Simulation and analysis of a combined cycle heat and power plant process

The regulations of process efficiency and stricter environmental policies require analysis of large-scale thermal energy systems to produce highly efficient, cost effective and low environmental impact energy. For analysis, it is beneficial to simulate an energy system. In this paper, simulation models are developed for the analysis of a combined cycle heat and power plant located in Göteborg, Sweden. With the help of simulation models, characteristics between district heating (DH) water temperature and key parameters such as overall district heat duty, electrical power and electrical efficiency has been developed. The characteristics are useful to estimate and maximize the key parameters during varying DH water temperature. According to a comparison between the full-load simulation models of 2006 and 2013 for the selected power plant, a loss of 2 MW is noticed for gas turbine and a loss of 2.18 MW of heat flow occurs for heat recovery steam generator in the year 2013. The feasibility analysis of modifying the connection between DH economizer and main DH line provides good performance indicators in a winter scenario. The conclusions in this paper are good references to plan and improve the performance of existing large-scale thermal power plants.     

An integrated approach for improving energy efficiency of manufacturing process chains

The rising energy prices and increasingly imposing regulations have drawn attention for improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes. Over the past decade, different approaches have been developed to target from individual unit processes to entire manufacturing systems. However, each model or approach has limitations in terms of the efficiency improvement. Thus, an integrated approach is proposed to overcome these limitations combining unit process energy consumption models with production system simulation. The outcome potentially leads to a more energy-efficient production and process planning, which considers the dynamics of individual processes as well as the entire system. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the approach and its benefits.     

Energy and temperature performance analysis of geothermal (ground source) heat pumps integrated with permeable pavement systems for urban run-off reuse

Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps (GHP) and permeable pavement systems (PPS) have demonstrated their effectiveness in both industry and academic research during recent decades. To meet the rising demand for sustainable, recyclable and energy efficient techniques, research has focused on the combination of techniques to enhance existing or develop new applications.

This paper reports on an experimental programme that combined GHP with PPS for nutrient removal and system energy balancing. Experimental data collected over a 3-year period have provided evidence of highly efficient removal rates of up to 99% for ammonia–nitrate and biochemical oxygen demand; and 96% removal rates were obtained for orthophosphate–phosphorus. This paper also contains energy efficiency ratio (EER) and coefficient of performance (COP) calculations. Cyclic heat removal and heat rejection allowed for stable temperature and pump COP and EER sustainability. The results prove that PPS systems are appropriate for GHP installation, delivering high and stable pollutant removal with EER efficiencies between 1.5 and 5.5.

The combination of GHP with PPS has the potential to provide a new sustainable and eco-friendly practice.     

Preliminary analysis of single flash combined with binary system using thermodynamic assessment: a case study of Dieng geothermal power plant

This paper addressed the performance of single flash combined with a binary system that was proposed in the Dieng geothermal power plant by applying thermodynamic assessment methods. A set of mathematical equations from the plant was developed and solved iteratively using engineering equation solver. The results showed that the available exergy of the produced fluid from production wells is 66,204 kW. The performance of an existing single-flash power plant indicated 24,300 kW of net power output. The proposed design of single flash combined with a binary system improves the power output by 17.16% to 27,786 kW. The second law efficiency increases from 36.7% to 41.97% while the first law efficiency increases from 11.62% to 13.61%.     

中国工业化进程与能源矿产供需均衡的研究

工业化与能源需求的均衡关系及解决工业化进程中能源供需失衡的战略途径是中国工业化进程中需要探讨的重大问题.文章运用协整技术,就1990-2008年间中国工业化进程与能源需求协整关系的检验,认为中国工业化与能源需求增长具有长期稳定的均衡关系,能源需求将继续保持增长,能源利用效率也将持续提高.然而工业化进程中重工业化高能耗结构特征与能源低效利用并存的困境以及能源供需矛盾不利于能源供需平衡的平稳发展.我国应适应工业化进程的基本规律,转变能源消费方式;走新型工业化道路,适当限制低附加值产业发展,鼓励产业向离附加值、低能耗、高技术产业转移;在实现能源开发利用技术进步和创新的同时.有效利用国内外能源资源;建立能源应急机制等战略途径来实现工业化进程中能源供需平衡发展.     

Energy and exergy analysis of solar hybrid adsorption refrigeration system

In this paper, performance of a solar hybrid adsorption refrigeration (AR) system is investigated experimentally. Such a system was built and tested under the conditions at National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India. The hybrid system has been designed for heating 50 l of water from 25 to 90°C as well as cooling 10 l of water from 25 to 10°C. The experimental results demonstrate that the refrigerator has a cooling capacity of 47–78 W with a cycle coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.19 and maximum possible COP of 0.45. In exergy analysis of the system, the irreversibility and exergetic efficiency of each component of the system have been calculated. The exergy analysis reveals that the main source of irreversibility is the adsorbent bed of the AR system, emphasising that the input heat energy is not utilised efficiently due to material constraints. The exergetic efficiencies of condenser, expansion device, evaporator and adsorbent bed are found as 42.3%, 79.8%, 54.7% and 11%, respectively.     

信息化和工业化融合对能源强度的影响——基于2000-2012年省际面板数据的经验分析

如何通过信息化和工业化深度融合降低能源强度,推动节能减排,是经济发展新常态下亟待解决的重要理论和现实问题.本文以系统间协同演化理论为基础,改进了信息化和工业化融合水平的测度方法,并采用中国大陆除西藏外30个省区2000-2012年的面板数据,探讨信息化和工业化融合对地区能源强度的影响.研究表明,信息化和工业化融合能够显著降低地区能源强度,且其对降低地区能源强度的贡献强于政府干预、技术创新、国际贸易、外商投资和能源价格等因素;信息化和工业化融合对能源强度的影响在东、中、西三个不同经济发展水平的地区之间存在差异,但这种差异并不显著;从动态发展看,信息化和工业化融合对地区能源强度的影响呈增强趋势;产业结构在信息化和工业化融合影响地区能源强度的过程中存在门限效应,只有当第三产业增加值与第二产业增加值之比达到一定水平后(高于0.756 8),信息化和工业化融合对能源强度的影响才变得显著.信息化和工业化融合通过推动技术进步、产业结构升级和资源优化配置三种机制提高能源使用效率,影响地区能源强度.信息化和工业化融合的节能减排效应仍有很大提升空间,应根据不同省区经济发展水平和产业结构差异,采取针对性措施推动信息化和工业化深度融合,充分发挥其在节能减排中的积极作用.在推动通信、交通等基础设施建设的同时,积极发展生产性服务业,为信息化和工业化深度融合节能减排效应的有效发挥创造良好的软环境.     

Dynamic simulation of a decentralized polygeneration plant providing SNG,steam and power

The behaviour of a decentralized polygeneration plant providing synthetic natural gas (SNG), steam and electrical power is simulated in three scenarios in this study. The plant size is based on an assumed capacity of decentralized polygeneration plants processing 1070 m³ h^?1 (STP) of syngas. 396 m³ h^?1 (STP) of raw SNG, 0.4 t h^?1 of steam at 5 bar and 670 kW of electrical power can be generated by the plant at the reference scenario. Methanation reactor and steam generator are modelled in detail. Further results indicate that such a polygeneration plant can provide positive and negative operation reserves for the electricity network to the extent of 100% of the reference power output, while the amount of generated steam varies by less than 40%. At the same time, the generated SNG quality keeps constant. Lower variations in the amount of generated steam are applicable when reducing the operation reserve capacity.     

困境中的出路:丹麦解决能源问题的基本经验及启示

丹麦是世界上公认解决能源问题最好的国家之一。本文在分析丹麦在解决能源问题方面取得的惊人成就的基础上。总结了丹麦政府制定能源发展战略和政策、加强对能源开发和使用等全过程的宏观管理、依靠科技进步不断提高能源效率、大力开发和利用清洁可再生能源、积极推广应用各种节能技术等方面的基本经验和做法。在此基础上。文章就我国如何依靠科技进步解决能源问题提出了建议。     

基于能源类型的中国反弹效应测算及其分解

能源问题是实现可持续发展的重大战略问题。能效改进所引起的能耗反弹问题已成为能源经济学领域的一个重要议题。针对已有研究基于复合能源维度探讨反弹效应的不足,本文通过构建一个引入反弹效应测算模块的中国静态CGE模型,研究不同类型能源效率改进的节能效果和反弹差异,并将其在生产侧和消费侧进行分解。在分别提高所有生产部门一次能源使用效率和二次能源使用效率两种情景下,我们发现提高二次能源使用效率对经济的促进作用更大,带来的能源节约也更多。就反弹效应而言,两种情景的反弹效应在9.6%-27.9%范围间,但提高一次能源使用效率带来的反弹效应要普遍大于提高二次能源使用效率带来的反弹。这意味着,能效改进的能源类型选择将关系到政策的实施效果。对反弹效应在生产侧和消费侧的分解则显示,生产侧的能效改进会刺激消费侧能耗增加,而且来自消费侧的能耗增加在二次能源品种的反弹效应中扮演了重要角色,尤其是成品油和燃气。综上,我们认为不论从经济表现还是反弹效应来看,提高二次能源使用效率都是比较理想的能源类型选择,这是以往研究未曾注意到的。同时,由于反弹效应的存在确实降低了能效政策的有效性,因此政府在制定能效政策时可通过对冲能效改进带来的能源服务价格下降来减缓能耗反弹。引导和规范居民的用能观念和用能行为也是减缓反弹效应的一个重要途径,这一点对能源需求远未饱和的发展中国家尤其重要。     

Analysis of availability and accessibility of hydrogen production: An approach to a sustainable energy system using methane hydrate resources

It is considered that use of hydrogen as an energy source may contribute to environmental improvement and provide an alternative energy system. Moreover, it is anticipated that hydrogen will be in great demand in the near future for use in such vehicles as fuel cell-based cars. Research and development of a number of advanced methods of hydrogen production (OTEC, water photolysis using a semiconductor, a municipal waste gasification—smelting system, etc.) is currently under way.A comparison of different hydrogen-rich fuels in this paper shows that methane is advantageous for hydrogen production from the viewpoint of energy efficiency as measured by thermodynamic analysis. This paper therefore proposes combining existing technology for hydrogen production with an unconventional methane source in order to facilitate the realization of a hydrogen energy system: i.e., this paper proposes combining the process of steam reforming, which is commercialized worldwide, with use of untouched natural gas hydrate (NGH) resources. Gas hydrate deposits, which are distributed worldwide, hold great amounts of methane gas and have hardly been touched. This paper presents the economic parameters of NGH development and discusses the concept of devising useful applications of NGHs, with consideration given to (1) independence from current fossil fuels; (2) energy transport using the hydrate system; (3) CO₂ sequestration — replacement of methane hydrate with CO₂ hydrate in the submarine layer and (4) improvement of current steam reforming of methane by CO₂ reuse and zeolite application. This paper thus proposes a new solution that will make a key contribution to the systematic development of a new sustainable energy structure.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

天津市节能减排绩效及经济效益协调性研究

利用节能绩效-减排绩效关系图,以及节能绩效、减排绩效与经济效益协调关系三角图,研究了2006-2008年天津市17个区县及滨海新区的节能减排绩效关系及其经济协调性状态和趋势.结果如下:①2006-2008年,天津市17个区县及滨海新区的节能减排绩效整体上较差,河西区、西青区、津南区、北辰区、宝坻区、静海县和蓟县的节能减排绩效呈现变差趋势,东丽区和滨海新区(塘沽区、汉沽区和大港区)节能减排绩效很差且无明显变好趋势;其他6个区县的节能减排绩效呈现变好趋势.②2008年,北辰区、武清区、静海县3个区县的经济协调性很强,河西区、河北区、汉沽区、蓟县处于强不经济协调性状态,滨海新区处于弱不协调性状态;2006年,大部分区县(包括滨海新区)处于弱不经济协调性状态,且按强协调趋势发展,其协调性增强主要来自经济效益驱动.③天津市17个区县及滨海新区的节能减排绩效及经济协调性评估权重选择较为合理,能准确地反映节能减排现状.     

中国经济增长与能源消耗的脱钩——东部地区的时空分异研究

工业时代的经济增长是以大量消耗能源为代价的,直接导致环境污染和资源枯竭。将经济增速与环境压力脱钩的同时,实现将人类福祉与资源消耗的脱钩,是实现绿色可持续发展的焦点问题。采用Tapio基本模型构建中国能源消耗与经济增长的脱钩模型,将1979-2014年的脱钩指数划分为8种脱钩类型。结果说明,绝对而稳态的脱钩是不存在的。虽然大部分年份的中国处于弱脱钩状态,但长时间尺度上,经济增长与能源消耗存在"连接-脱钩-复钩-再脱钩"的动态反复过程。以中国东部地区10省份为例,研究脱钩指数变化的趋势和时间分异情况。结果显示,进入21世纪后该地区复钩的可能性不断增加,特别在经济增速趋缓的背景下,需要警惕以能源消耗驱动经济发展的模式重现。计算并比较脱钩指数的5年均值,研究中国东部地区脱钩的空间分异情况。结果表明,经济增长与能源消耗是否脱钩与宏观政策的调整密切相关。不断提高利用效率以减少能源消耗总量,保持弱脱钩是中国经济发展与能源消耗关系的常态。