Flue gas treatability studies: a tool for techno-economic control of industrial air pollution

Air pollution problems in developing countries have gained larger fraction in the last decade especially due to non functioning and non implementation of effective air pollutioncontrol devices in industries. In industrial wastewater management, adequate treatability studies are conducted to arrive at a techno-economic treatment option. However no suchstudies were done for reducing air pollution or emission fromindustries until now in India. Little information was availableabout such studies in other countries. This article provides information about a novel technique known asflue gas treatability studies and to undertake such studies, a pilot scale system is installed in Air Pollution Control Divisionof M/s National Environmental Engineering research Institute, NEERI, Nagpur-20, India. This study is a tool for techno-economicselection of air pollution control systems specially for small/medium scale industrial emissions.     

Industrial pollution transport. Part 2. Control of industrial emissions

Solutions of the pollution transport problem and its adjoint are used to monitor mean pollution concentration in an ecologically important zone. Four strategies of control over pollutants released into the atmosphere by industrial plants are suggested. They differ by the restrictions imposed on the emission rate of each plant. All the strategies use solutions of the adjoint transport problem and assure the fulfillment of the sanitary norm in the zone. A linear interpolation of these strategies also brings pollution level in the zone down to the sanitary norm. A method of detecting the plants violating the prescribed emission rates is also given. A simple example is given to illustrate the strategies suggested.     

Industrial pollution transport. Part 1. Formulation of the problem and air pollution estimates

A pollution transport problem is formulated in a limited area. As the pollution sources we take emissions from industrial plants. Physically and mathematically suitable conditions are prescribed on the open boundaries. We show that the problem (as well as its adjoint) is well posed in the sense that a weak solution exists, is unique and depends continuously on its data. Direct and adjoint estimates of the average pollution concentration in an ecologically important zone are given, and the sensitivity of these estimates to perturbations in model parameters is analyzed.     

青岛市环境空气臭氧污染特征分析

青岛市是国家环保部确定的臭氧试点监测城市之一。文章结合青岛市市南区东部和四方区空气子站2008—2011年的试点监测数据,从区域差异、时间变化等方面分析了青岛市的臭氧污染特征,结果表明：①二区域臭氧浓度的日分布均呈现“单峰型”,12：00～15：00是一天中臭氧污染最严重的时段;②每月监测累积值市南区东部呈现“双峰型”,四方区呈现“单峰型”;③二区域臭氧污染最突出的月份均为5月;④二区域臭氧平均浓度从高到低季节排序略有差异;⑤2009年二区域臭氧污染最严重,该年四季中春季臭氧污染最为突出。     

Air pollution in Athens basin and health risk assessment

An inventory of air pollution sources within the Athens basin is carried out for the years 1989, 1992 and 1998 and the results areinputted in a climatological model for predicting ambient concentrations. Despite of the significant growth in the numberof road vehicles and the deteriorating traffic, the emissions andambient concentrations of fine particulates, CO, NO_x and VOCappear to remain reasonably constant over for the period 1989 to 1998, while these of SO₂ and Pb are reduced, mainly due to the renewal of vehicle fleet, the use of catalytic technologies and the improved quality of the used fuel. The results further indicate that for CO, NO_x and VOC the major source is road traffic, while for PM_2.5 and SO₂ both space heating andtraffic share responsibility. The air pollutant concentrations monitored by the network of 11 stations are reviewed and statistics related to air quality guidelines are presented. As fine particulate levels are not monitored, approximate PM_2.5and PM₁₀ concentrations are derived from black smoke ones on basis of experimentally determined conversion factors. The computed and monitored air pollution levels are compared and found in reasonable agreement. The results of the above analysisshow that the levels of all `classical' pollutants, with the exception of SO₂ and Pb, exceed significantly the WHO guidelines and are thus expected to exert a significant healthimpact. The latter could be quantified in relation to the PM_2.5 or PM₁₀ levels on the basis of risk assessment information developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results show that the existing levels of fine particle concentrations in Athens increase significantly the mortality and morbidity, and reduce the average longevity of the entirepopulation from 1.3 to 1.7 years.     

Management and control of pollution in Inner Johore Strait

Coastal waters in South Johore, Malaysia are polluted to various degrees. The major pollution sources are domestric wastes from human settlements, agro-based wastes from palm oil mills and rubber processing factories, industrial effluents from industrial estates and discharges from animal farms. These pollution problems have adversely affected resources such as fisheries, recreational potential as well as the general aesthetic quality of the coastal environment particularly the Inner Johore Strait. Hence proper management and control measures are urgently needed to protect and further enhance the water quality to ensure environmentally sustainable development. This study examines various management options to control the pollution in the Inner Johore Strait. The options involve partial opening as well as complete removal of the Causeway to improve the tidal flow for more effective dilution and dispersion of pollutants. Computer simulation models are used to assess the impacts of the proposed options.     

Assessing health risk from benzene pollution in an urban area

A health hazard, specifically the leukaemia risk, is evaluatedfrom different sources of benzene exposure with relation to apopulation living in an urban area of Italy. The population exposure is calculated for a reference year by sexand lyfestyle, with respect to smokers and non smokers. Potentialhealth risk is therefore quantified by means of mathematicalmodels and the relative significance of the different sources is described. The results of the analysis are useful for the identification ofappropriate risk reduction strategies to minimize exposure, inparticular when resulting from lifestyle and personal activities.     

鞍山市郊蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况调查

通过对鞍山市郊蔬菜基地土壤中重金属含量的分析表明,所采集的菜地土壤中Cd的超标率为44．4％,Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Hg无超标现象。大田菜菜地土壤中As、Hg、Pb含量比大棚菜菜地略高,Hg、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd含量超背景值。     

Multipoint source method in air pollution modelling of cold start emission

The paper presents a new method of air pollution modelling on a micro scale. For estimation of concentration of car exhaust pollutants, each car is treated as an instantaneous moving emission source. This approach enables us to model time and spatial changes of emission, especially during cold and cool start of an engine. These stages of engine work are a source of significant pollution concentration in urban areas. In this work, two models are proposed: one for the estimation of emission after cold start of the engine and another for the prediction of pollutant concentration. The first model (defined for individual exhaust gas pollutants) enables us to calculate the emission as a function of time after the cold or cool start, ambient temperature and average speed of motion. This model uses the HBEFA database. The second mathematical model is developed in order to calculate the pollutant dispersion and concentrations. The finite volume method is applied to discretise the set of partial differential equations describing wind flow and pollutant dispersion in the domain considered. Models presented in this paper can be called short-term models on a small spatial scale. The results of numerical simulation of pollutant emission and dispersion are also presented.     

Antibiotic resistance analysis of fecal coliforms to determine fecal pollution sources in a mixed-use watershed

Antibiotic resistance analysis was performed on fecal coliform(FC) bacteria from a mixed-use watershed to determine thesource, human or nonhuman, of fecal coliform contamination. The study consisted of discriminant analysis of antibioticresistance patterns generated by exposure to fourconcentrations of six antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicinsulfate, kanamycin, spectinomycin dihydrochloride,streptomycin sulfate, and tetracycline hydrochloride). Areference database was constructed from 1125 fecal coliformisolates from the following sources: humans, domestic animals(cats and dogs), agricultural animals (chickens, cattle, andhorses), and wild animals. Based on similar antibioticresistance patterns, cat and dog isolates were grouped asdomestic animals and horse and cattle isolates were grouped aslivestock. The resulting average rate of correctclassification (ARCC) for human and nonhuman isolates was94%. A total of 800 FC isolates taken from the watershedduring either a dry event or a wet event were classifiedaccording to source. Human sources contribute a majority(>50%) of the baseflow FC isolates found in the watershed inurbanized areas. Chicken and livestock sources areresponsible for the majority of the baseflow FC isolates foundin the rural reaches of the watershed. Stormwater introducesFC isolates from domestic (16%) and wild (21%) sourcesthroughout the watershed and varying amounts (up to 60%) fromchicken and livestock sources. These results suggest thatantibiotic resistance patterns of FC may be used to determinesources of fecal contamination and aid in the direction ofwater quality improvement.     

焦作市区大气污染状况与防治措施

根据“九五”期间焦作市区的大气污染监测资料,对市区大气污染状况进行了分析和评价,并对其成因进行了分析,提出了一些具体的防治措施。     

乌鲁木齐市重污染天气与气象因素变化的影响分析

利用乌鲁木齐市近年来的空气污染监测资料和同期气象观测资料,研究乌鲁木齐市重污染天气的变化特征及其与气象条件的关系,并从气象特点、局地因子等方面的变化分析污染严重的成因,进一步研究造成重污染的物理机制,为今后乌鲁木齐市空气污染综合治理提供科学依据与建议。     

城市土壤Pb污染特征及影响因素分析

以乌鲁木齐市和上海市中心城区为研究区域，按不同功能区对城市土壤采样并进行Pb含量及形态分析，结果表明：两市土壤Pb的平均值含量均超出相应土壤Pb的背景值。上海市土壤Pb的含量远远高于乌鲁木齐市；两市土壤Pb在各功能区的分布均存在明显差异，但两市土壤Pb在功能区的分布规律并不相同；两市土壤Pb的形态分布规律趋于一致，乌鲁木齐市土壤Pb活性要大于上海市。造成上述城市土壤Pb污染特征的影响因素有很多。     

乌鲁木齐市冬季重污染天气下PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及来源解析

通过乌鲁木齐市2013年2月5日至26日一次重污染天气过程中,在6个采样点位进行细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的采集,并对其中的13种重金属(Cu、Sr、Mo、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、As、Hg)含量、Mull污染指数、空间分布以及溯源进行了分析。结果显示:采样期间乌鲁木齐市重金属浓度在0.23~178 ng/m~3之间,浓度水平排序PbMnCrFeAsVCuNiSrCdMoCoHg,其中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As浓度均高于乌鲁木齐市背景值和国内外其他城市水平,且Mull污染指数处于较严重的污染水平;在重金属元素浓度的空间分布上,铁招和南公园点位重金属浓度较高,31中学和市监测站相对较低。     

空气污染对儿童肺功能指标影响的初步分析

报告中国 4城市 8所小学儿童肺功能指标受室外空气污染影响的结果。以 FVC/预测值 (85% )、FEV1 /预测值(85% )、FEV1 / FVC(实测值之比 ) (80 % )作为判断肺功能指标异常的参考标准 ,并将 8所小学按污染程度分为污染严重和污染较轻两类三组。污染严重组儿童肺功能指标的异常率均比污染较轻组要高。空气的严重污染 ,可使儿童肺功能FVC、FEV1 、FEV1 / FVC异常率的危险程度分别增高 3 0 %～ 78%、52 %～ 86%和 1 0 2 %～ 1 2 7%。异常组儿童的 FVC、FEV1 的平均值约下降 3 3 0～ 4 60 ml,FEV1 / FVC平均值约下降 1 3 %～ 1 5%。说明空气的严重污染对儿童肺功能生长发育可能有不利影响     

Cost effective management of stochastic coastal water pollution

This study develops a theoretical tool for investigating the impact on cost effective coastal water management from explicit treatment of: coastal pollutant transports, stochastic pollutant transports in the catchment areas, and wetlands as a pollutant abatement option. It is applied to a relatively well investigated estuary, Himmerfjärden, south of the Swedish capital, Stockholm. The theoretical results indicate that all three factors influence cost effective allocation of measures and associated design of economic instruments. The consideration of stochastic pollutant transports will increase costs, but the direction of influence of the other two factors cannot be determined without empirical support. The application to nitrogen transport in Himmerfjärden shows that, for target nitrogen reductions given in terms of a percentage of pre-abatement loads, the inclusion of coastal transports in the cost calculations lowers the estimated total costs for targets interpreted in terms of nitrogen loads to the marine water. The alternative investigated target interpretation was in terms of nitrogen loads to coastal waters. Depending on the ability of wetlands to abate nitrogen and to change the variance in pollutant load to the coastal recipients, costs are either increased or decreased as compared to when wetlands are excluded as nitrogen abatement options.     

Assessment of air pollution from small scale industry

Air pollution due to small scale industries have been found tocause serious occupational health hazards and adverse effects on vegetation and heritage. The study for air pollution impactassessment for brick kiln industries was undertaken. The stackmonitoring exercise was carried out to estimate the pollution level of SPM, SO₂, and NO_x. The ambient air quality was also measured in the vicinity of brick kilns to assess the impact of stack emission on ground level concentration. Characterisation of SPM for toxic metals were studied. Modelling exercise was carried to predict the impact of emission of brick kiln on surrounding environment. To minimise the emission level and ground level concentration, airpollution mitigation measures are suggested.     

兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要     

Monitoring atmospheric metal pollution: a review of the use of mosses as indicators

This article reviews the literatureon the use of mosses for monitoring atmospheric metalpollution. It discusses the nature of mosses, themechanisms for moss uptake of metals from the air andwet precipitation, the various forms in which mossesare used for this purpose, and cases in which mosseshave been used for monitoring local hot spots ofpollution, and regional patterns of metal pollution.Also highlighted are the questions of uptake of metalsfrom the substrates, interspecies differences, and acomparison of the effectiveness of mosses with otherindicator materials, among other issues.     

On the optimal control of carbon dioxide emissions: an application of FUND

This paper presents the Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution (FUND), an integrated assessment model of climate change, and discusses selected results. FUND is a nine‐region model of the world economy and its interactions with climate, running in time steps of one year from 1990 to 2200. The model consists of scenarios for economy and population, which are perturbed by climate change and greenhouse gas emission reduction policy. Each region optimizes its net present welfare. Policy variables are energy and carbon efficiency improvement, and sequestering carbon dioxide in forests. It is found that reducing conventional air pollution is a major reason to abate carbon dioxide emissions. Climate change is an additional reason to abate emissions. Reducing and changing energy use is preferred as an option over sequestering carbon. Under non‐cooperation, free riding as well as assurance behaviour is observed in the model. The scope for joint implementation is limited. Under cooperation, optimal emission abatement is (slightly) higher than under non‐cooperation, but the global coalition is not self‐enforcing while side payments are insufficient. Optimal emission control under non‐cooperation is less than currently discussed under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, but higher than observed in practice. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.