组中出现了类腐殖酸物质荧光峰,且辅酶F₄₂₀峰强度有所降低.对于酶活性而言,HA、1NA实验组乙酸激酶相对活性比对照组减少了65.26%、6.93%.通过高通量测序发现,对照组与实验组中的优势菌群均为Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi和Firmicutes.HA与1NA的加入降低了Actinobacteria的相对丰度,提高了Bacteroidetes和Synergistetes的相对丰度.对于古细菌而言,Methanothrix在对照组与实验组中为优势种属,其相对丰度达到49.95%~80.40%;但实验组Methanothrix的相对丰度减少了10.69%~30.45%,且1NA实验组尤为明显;而1NA的加入提高了Methanospirillum的相对丰度,达到34.08%.同时,细菌和古细菌代谢通路预测表明,其主要功能组为代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理和细胞过程,芳香酸使得厌氧颗粒污泥中氨基酸的代谢功能有所增强.     

A simple,rapid, and highly informative PCR-based procedure for prenatal diagnosis and carrier screening of phenylketonuria

The polymorphic information content (PIC) and the degree of heterozygosity of several polymorphic systems within the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene were determined in 85 European Caucasian and 19 Chinese phenylketonuria (PKU) kindreds. The first system examined, a short tandem repeat (STR), had a PIC of 80 and 73 per cent in these Caucasian and Chinese samples, respectively. The degree of heterozygosity actually observed for this system was 81 and 64 per cent in the Caucasian and Chinese PKU families, respectively. Through the addition of a second polymorphism based on a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), the PIC was increased to 90 per cent in Caucasians, but only to 75 per cent in Chinese. The degree of heterozygosity observed for this combination was 94 per cent in European PKU families and 67 per cent in Chinese PKU families. The further addition of an Xmnl RFLP increased both the PIC and the level of heterozygosity in Caucasians to 95 per cent, but did not change either of these measures in Chinese. The combined use of these three polymorphisms significantly increases the informativity of prenatal diagnostic and carrier screening procedures in both Caucasian and Chinese PKU kindreds. Furthermore, since each of these polymorphisms can be studied by PCR-based methods, these new tests can be performed more quickly and easily than previous Southern-based procedures.     

生物质炭对双季稻水稻土微生物生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳氮的影响

生物质炭可影响土壤微生物量,但生物质炭对双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)的影响还不清楚.基于此,本研究选取亚热带2种典型双季稻田土壤(花岗岩母质发育的水稻土S1和第四纪红壤发育的水稻土S2)作为研究对象,开展室内培养试验来研究不施氮肥条件下生物质炭添加对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响.每种土壤设置3个小麦秸秆生物质炭添加量,即土重的0%、1%和2%,分别用CK、LB和HB表示.培养70 d后,2种水稻土的MBC均值:S1为877. 03、832. 11和849. 30 mg·kg~(-1),S2为902. 94、874. 19和883. 22mg·kg~(-1). S1+LB、S1+HB和S2+LB均显著降低了土壤MBC均值(P 0. 05),这可能是由生物质炭吸附土壤有机碳及其他有机物,阻碍了微生物的生长而造成的. S1土壤中低生物质炭添加量较对照显著降低了土壤MBN均值(P 0. 05),降幅达9. 45%.生物质炭对S1土壤MBC/MBN均值影响不明显,但LB降低了S2土壤MBC/MBN均值(P 0. 05).由于生物质炭本身含有部分可溶性有机碳及其高p H值,添加到2种水稻土中均增加了土壤DOC均值,增幅分别达4. 42%～22. 20%和10. 57%～35. 47%.但生物质炭(除S2+HB处理)显著降低了土壤DON均值,这可能归因于生物质炭对土壤有机氮的吸附作用及生物质炭本身有机碳分解过程中对N的消耗作用.生物质炭显著增加了2种水稻土的DOC/DON均值,且随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增加.综上所述,在双季稻田土壤中单施生物质炭虽然可增加土壤可溶性有机碳,但对土壤微生物量有一定的降低作用,且会加重土壤氮亏缺状况.因此,在亚热带双季稻田中生物质炭应与化肥等配合施用.     

辽河水体中溶解有机质的光谱初步研究

文章分析了辽河流域水体中溶解有机质的吸收光谱,荧光特性及其主要来源。对比紫外可见吸收和散射2种模型,结果表明DOM对紫外可见光既有吸收也有散射。运用平行因子分析法(parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC),对三维荧光激发-发射矩阵(EEM)进行分析,发现3种荧光团,包括1种类蛋白荧光团和2种类腐殖质荧光团。荧光指数(FIX)为1.60～2.10,初步认为此时段辽河流域DOM的来源为多重来源,生物源比重较大。大多数SUVA_(254)在1.22～2.82L/(mg·m)之间,同文献报导的来自于土壤或者高等植物的DOM相比,值相对较小,DOM的芳构化程度较低,进一步表明DOM来源以生物源为主。     

NaClO、UV及UV/NaClO消毒过程中TCC的去除特性及遗传毒性

采用NaClO、UV和UV/NaClO复合消毒等方式研究了三氯卡班（TCC）在消毒过程中的去除特性,考察了3种消毒方式中TCC溶液的遗传毒性变化,鉴定了TCC的降解产物并探讨了其降解机制,以UV/NaClO复合消毒为研究对象,考察了NaClO投加量、TCC初始浓度、溶液pH值和腐殖酸（HA）等因素对TCC去除的影响.结果表明,3种消毒技术对TCC的去除效果依次为UV/NaClO、UV、NaClO.消毒处理不同程度增加了TCC溶液的遗传毒性.LC-MS鉴定出了8种TCC的降解产物,降解途径主要为脱氯、加氯以及·OH/O^·氧化.UV/NaClO复合消毒对TCC的去除率在97%以上;TCC的去除与其初始浓度呈负相关;TCC的去除率随pH值的增大先升高后降低;低浓度的腐殖酸（HA）对TCC的去除有促进作用,高浓度则相反.     

沸石作稳定化剂固化/稳定化含汞危险废弃物试验

利用沸石对汞的吸附性,将沸石作为稳定化剂掺入水泥进行含汞危险废弃物固化/稳定化试验研究.同时,探讨了沸石作为稳定化剂的水泥固化技术处理含汞废弃物的影响因素,从而明确这种方法的可行性和最佳操作条件.结果表明,沸石的掺入能够促进汞的稳定,与单独使用水泥相比固化效率显著提高.当沸石用量为0.3g·g-1以上时,固化体浸出汞浓度低于国家标准(GB5085.3-2007),固化效率从单独使用水泥固化时的47%提高到95%以上.氯离子能够影响固化效率,即使在氯离子浓度为10mmo·lL-1时,含汞1000mg·kg-1以下的固体废弃物的固化效率仍能够大于90%.这说明即使存在氯离子干扰的情况下,沸石作稳定化剂固化含汞危险废物仍然是非常经济有效的方法.实验得到沸石作稳定化剂固化含汞危险废弃物的最佳操作条件为pH=6.0～7.0之间,沸石量为0.4g·g-1,水泥量为0.7g·g-1以上.     

UV-LED/NaClO工艺对水中对乙酰氨基酚的降解

采用NaClO、UV-LED和UV-LED/NaClO工艺去除水中的对乙酰氨基酚（AAP）,考察了NaClO投加量、pH值和腐殖酸（HA）等因素对UV-LED/NaClO工艺去除AAP的影响,研究了UV-LED/NaClO去除AAP过程中OH·、UV-LED、NaClO和氯自由基RCS（Cl·,Cl₂^·-,ClO·）的贡献值,评估了AAP降解过程中溶液急性毒性的变化.结果表明,UV-LED/NaClO可以有效降解.AAP.反应90min后,UV-LED、NaClO和UV-LED/NaClO工艺对AAP的去除率分别为4.42%、93.61%和100%.AAP的降解符合拟一级反应动力学模型（R²=0.9967）.AAP的去除随着NaClO投加量的增大而增加,中性条件有利于AAP的降解,HA对AAP去除具有抑制作用,HCO₃^-和NO₃^-可略微促进AAP的去除.当NaClO投加量为1mg/L,OH·、UV-LED、NaClO和RCS各组分对AAP去除的相对贡献率分别为0.82%、0.66%、33.78%和64.74%,UV-LED/NaClO工艺可以有效的降低溶液的急性毒性.     

基于非对称场流分离技术的水环境腐殖酸聚集特性研究

腐殖酸的聚集特性是影响其去除率及与其它污染物相互作用的重要因素,本文采用非对称场流分离技术对腐殖酸组分进行分离,配合示差折光检测器及多角度激光光散射器,对腐殖酸分子量的分布规律进行研究,探讨了水环境的化学条件对腐殖酸荷电状态和聚集状态的影响规律.结果表明,腐殖酸具有自我凝聚的特性;在p H较低和溶液离子强度较高时,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小而分子量增大,腐殖酸胶粒聚集程度增大;随腐殖酸浓度增大,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小,腐殖酸分子发生聚集而使胶粒分子量增大.当离子强度达到0.08mol·L-1,或浓度达到15 mg·L-1时,腐殖酸分子不仅靠氢键聚集在一起,还可能发生分子间的缔合.