花粉源大小及花粉竞争对抗病毒转基因小麦基因漂移的影响

转基因小麦基因漂移的研究有助于建立防止外源基因逃逸以及小麦品种间种质污染。以抗小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)转基因冬小麦品种N12-1为花粉供体,以扬麦158和矮杆败育小麦为花粉受体,平行设置2种不同面积(100和400 m~2)的花粉源,通过调查距花粉源不同距离处转基因小麦的基因漂移频率,研究了花粉源大小及不同品种对转基因小麦基因漂移的影响。结果表明,花粉源大小对小麦基因漂移频率没有显著影响;不同花粉受体材料中的基因漂移频率有显著差异,在0和2 m处矮杆败育小麦中的基因漂移频率显著偏高;小麦的基因漂移频率随着距花粉源距离的增加显著下降,5 m以后降为0。研究结果表明花粉竞争是影响转基因小麦基因漂移的主要因素,距离隔离是控制小麦花粉介导的基因漂移的最有效措施之一。     

核基因组在细胞质雄性不育中的作用研究：背景与现状

细胞质雄性不育 (ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍａｌｅｓｔｅｒｉｌｉｔｙ ,ＣＭＳ) ,表现为小孢子发育异常、不能产生花粉或花粉败育 ,但卵细胞发育正常、可接受外来花粉而正常结实 ,系母性遗传 ,即细胞质遗传[1～ 4 ] .ＣＭＳ的重要性 ,首先表现为在农业生产上的巨大经济应用价值[2～ 4 ] .杂种优势的发现和利用为粮食生产带来了革命 ,但杂种种子的生产过程却是很繁杂的 ,核心是要阻止母本的自花授粉结实、保证母本植株上所结的种子全部是杂种 ,即种子的纯度很高才能保证农业生产上的应用 .ＣＭＳ ,由于其不能产生可育的花粉 ,即无自花授粉结…     

同源四倍体水稻亲本材料的结实研究

研究了2份二倍体水稻和29份同源四倍体水稻(2n=4x=48)亲本(其中4份低代材料、25份高代材料)在2004年和2005年的结实情况.与二倍体对照相比,同源四倍体材料的花粉育性、结实率均不同程度下降,尤其低代材料的花粉育性(59.6%～65.3%)和结实率(26.8%～33.5%)大幅度降低;但经过选择改良,大多数材料的花粉育性和结实率均不同程度提高.F检验表明,同源四倍体不同品种间各性状均差异显著,说明同源四倍体材料具有很大的改良潜力.从1996年到2005年对部分同源四倍体水稻进行了连续选择改良,并对其结实率进行T检验,结果表明经过9a的选择改良,同源四倍体水稻结实率显著提高.本文还对同源四倍体水稻各性状间的相关性进行了分析,结果表明,结实率与花粉育性、穗着粒数、穗实粒数极显著相关,理论产量与花粉育性、有效穗数、穗着粒数、穗实粒数、结实率及千粒重极显著相关.表3图1参18     

荔枝花雄蕊和雌蕊发育过程中碳氮化合物的动态变化

比较分析了荔枝花性决定中碳氮化合物的动态变化。结果发现：C/N较大有利于雄蕊分化,反之则有利于雌蕊分化;氨基酸含量较高有利于雌蕊分化,雄蕊的氨基酸含量仅为雌蕊的一半。脯氨酸与花粉育性存在着密切相关关系。另外,探讨了雌蕊或雄蕊败育的生理意义,在长期的进化中,败育的雌蕊或雄蕊“废物”重新被利用,为同一花中迅速发育的雌蕊或雄蕊提供能量和物质的需求,表5参13。     

转基因毛白杨外源基因转移的环境风险分析

以8年生转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株为实验材料,分离其体内、体外、根际土壤、蛀干桑天牛(Apripona germari Hope)排泄物中可培养的细菌和真菌,利用特异引物对获得的微生物进行转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株外源基因PCR检测.实验发现,381株次细菌中有6株PCR检测阳性;307株次真菌中有4株PCR检测阳性.     

四川小麦品种的旗叶光合特性

四川小麦品种光合特性优势材料筛选及研究对于提高我国弱光照地区的小麦产量具有重要意义.以41个四川小麦地方品种和2个高产推广品种(川育16和川麦42)作为材料,分3个时期(抽穗期、扬花期、灌浆期)测定各品种小麦旗叶的光合特性参数和叶面积.结果表明:四川小麦地方品种旗叶光合特性在不同生育期存在明显差异,3个时期净光合速率(NPn)高低依次为:抽穗期>扬花期>灌浆期;根据NPn、旗叶面积(FLA)和3个时期净光合速率平均值与旗叶面积乘积(mNPn×FLA)筛选出了2个光合特性优良的地方品种——ZM4846、ZM4711和1个育成品种——川育16,可作为西南弱光照地区小麦高光效育种的亲本资源.其中灌浆期水分利用率(WUE)最大的3个品种为川育16、ZM4787、ZM4679,水分利用率具有随光合速率的升高而升高的趋势.本研究明确了在3个时期各相关性状对NPn的影响,并提出在四川地区小麦高光效品种选育上应选择在灌浆期具有低胞间CO2浓度、低蒸腾速率、高水分利用率的品种.     

盐碱胁迫对水稻花粉扫描特征和生活力的影响

盐碱胁迫导致水稻结实率降低是盐碱地水稻生产中的主要问题之一.以非盐碱土壤为对照,将不同比例的盐碱土和非盐碱土壤充分混合,设置5个土壤盐碱胁迫梯度,根据苏打盐碱土的特殊性,以土壤碱化度(ESP)为胁迫指标因子,用盆栽实验研究了盐碱胁迫下水稻花粉表面形态特征、花粉生活力和柱头对花粉的接受能力等.结果表明,盐碱胁迫下,水稻花粉表面形态结构表现出明显差异,盐碱胁迫处理的花粉表面凸凹程度较浅,雕纹不明显,相对平滑,而对照(SS0)花粉粒雕纹较深,SS4盐碱胁迫下只有孔环没有孔盖.盐碱胁迫对水稻花粉生活力产生了影响,随着盐碱胁迫的增强,水稻花粉在离体培养基上的萌发率呈下降趋势,品种‘吉农大10号’花粉萌发率在SS4和SS2处理分别比对照(SS0)降低34.4%和15.5%,对盐碱胁迫反应比‘吉优1号’更为敏感.盐碱胁迫下,水稻柱头对有萌发力的花粉的接受程度依胁迫强度的增大而降低,在轻、中度盐碱胁迫(SS1、SS2)下,‘吉优1号’柱头对花粉的接受能力强于‘吉农大10号’品种,而在重度盐碱胁迫(SS3、SS4)下则相反.盐碱胁迫下柱头对花粉的接受能力对水稻结实具有重要意义.     

转WYMV-Nib8基因抗黄花叶病小麦花粉漂移研究

随着转基因作物的大规模商业化种植,转基因作物的花粉漂移所引起的生物安全问题倍受关注.以抗小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)转基因冬小麦品种N12-1为花粉供体材料,连续2 a在江苏省徐州市转基因作物环境安全实验基地进行可控的农田试验.为了研究风向对转基因小麦花粉漂移的影响,采用同心圆设计,在花粉供体周围8个方向不同距离处检测小麦花粉密度,结果显示8个方向上转基因小麦花粉密度均随与花粉源距离的增加而显著下降,但不同方向小麦花粉密度的衰减速率有显著差异,下风向转基因小麦花粉密度的衰减速率相对较慢.同时,为了研究花粉源大小对转基因小麦花粉漂移的影响,平行设置2块不同面积(100和400 m2)的花粉源,在其下风向检测小麦花粉密度,结果显示花粉源面积增大可以在一定范围内减缓转基因小麦花粉密度的衰减速率.研究结果表明,风向、风速和距离是影响转基因小麦花粉漂移的主要因素.     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基基因的PCR及AS-PCR标记

选用高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)在Glu-D1位点已知的 26个普通小麦品种,包括 15个 (TriticumaestivumL. )川育系列品种及其 11个亲本,根据其亚基Dx5和Dy10基因的特异序列设计引物.通过对Dx5基因的PCR扩增及对Dy10基因的AS-PCR扩增,结果表明,所设计的引物对Dx5和Dy10都能扩增出特异条带,而携有Dx5基因的材料同时也携有Dy10基因.说明用所设计的引物可快速有效的鉴定出普通小麦中是否带有优质的 5 10亚基.图 4参 15     

龙眼胚珠多胺含量变化与胚胎发育的关系

研究了龙眼胚胎发育与多胺(PAs)含量的关系.结果表明:正常发育的胚珠中多胺含量在胚胎发育的各个时期均高于败育胚珠.多胺含量在花后d10最高,其中腐胺(Put)约占多胺总含量的65%;以后各发育阶段多胺含量逐渐下降,其中d31~38下降幅度明显.不过,亚精胺(Spd)除d10外在正常胚珠中含量也大于败育胚珠.(Spd Spm)/(Put)和(Spm)/(PAs)比值变化与龙眼胚珠的发育有直接关系,表现为较高比值有利于胚胎发育,反之则抑制胚胎发育.多胺合成高峰先于核酸和蛋白质,推测多胺可能通过与核酸的相互作用参与核酸和蛋白质的合成和调节.图3表1参12     

No relationship between long-distance acoustic mate attraction signals and male fertility or female preference in spring field crickets

To father offspring, a male must succeed at two processes of sexual selection: (1) mate with a female and (2) fertilize her eggs. We investigated the relationships between pre- and post-copulatory male traits and female mating responses in wild-captured and laboratory-reared spring field crickets, Gryllus veletis. The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis suggests that females may receive a direct benefit, enhanced fertilization efficiency, by mating with males that signal attractively. We measured fine-scale components of male acoustic mate attraction signals as well as how much time males spent signalling, measured female preference for males in mating trials and then quantified sperm number and viability. We found no relationship between male signalling traits and male fertility or female preference, providing no evidence for the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis. We also found no difference in sperm metrics between wild-captured and laboratory-reared males. While female crickets may receive benefits by choosing males based on acoustic signal characteristics, whether the benefits are a result of genetic quality, seminal fluid contents or some other male trait remains unknown.     

Trophic variation with length in two ommastrephid squids, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ommastrephes bartramii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis</Emphasis>

From 1998 to 2001 a total of 200 Ommastrephes bartramii (27 paralarvae) and 170 Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (14 paralarvae) were sampled from the Central North Pacific. One group of non-paralarval O. bartramii (n = 30) was sampled from farther northwest in 1996. The δ¹⁵N of mantle muscle of non-paralarval O. bartramii ( = 12.4‰) was significantly greater than that of non-parlarval S. oualaniensis ( = 8.1‰) (P < 0.001). The δ¹⁵N of whole paralarvae of O. bartramii ( = 6.4‰) was not significantly different than parlarvalae of S. oualaniensis ( = 6.1‰) (P = 0.528). There was no significant difference between the mantle muscle δ¹⁵N values of male (n = 95, = 13.3‰) and female (n = 18, = 12.9 ‰) O. bartramii greater than 300 mm mantle length (ML) (P = 0.15). There was also no significant difference between the mantle muscle δ¹⁵N values of male (n = 15, = 7.2‰) and female (n = 26, = 7.3 ‰) S. oualaniensis in the same size range (P = 0.41). Overall there was a distinct logistic increase in δ¹⁵N with mantle length for O. bartramii, whereas S. oualaniensis showed an exponential increase in δ¹⁵N with mantle length that was stronger within individual years than with all samples combined. In general, adult O. bartramii are more than a trophic level above S. oualaniensis (4.3‰, 1.3 TLs). Because of the nature of the sampling protocol, this study could not separate spatial and temporal effects on the δ¹⁵N signals from each squid species. This study demonstrates the ability of stable isotope analyses to differentiate trophic levels between squid species as well as track trophic changes across size ranges from paralarvae to adults. Additional research is needed to validate these trophic changes across size within individuals.     

GIS支持下乡镇域土壤肥力评价与分析

在地理信息系统支持下,以鄂南典型红壤丘陵区为例,研究了乡镇域土壤肥力评价的方法和过程,分析了土壤肥力变化原因。结果表明,应用GIS对乡镇域土壤肥力进行评价能克服速度慢、数据更新不方便的缺点,避免乡镇农业决策者主观判断土壤肥力等级的弊病,为生产布局和用地决策提供准确的科学依据。试区土壤肥力与土壤养分、土地利用和区域经济有关,肥力等级有向中等级变化的趋势。     

生态旅游区不同距离带上植物群落的结构对比

通过对芦芽山自然保护区植物群落的结构分析 ,揭示旅游活动和群落演替的内在机理 ,为景区植被保护和旅游管理提供依据 .结果表明 :不同地段上各植被层由于各种因素的影响而有所不同 ,大部分景区的植被生长良好 .不同距离带上各植被层大致表现出近距离 <中距离 <远距离的格局规律 ,但其明显度不尽一致 ,说明各植被层反映旅游活动对群落结构作用程度的能力大小依次为乔木层 <灌木层 <苔藓层 <草本层 .5个旅游影响因子的变化趋势 ,反映了旅游活动对群落生态环境的结构作用的规律 .距游径的水平距离愈远 ,垃圾量愈少 ,林下死枝下高愈高 ,枯层愈厚 ,树桩量愈多 ,幼苗量也愈多 .不同距离带上的变化规律客观地描绘了旅游活动的规律性变化 ,近距离处旅游活动强度最大 ,中距离处次之 ,远距离处则最小 .图 1表 1参 8     

Why do male Callosobruchus maculatus beetles inseminate so many sperm?

Male Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) inseminate more sperm than females can effectively store in their spermathecae. This study examines the adaptive significance of excess sperm transfer by measuring components of male and female reproductive success in response to manipulating the number of sperm inseminated. The number of sperm transferred during copulation was reduced from 56,000 ±4,462 to 8,700±1,194 by sequentially mating males to virgin females. Reducing the number of sperm inseminated by the first male to mate had no effect on the extent of sperm precedence, but reducing the number of sperm inseminated by the second male resulted in a significant reduction in the extent of sperm precedence. When large numbers of sperm are inseminated the remating refractory period of females is increased. These results indicate that males transferring large numbers of sperm during copulation have a two-fold advantage at fertilization; they are more effective at preempting previously stored sperm and they are likely to father more offspring by delaying the time of female remating. The transfer of excess sperm does not appear to serve as nonpromiscuous male mating effort; the number of eggs laid, their fertility and the subsequent survival of zygotes were unaffected by manipulating the number of sperm inseminated. The underlying mechanisms of sperm precedence were also examined. Simple models of sperm displacement failed to accurately predict the patterns of sperm precedence observed in this species. However, the results do not provide conclusive evidence against the models but rather serve to highlight our limited understanding of the movement of sperm within the female's reproductive tract.     

Ultrastructure of the corallinaceae. I. The vegetative cells of Corallina officinalis and C. cuvierii

A technique utilizing combined fixation and gentle decalcification has been employed to study the ultrastructure of the vegetative cells of the articulated calcareous coralline algae Corallina officinalis Linnaeus and C. cuvierii Lamouroux (Rhodophyta: Cryptonemiales). The epidermal cells are distinctive, with many cell wall inggrowths which pass between the chloroplasts. It is suggested that these cells function as transfer cells. The epidermal cells contain no starch, although the chloroplasts have well developed photosynthetic lamellae. Damage to these epidermal cells leads to formation of new cells by renewed division of sub-epidermal meristematic cells. The outer cortical cells have few small vacuoles and many plastids, with an extensive photosynthetic lamellar system. Deeper into the thallus, the vacuoles increase in size and free cytoplasmic starch grains occur. The medullary cells have a very large vacuole and in older tissue often appear dead. The long genicular cells have calcareous walls at either end while the wall in the middle of these cells is non-calcareous and has an inner fibrillar layer and a thin outer cuticle. In partially decalcified material, the orientation of the CaCO₃ (calcite) crystals next to the cells can clearly be seen. Immediately next to the cell the crystals are fairly small and arranged at right angles to the plasmalemma. Further away from the cell the crystal size is larger and their orientation is more random. The crystals are surrounded by organic material, and the possible rôle of this material in calcification in coralline algae is discussed.     

33 a生福建柏人工林群落能量的研究

在福建三明对33 a生福建柏和杉木群落能量的研究结果表明福建柏群落和杉木群落干重热值和去灰分热值均以树叶最高,最低的为草本叶和茎或草本根;两个群落不同层次干重热值和去灰分热值的大小均为乔木层>林褥层>灌木层>草本层;两个群落乔木层干重热值和去灰分热值均以干皮最低. 两个群落不同组分灰分含量差异悬殊,最高的均为草本叶和茎,最低的均为干材. 福建柏的干重热值、去灰分热值、灰分含量均高于杉木,表明福建柏生成单位重量生物量的能量耗费比杉木多. 福建柏群落的能量现存量、年净增量、年归还量(通过凋落物)、年净固定量分别是杉木群落的0.97倍、1.65倍、1.15倍和1.36倍. 福建柏群落的太阳能转化效率为1.42%,而杉木群落为1.04%. 林下植被虽然能量现存量仅占群落的很小一部分,但在能量流动中占有重要地位,林下植被的能量流动速率比乔木层大得多,这对维持和提高地力较为有利. 33 a生福建柏群落仍然具有较大的能量年净增量,轮伐期应比杉木长;具有较高的能量流动速率,地力维护的能力也较强,是优良的造林树种. 福建柏经营密度应适当降低,发育群落林下植被以改良地力. 表5 参12     

Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.     

施肥对不同肥力春玉米田土壤溶解性有机质的影响

选取辽河灌区不同肥力水平春玉米（Zea mays ssp. mays L.）农田土壤为研究对象,通过连续3年田间定位试验,采用三维荧光光谱法分析了不同层次土壤溶解性有机质组分含量,研究施肥对不同肥力农田土壤溶解性有机质组分（DOM、DOC、DON、DOP）的影响,分析土壤DOM及其组分的土壤肥力效应。结果表明,施肥使高（产量12.75±0.75 t·hm^-2）、中（产量10.50±0.75 t·hm^-2）、低（产量8.25±0.75 t·hm^-2）产田土壤DOM的∑Fex/em分别增加了2.84%、3.56%和-1.52%,平均增加了1.08%,土壤w（DOC）分别增加了20.43%、16.43%和-29.11%,平均增加了9.36%,土壤w（DOP）分别增加了-22.87%、10.30%和4.15%,平均增加了-3.39%,土壤 w（DON）分别增加了-20.63%、6.97%和-8.41%,平均增加了-7.54%。施肥显著增加中产田土壤中w（DOM）,中产田底层（20-40 cm）和高产田表层（0-10 cm）、中层（10-20 cm）土壤w（DOC）,中产田中层和低产田表层土壤w（DOP）,中产田中层土壤w（DON）。施肥增加了低产田土壤FI值（荧光指数）,降低了高产田土壤FI值,施肥增加了高产田土壤HIX（腐殖化指数）,降低了中低产田土壤HIX。施肥显著增加中产田土壤DOM组分含量,降低高、低产田土壤DOM组分含量。施肥主要增加10-20 cm土壤DOM组分含量,耗损20-0 cm土壤DOM组分。施肥促进高产田土壤DOM陆源化,低产田土壤DOM生物源化,施肥使中低产田土壤DOM腐殖化程度降低。施肥不仅是土壤DOM的重要来源,同时通过影响微生物及作物根系活力促进土壤DOM的耗损,因农田土壤质地的差异,施肥对土壤DOM的影响不同。DOM荧光强度与产量呈显著正相关,具有土壤肥力指示作用。     

Variation in fertilisation abilities between hemiclonal hybrid and sexual parental males of sympatric water frogs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana lessonae</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> R. esculenta</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> R. ridibunda</Emphasis>)

In many species, males and females mate with multiple partners, which gives rise to sperm competition and multiple paternity. The experiments on water frogs presented here demonstrate that such sperm competition can affect the structure and dynamics of mixed-species communities. The hybrid frog Rana esculenta (LR) mates with one of its parental species, usually R. lessonae (LL), although in some areas R. ridibunda (RR), to regain the premeiotically eliminated parental genome ("hybridogenesis"). Mixed LL/LR-populations are stable although hybrid numbers should continuously increase at the expense of parental animals, because of differences in female fecundity and other factors. This would finally lead to the extinction of the sexual host, followed by that of the sexual parasite, unless the reproductive superiority of R. esculenta is reduced by other factors, such as lower hybrid male fertility. Eggs from LL- and LR-females were fertilised in vitro by single- and multi-male sperm suspensions of LL-, LR- and RR-males. In all experiments, the proportion of offspring sired by R. esculenta sperm was significantly lower than that sired by R. lessonae or R. ridibunda sperm. Gonad mass, sperm morphology, sperm swimming velocity, and sperm survival did not explain these differences in fertilisation success; nor did gamete recognition and compatibility. Sperm density was the only trait that paralleled fertilisation success, but it offers no explanation either, because densities were equalised for the in-vitro fertilisations. In natural LL/LR populations, the significantly smaller amount, poorer competitive ability and lower long-term survival of R. esculenta compared to R. lessonae sperm will reduce the initial reproductive superiority of hybrids and contribute to the stabilisation of mixed water-frog populations. Differences in fertilisation ability are also likely to be relevant for the structure and dynamics of several other systems with encounters between eggs and sperm from different genotypes, ecotypes, ploidy levels and/or species.