一种废钻井液固化剂的研制与应用

研制以固体固化剂SD和饱和盐溶液SG为基础的复合固化剂体系,通过废钻井液的高效、高强度固化,实现废钻井液的无害化处理。通过优选固化剂SD、SG配方及加量,并经过固化机理分析和固化效果评价,研制出一种适用于现场作业的高效、高强度固化剂。在100 g废钻井液中加入21 g复合固化剂后,固化 物即可达到较高的强度3.75MPa,浸出液毒性较低;加入固化剂28 g后,浸出液可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级要求（COD＜150mg/L,色度＜80）。固化4h后即可形成可运输的固化物。复合固化剂SD/SG原料价廉易得,配制、使用方便,处理费用低,具备较强的推广应用价值。选取两口井,进行现场试验,废 钻井液使用该固化剂固化后,重金属含量满足GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标 准》,其浸出液检测满足GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》要求。     

含油污泥无害化处理技术研究

在综合考虑经济因素和抗压强度要求的基础上,对长庆油田采油三厂的含油污泥进行了无害化固化处理。试验选取了固化剂最优配方:污泥、固化剂、促凝剂之比为4:1:0.01。强度性能检测表明,一般在1d内达到一定的强度,3 d后硬度提高,10 d后达到最大硬度。固化物污染指标测试还表明:其可溶出性盐量明显减少,矿化度下降了46%,含油量从未固化时的40000 mg/L下降为0.4 mg/L,硫化物含量仅为0.4 mg/L,均达到了外排的标准。     

油田钻井废泥浆固化处理研究

文章结合油田的现场实际情况,针对该区钻井废泥浆污染物的特性,研究了固化的最佳工艺条件,并对固化效果进行评价。通过多组固化处理定性对比实验,从多种处理剂中筛选出处理效果较好的水泥、粉煤灰、石灰和黄土作为固化处理废泥浆的固化剂原材料。利用筛选出的固化剂组成,设计正交实验,确定固化剂最佳配方为每100mL泥浆添加10g水泥、20g粉煤灰、8g石灰、15g黄土。影响因素对固化处理效果的影响实验结果表明:当废泥浆固相含量在30%～70%,固化温度在20～40℃之间,固化时间能够满足7d的条件下,固化效果最佳。     

油气田钻屑与废泥浆固化处理技术的初步研究

由于钻井废弃泥浆流失会对环境造成严重污染,所以必须对废弃泥浆进行固化处理。通过大量实验研究,筛选出了分别适合于钻屑与高密度（ρ〉2.0g／cm^3）、中密度（ρ=1.6g/cm^3左右）、低密度（ρ=1.2g/cm^3左右）钻井废泥浆的几种固化剂配方。现场结合具体情况选用实验筛选的固化荆配方对废钻井泥浆和钻屑固化处理,固化物的强度达到0.3MPa以上,固化物浸出液中污染物含量达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准要求。     

化学清洗法处理磺化水基钻井液

文章以化学清洗法为主要处理手段,其中以破稳剂、清洗剂和重金属离子固化剂为主要药剂进行处理。现场工程实践结果表明:当破稳剂浓度为50g/L、清洗剂浓度为5%、重金属离子固化剂浓度为20%时,磺化水基钻井液经此工艺处理后可达到DB23/T 1413—2010《油田含油污泥综合利用污染控制标准》及GB15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准的要求。     

废弃钻井泥浆的固化处理

废弃钻井泥浆的处理是油气勘探与开发工业中人们极为关注的。文章在分析废弃钻井泥浆性质的基础上，通过化学稳定与固化处理试验研究得出以水泥为主，烟炭，石灰等为添加剂的固化剂配方，实验结果表明，经固化处理的废弃泥浆，其固化产物重金属浸出率低，稳定性好，具有一定的抗氧强度，从而能有效地降低废弃泥浆对环境的污染危害，文中还对各种辅加剂对固化效果的影响进行了分析。     

钻屑、钻井液固化处理及对环境的影响分析

钻屑和废钻井液的固化处理是现阶段钻井废物无害化处理的主要研究方向,研究利用固化剂对钻屑和废泥浆进行固化处理,优选配方(水泥+粉煤灰+添加剂)进行固化处理;同时考查了钻屑、钻井液固化填埋后对周围环境的影响。结果表明,固化物浸出液的分析结果符合国家危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-1996)和国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996),对周围环境水质调查监测,环境水质未受到污染,与填埋前的监测指标变化不大。     

废钻井液固化处理实验研究

通过大量实验,分别探讨了数种无机和有机添加剂的加量、时间、温度等因素对废钻井液固化效果的影响,优选出对固化处理废钻井液有显著效果的固化剂及相对较好的添加剂配方a、b,并对其固化机理进行了初步分析。实验结果表明:a配方可作为填充物的最佳配方,其主要指标都已达到国家二级排放标准和GB3550—83标准;b配方用于道路施工,其抗压强度和抗塌落程度已达到国家二级公路标准。     

磁分离-板框脱水组合工艺处理炼油厂“三泥”

通过"磁分离-板框脱水"工艺进行污泥处理试验,研究了磁分离机处理炼油厂"三泥"的效果。结果表明:经磁分离机处理后的污泥再经板框压滤,含水率降至60%,脱水后的污泥加入固化剂干化。该工艺产生的滤液清澈,泥水分离速度快,石油类和COD去除率高,且工艺简单,占地小、投资少,运行维护简便,处理效率高。     

聚合物钻井废液的处理研究

文章采用化学处理方法对聚合物钻井废液进行处理,先对其进行破胶混凝处理,再固液分离,最后固化处理。通过对几种主要处理剂的加量以及配伍性的研究,得出最优处理配方,经最优配方处理后的固化物浸出液监测指标均较好,其中色度、pH值及COD监测指标均能达到GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,减少了聚合物钻井废液对环境的污染。     

胜利油田废钻井液固液分离技术研究实验

针对胜利油田勘探与开发特性以及钻井过程中产生大量的高含水量的废钻井液,在固化处理技术的基础上对其分离技术进行了研究与实验,经现场实验,处理后主要污染物指标均能达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的二级标准。     

Analysis of irrigation systems using sustainability-related criteria

Sustainable agricultural development as a desired goal in irrigation management is a result of recent public awareness of the scarcity of water for food production. In order to incorporate sustainability-related criteria in the analysis of irrigation systems, the present study aims at introducing environmental indices that represent irrigation water conservation and satisfactory production and income for farmers under stress conditions. An experiment was conducted in Chania, Greece, during the irrigation periods of 1989 and 1990. The irrigation water delivered to 40 experimental plots and the relevant soil moisture content at the root zone were recorded. The data, collected in real time, were used for the calculation of the corresponding environmental indices. The variation of indices in time and space was high, and demonstrated that up to 13% of water was delivered to crops, 82% was yield loss, and 84% was economic return. The study indicated that environmental indices could be easily computed by means of routinely collected data, and could also be incorporated into decision-making approaches, such as compromise programming, in order to develop policies for irrigation water allocation.     

含油污泥深度调剖技术研究与应用

大庆油田通过含油污泥深度调剖剂的室内配方研究,分析了各种影响因素,得出最佳含油污泥调剖剂配方,并选择杏10-1-W472井进行了现场应用。应用结果为:深度调剖后2个月,周围连通油井开始见效,平均日增液27m3,日增油1.6t,综合含水率下降0.5%,平均流压上升0.93MPa,说明低出液、低含水部位的出液比例得到了大幅提高,实现了对这部分剩余油的挖潜目标。该实验表明:含油污泥经过处理后复配成调剖剂,回注到地下,既可提高采收率,又可解决长期以来含油污泥外排造成的环境污染问题。     

模拟退火算法在大气环境质量综合评价中的应用

为了建立一种对多项指标都能普遍使用的大气环境质量综合评价模式,利用模拟退火算法对幂函数加和型指数评价中参数进行优化,并用优化后的综合评价指数公式对大气环境进行综合评价。该公式应用于大量实例的分析评价结果与其他多种评价方法评价结果比较表明:该公式不受污染物种类和数目多少的限制,计算简便,具有可行性、实用性和通用性。     

催化氧化法处理含硫废碱液新技术的开发与应用

在炼油生产中,合理处理产生的大量废碱液,使其不污染环境,一直是我们努力研究的课题。辽河石化分公司所采用的处理方法是:将含硫化物废碱液催化氧化,使其中有毒的硫化物快速氧化成亚硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐及硫酸盐等物质。经过处理的含硫化物废碱液已进行了脱臭,并且回收了有利用价值的碱液。碱液吸收SO2后生产出合格的亚硫酸钠产品,达到了废液综合利用的目的。     

废弃水基钻井液的利用──MTC固井技术

治理与利用废弃钻井液是油气田环境保护的主要研究课题之一。MTC固井技术是在废弃钻井液中加入固化剂和化学处理剂使之转变为固井液，研究结果表明：只要固化剂、化学处理剂及配方选择得当，可使废弃钻井液转化为MTC固井液，这样既可节的固井成本，又为解决废弃钻井液的环境污染问题提供了一条行之有效的途径。     

绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的研制

采用感官评定和正交试验法对绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的工艺和配方进行了探讨,确定绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的最佳配方,即绿豆液用量6％、贡菊液用量O．25％、柠檬酸用量0．025％、阿斯巴甜用量0．012％。该产品为淡黄色、澄清饮料,其主要功能成分为黄酮类物质,含量为1．08％,饮料pH为4．6,适用于高血脂症、动脉粥样硬化患者和普通人群食用。     

生态城市建设的研究

探讨了生态城市的概念、内涵和特征，从城市生态系统的结构、功能和协调度三个方面构建城市生态评价指标体系，应用层次分析法(AHP)对北京、上海、成都、西安、兰州、乌鲁木齐6个城市的生态状况进行定量分析，提出了城市生态建设的对策。     

Environmental indices in irrigation management

Irrigation management calls for objective criteria capable of representing the economy, reliability, and productivity of irrigation systems. These criteria must be compatible with long-term sustainability and conservation goals. The criteria representing the above goals are the economic effect of management on yield reduction, economic effect, and reliability referring to plant growth and operation of the network. In this study environmental indices are introduced to express the above criteria in quantitative terms. The inclusion of these indices at the farm and network level create a multicriteria framework for decision-making based on composite programming. An experimental study was conducted during the irrigation periods of 1989 and 1990 in Chania, Greece, concerning water delivered to 40 experimental plots, soil moisture content at the rootzone, and irrigation system operational failures. The data collected in real time were used for the calculation of the corresponding environmental indices. The variation in time and space is high and resulted in up to 62% of yield loss and low system performance (up to 7% of system temporal reliability). The study indicated that environmental indices could be incorporated to select alternatives and also to develop policies on water delivery. The final decision involves a trade-off analysis between cost of application and desired system performance. Measures of both primary objectives can be obtained using environmental indices that represent system operation aggregation at its basic levels (on farm and network).     

A Screening Procedure for Prioritizing Riparian Management

A spatially explicit linear, additive model was developed for quantifying site characteristics of riparian areas of the lower Cedar River, Washington, USA. The spatial complexity and distribution of combined habitat and anthropogenic landscape features were used to define habitat indices that indicate the relative quality of riparian habitats. Patches of contiguous grid cells were measured in terms of their locations, sizes, and relative degree of fragmentation. Additionally, intrapatch heterogeneity was measured to identify unique combinations of habitat and anthropogenic factors for individual grid cells within patches. Model verification indicated that existing floodplain riparian habitats received positive indices more than 90% of the time. Mean patch sizes and fragmentation indices were similar for all positive indices throughout the reaches in the valley floor. Among all reaches, reach 7 had the highest number of positive patches due to a higher degree of meandering in this reach. This procedure and model outputs provide unique screening opportunities for prioritizing management of riparian areas (e.g., conservation, restoration and enhancement).