Reconstruction of the methane fluxes from the west Siberia gas fields by the 3D regional chemical transport model

A 3D mesoscale tropospheric photochemical transport model of high spatial resolution has been developed and used for assessment of the methane concentrations and methane emission in the West Siberian region of intensive mining of natural gas and oil deposits. The model is validated against the measurements of methane concentration at the surface and in the lower troposphere collected during July 1993 and June 1996 experiments. Comparison of the simulated and observed concentrations allowed to estimate that during the above periods the average natural methane fluxes were as high as 65 mg m⁻² day⁻¹. The anthropogenic methane fluxes (leakage from gas deposits) integrated over model domain during the same time period were about 20% of the total methane emission from relevant areas.     

The potential of willow for remediation of heavy metal polluted calcareous urban soils

Growth performance and heavy metal uptake by willow (Salix viminalis) from strongly and moderately polluted calcareous soils were investigated in field and growth chamber trials to assess the suitability of willow for phytoremediation. Field uptakes were 2-10 times higher than growth chamber uptakes. Despite high concentrations of cadmium (≥80 mg/kg) and zinc (≥3000 mg/kg) in leaves of willow grown on strongly polluted soil with up to 18 mg Cd/kg, 1400 mg Cu/kg, 500 mg Pb/kg and 3300 mg Zn/kg, it is unsuited on strongly polluted soils because of poor growth. However, willow proved promising on moderately polluted soils (2.5 mg Cd/kg and 400 mg Zn/kg), where it extracted 0.13% of total Cd and 0.29% of the total Zn per year probably representing the most mobile fraction. Cu and Pb are strongly fixed in calcareous soils.     

Gaseous mercury fluxes from the forest floor of the Adirondacks

The flux of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from the forest floor of the Adirondack Mountains in New York (USA) was measured numerous times throughout 2005 and 2006 using a polycarbonate dynamic flux chamber (DFC). The Hg flux ranged between −2.5 and 27.2 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and was positively correlated with temperature and solar radiation. The measured Hg emission flux was highest in spring, and summer, and lowest in winter. During leaf-off periods, the Hg emission flux was highly dependent on solar radiation and less dependent on temperature. During leaf-on periods, the Hg emission flux was fairly constant because the forest canopy was shading the forest floor. Two empirical models were developed to estimate yearly Hg⁰ emissions, one for the leaf-off period and one for the leaf-on period. Using the U.S. EPA's CASTNET meteorological data, the cumulative estimated emission flux was approx. 7.0 μg Hg⁰ m⁻² year⁻¹.     

负载对实际道路重型柴油车排放的影响研究

利用车载测试系统对重型柴油货车空载、50％负载和100％负载不同负载情况下在实际道路的排放进行测试,基于测试数据分析负载对重型柴油货车排放CO、HC、NOx和微小颗粒物(PM)等4种污染物的影响.不同速度区间和行驶模式下负载对排放的影响分析表明,在有负载时,大多数工况下4种污染物排放呈现增加趋势,但各速度区间和行驶模式下的增幅不尽相同,部分工况出现下降.空载时测试柴油车基于新欧洲行驶循环测试(NEDC)工况的标准化CO、HC、NOx和PM排放因子分别为3.38、0.39、6.27、0.39 g/km.对于柴油车重点污染物NOx和PM而言,与空载相比,50％负载时分别增加43％和59％,100％负载时分别增加62％和44％.     

Impact of heavy metal pollution on the hemogram and serum biochemistry of the Libyan jird, Meriones libycus

The stress profiles of the hemogram and serum biochemistry were determined in the context of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb) exposure in the wild libyan jird, Meriones libycus, from one of Riyadh’s polluted areas versus a reference site. Coupling the pronounced drop in platelets (PLT) (28%) and mean platelet volume (MPV) (17%) with the insignificant responses of other red blood cell indices, suggests bone marrow suppression that is characterized by thrombocytopenia as an initial abnormality. The species-specific stress leukogram for M. libycus is expressed by leukocytosis (66%), monocytosis (40%), lymphocytosis (23%) with eosinopenia (81%) and neutropenia (42%). Hyperglycemia (50%), hyper-low-density-lipoproteinemia (38%), hypocortisolism (85%) and hypotriglyceridemia (55%) depicted serum biochemistry profile. In polluted jirds, the elevated activities of pseudocholinesterase (PChE) and serum marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase ALT, aspartate aminotransferase AST and creatine kinase CK) strongly suggest functional damage of the liver and/or heart. A potential role of PChE in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism is implied in the joint rise of both indices and in the recognized relationship between PChE and lipid metabolites. While increased utilization in lipid metabolism and energy synthesis could rationalize the inhibition of the normal patterns of triglycerides and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the inhibited activities of LDH could additionally be attributed to its hormetic behavior towards low and high metal concentrations. The overall findings presented here documented the relevance of M. libycus in biomonitoring and predicting the risk imposed on human populations living in polluted areas.     

Phytoextraction of heavy metal polluted soils using Sedum plumbizincicola inoculated with metal mobilizing Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum RC6b

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metal mobilizing plant-growth beneficial bacterium Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum RC6b on plant growth and Cd, Zn and Pb uptake by Sedum plumbizincicola under laboratory conditions. Among a collection of metal-resistant bacteria, P. myrsinacearum RC6b was specifically chosen as a most favorable metal mobilizer based on its capability of mobilizing high concentrations of Cd, Zn and Pb in soils. P. myrsinacearum RC6b exhibited a high degree of resistance to Cd (350 mg L⁻¹), Zn (1000 mg L⁻¹) and Pb (1200 mg L⁻¹). Furthermore, P. myrsinacearum RC6b showed multiple plant growth beneficial features including the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore and solubilization of insoluble phosphate. Inoculation of P. myrsinacearum RC6b significantly increased S. plumbizincicola growth and organ metal concentrations except Pb, which concentration was lower in root and stem of inoculated plants. The results suggest that the metal mobilizing P. myrsinacearum RC6b could be used as an effective inoculant for the improvement of phytoremediation in multi-metal polluted soils.     

Adaptation of Biscutella laevigata L, a metal hyperaccumulator, to growth on a zinc-lead waste heap in southern Poland. I: Differences between waste-heap and mountain populations

Biscutella laevigata is an herbal member of the Brasicacae family and a typical mountain species. It has recently been identified as a hyperaccumulator of lead, cadmium and thallium. Its northern reach runs through Poland, where it is found only in the west Tatra Mountains and on calamine waste heaps in the vicinity of Olkusz (Cracow––Silesian Highland). The peculiar distribution of this species in Poland prompted us to undertake studies to identify the traits that allow this typically mountain species to grow so robustly on industrial waste heaps near zinc and lead smelters in the vicinity of Olkusz. Populations of B. laevigata from waste heaps and the Tatra Mountains were compared both under field (natural) conditions and during cultivation of successive generations under laboratory conditions. It was found that the mountain and waste-heap populations of B. laevigata differed significantly. The plants in the mountain population had thicker leaves covered with cutin and a small number of hairs, whereas the plants from the waste-heap population had thin leaves covered with numerous hairs. The difference in leaf thickness between the two populations (0.15 mm on average) was due to increased dimensions of palisade mesophyl cells whereas the number of cells in their leaves remained similar. These traits were hereditary. This indicates that two geographically distant populations of plants followed two different evolutionary paths to adapt to xerothermic conditions. Moreover, it was shown that the waste-heap population of B. laevigata is more tolerant to heavy metals (lead, zinc and cadmium). In the presence of both zinc and lead, growth of the waste-heap plants was stimulated, while under the same conditions, growth of the mountain population was inhibited lower than 50%. This adaptation facilitates the growth of this population on industrial waste heaps. Our studies show that B. laevigata is a valuable species very well-suited for use in the recultivation of areas containing high levels of heavy metals––the waste-heap population of this species is particularly valuable.     

Integrated analysis of the effects of agricultural management on nitrogen fluxes at landscape scale

The integrated modelling system INITIATOR was applied to a landscape in the northern part of the Netherlands to assess current nitrogen fluxes to air and water and the impact of various agricultural measures on these fluxes, using spatially explicit input data on animal numbers, land use, agricultural management, meteorology and soil. Average model results on NH₃ deposition and N concentrations in surface water appear to be comparable to observations, but the deviation can be large at local scale, despite the use of high resolution data. Evaluated measures include: air scrubbers reducing NH₃ emissions from poultry and pig housing systems, low protein feeding, reduced fertilizer amounts and low-emission stables for cattle. Low protein feeding and restrictive fertilizer application had the largest effect on both N inputs and N losses, resulting in N deposition reductions on Natura 2000 sites of 10% and 12%, respectively.     

微生物抗重金属毒性研究进展

不少重金属是微生物正常生长的必需元素 ,但是当重金属在菌体内浓度过高时 ,会对菌体产生毒性。微生物可通过细胞的表面富集与细胞膜成分的改变减小毒性的破坏 ,在重金属进一步的诱导下 ,菌体会产生由结构基因与调节基因组成的抗性基因 ,通过多途径的联合作用对重金属的毒性进行解毒     

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理过程中重金属迁移规律研究

通过采集厦门2个垃圾焚烧发电厂进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、炉渣和烟气样品,分析垃圾组成成分及各组分的重金属含量,结果表明,垃圾中以厨余、橡塑类和纸类为主,共占到垃圾干基的78．08％,重金属含量大小次序为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Ni〉Cd〉Hg;垃圾渗滤液中除Zn外,其他金属的含量都较低,一厂渗滤液中重金属Ni、Zn迁移量较大,分别达到24．46％和8．52％。二厂渗滤液中重金属的迁移有相同的趋势,但含量相对较高。垃圾焚烧后其重金属主要分布在飞灰和废渣中,烟气中的含量非常少,不同金属的含量均有差别,这与金属的性质有很大关系;通过浸出毒性分析,飞灰中重金属酸溶态含量多,容易浸出,属于危险废物。同时,不同烟气处理工艺产生的飞灰的重金属浸出量有很大差别。     

土壤重金属污染损害赔偿实现路径研究

土壤是动植物赖以生存的载体,重金属污染不仅严重侵害人体健康,而且破坏土壤耕作功能。土壤重金属污染具有涉及面广、受害人多、技术性强等特点,加之因果关系认定与证据收集难度大,促使受害人的权利救济遭遇现实困境。建议在严格责任、修复费用次优受偿、惩罚性赔偿等原则指引下,完善能实现受害者联合、节约司法资源、促进企业产业升级的集团诉讼制度;建构以"重金属污染基金制度"与"重金属污染责任保险制度"为主要路径的中国土壤重金属污染损害的社会化救济机制。     

机械工业废水中重金属离子的处理工艺研究

研究了过氧化钙处理剂对机械工业废水中重金属离子锰、铜、锌、铬的处理工艺，以及过滤方法对重金属离子去除率的影响。处理的最佳条件为：过氧化钙用量0．1％～0．2％，处理时间30min，处理温度为室温，处理过程中不需调整pH。     

Interactive effects of metal contamination and pathogenic organisms on the introduced marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum in European populations

In natural environment, marine organisms are concomitantly exposed to pollutants and multiple disease agents resulting in detrimental interactions. The present study evaluated interactive effects of metal contamination (cadmium) and pathogenic organisms (trematode parasites Himasthla elongata and pathogenic bacteria Vibrio tapetis) singularly and in combination on the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum, an introduced species to Europe, under laboratory controlled conditions. After 7 days, metal bioaccumulation and pathogen load were analyzed as well as metallothionein (MT) response and hemocyte concentrations and activities. Results showed that infection by opportunistic pathogens affects metal accumulation, leading to maximal Cd accumulation in co-infected clams. Among stressors only V. tapetis induced significant effects on immune parameters whereas a particular interaction “trematode-bacteria” was shown on MT responses. Despite low trematode infection in agreement with the resistant status of R. philippinarum to these macroparasites, significant interaction with bacteria and metal occurred. Such results highlight the necessity of taking pathogens into account in ecotoxicological studies.     

基于灰色关联分析的天津市碳排放驱动因素研究

天津市拥有中国重要老工业基地和低碳城市试点的“双重身份”,当前面临城市化工业化阶段的能源刚性需求巨大和减排压力日渐增大的双重压力,因此制定适宜天津市现阶段发展特征的碳排放政策追在眉睫.采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐的碳排放核算方法对天津市2001-2010年的CO2排放进行了估算,结合低碳城市试点指标剖析了天津市面临的减排困境;为找出解决办法,采用灰色关联分析法对天津市碳排放的驱动因素进行了识别.结果表明,能源消耗总量、人口指标、经济增长速度和产业结构指标等是CO2排放的关键因素,并由此得出结论,天津市碳减排的工作重心应集中于优化产业结构和能源利用结构、提高能效、倡导低碳消费等方面.     

江苏省碳排放影响驱动因素分析——基于STIRPAT模型

江苏省作为全国经济快速发展的省份之一,也面临着日益严峻的生态环境问题。运用《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》提出的计算方法(简称IPCC法),计算了该省1996—2012年规模以上工业能源消费的碳排放总量,并以此为因变量,选取了第二、三产业从业人数,人均GDP,城市化率,土地变化等人口和经济因素作为碳排放的影响因子,基于改进的可拓展、随机性环境影响评估(STIRPAT)模型分析了不同因素对江苏省碳排放的影响程度。结果表明,第二、三产业从业人数,人均GDP,城市化率,建设用地总量,能源消费总量每上升1%,分别会引起碳排放总量增加0.131%、0.248%、0.290%、2.198%、0.530%。土地利用方式的变化、能源消费水平、城市化水平依次是影响江苏省碳排放的主要因素,应以主要影响因素为突破口,协同次要因素,采取合理的措施来降低碳排放量。     

苔藓植物运用于大气重金属污染监测的研究进展

分析了苔藓植物适用于大气重金属污染监测的特殊生理特征及其生理响应,总结了利用苔藓植物监测大气中重金属污染的优势,探讨了苔藓植物对重金属的吸收机制及其重金属富集途径,并综述了国内外采用的相关监测方法。最后,还指出了存在问题及发展方向。     

Effect of Coal Mine Soil Contamination on the Elemental Uptake and Distribution in Two Edible Amaranthus Species,A. dubius and A. hybridus

The impact of coal mine dump contaminated soil on the elemental uptake by two edible plants, namely, Amaranthus dubius (red herbs) and Amaranthus hybridus (green herbs), was studied by investigating their response and ability to tolerate and accumulate varying levels of elements in their roots and shoots. The vegetation was grown on varying amounts of contaminated soil, viz. 0%, 5%, 15%, 25% w/w using coal mine dump soil. The soil was analyzed for soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), moisture content, and selected heavy metals. The distribution of six metals, namely, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Mn, and Fe, in roots, stem, and leaves of the plants was determined in two stages of growth after 5 weeks and 10 weeks. All soil and plant samples were microwave digested and subjected to heavy metal analysis using the ICP-OES, GFAAS, and CVAAS. The pH of the coal mine dump contaminated soil decreased with an increase in contamination. Both the SOM and CEC values decreased, which increases the availability of elements, by providing more binding sites in the soil. Relatively, the red herbs had higher elemental concentrations than the green herbs. Both plants recorded high manganese accumulation. No mercury was detected in the soils or plants.     

国外尾矿酸性排水和重金属淋滤作用研究进展

尾矿引起的环境问题是水 气 矿物在地表条件下发生复杂反应的综合结果。近年来 ,国外学者研究显示 ,发生在尾矿中的风化作用不仅仅有硫化物的氧化作用 ,而且还伴随有机物氧化作用 ,碳酸盐等矿物中和作用 ,次生矿物沉淀作用、结晶作用、胶结作用 ,矿物交代蚀变作用、吸附作用、离子交换作用以及生物作用。上述各种作用互相影响 ,互相制约。目前 ,最新研究表明 ,许多因素都会影响尾矿风化作用 ,这些因素主要包括 :尾矿原生矿物组成、成因、化学成分、表面积和形态 ;尾矿酸中和潜力 ;溶液pH值 ;次生矿物形成及其吸附、离子交换、胶结作用 ;溶液中Fe3+离子的浓度 ;有机物的种类和含量 ;尾矿粒度分布和空隙度 ;气候条件和尾矿的水文地质环境     

混合重金属对硝化颗粒污泥毒性作用的析因实验研究

分别测定了Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对硝化颗粒污泥的单一毒性,采用析因实验研究了二元和三元重金属混合体系对硝化颗粒污泥的联合毒性.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 的2 h半抑制浓度EC50分别为95.23、62.11和12.48 mg/L,由析因实验所得的响应曲面模型具有较好的优度(其R2＞0.95),能够对混合体系的联合毒性很好地进行预测,析因实验可以用于环境领域混合体系联合毒性的研究.     

我国氮氧化物排放因子的修正和排放量计算:2000年

根据我国城市的发展状况 ,采用城市分类的方法 ,将我国 2 6 1个地级市按照人口数量分为 5个类别。每类城市选取一个典型城市进行实地调查 ,对我国燃烧锅炉和机动车的NOx 的排放因子进行了修正 ,提出了适合我国目前排放水平的各类城市的固定源和移动源的排放因子。并依据 2 0 0 0年中国大陆地区的电站锅炉、工业锅炉和民用炉具的燃料消耗量和机动车保有量 ,以地级市为基本单位 ,估算了 2 0 0 0年我国各地区的NOx 排放量 ,分析了分地区、分行业、分燃料类型的NOx 排放特征。 2 0 0 0年我国NOx 排放总量为 11.12Mt,其中固定源占 6 0 .8% ;移动源占 39.2 %。NOx 排放在地域、行业和燃料类型上分布均不平衡。NOx 的排放主要集中在华东和华北地区 ,其排放量占全国排放量的一半以上。燃煤为最重要的NOx 排放源 ,其排放量占燃料型NOx 排放量的 72 .3%左右。