调水调沙对黄河下游颗粒有机碳输运的影响

流域内各种自然过程及人为活动对河流有机碳的输运都会产生影响,而正确认识河流有机碳的输运过程是全球碳循环研究的重要方面.于2012年调水调沙期间(6月19日至7月20日)在黄河利津采集了表层悬浮颗粒物,进行了粒度组成、颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)及其稳定同位素丰度(δ13C)等参数的分析,用来研究调水调沙期间POC的来源、组成和丰度的变化规律与影响因素.结果表明,2012年黄河调水调沙可以根据径流量和输沙量的变化分为排水和排沙两个阶段,这两个阶段黄河水沙及POC和δ13C的变化,体现了调水调沙对颗粒物及其赋存有机碳来源的影响.排水阶段径流量高达4 270 m3·s-1,下游河道被冲刷,使底层泥沙再悬浮,因此这一阶段颗粒物粒径较粗(平均中值粒径13.9μm),有机碳含量较低(平均0.38%),δ13C偏正且稳定(-24.2‰±0.3‰),可能与底层泥沙中POC年龄较老、降解程度高有关;排沙阶段含沙量大(可达17.8 kg·m-3),颗粒物较细(平均中值粒径5.9μm),有机碳含量较高(平均0.50%),δ13C偏负且波动较大(-24.8‰±0.6‰),这与颗粒物主要来自上游水库和下游暴雨冲刷河岸,POC相对新鲜有关.2012年调水调沙期间POC日通量与输沙量的变化一致,总输送量约为1.13×105t,占全年POC输送量的12%.与往年相比,2012年黄河调水调沙时期径流量增大,但输沙量和POC通量有所减小.由此可见,调水调沙对黄河颗粒有机碳的输运有重要影响,而颗粒有机碳在调水调沙期间不同阶段也有明显不同的来源、组成和输运模式.     

天津市典型城区大气碳质颗粒物的粒径分布特征和来源

为分析天津市典型城区大气碳质颗粒物的粒径分布及其来源,于2009年12月—2010年11月采用9级惯性撞击式分级采样器对大气颗粒物进行采样,采用热光碳分析仪分析了颗粒物中的EC(元素碳)和OC(有机碳)的质量浓度. 结果表明:天津市典型城区大气颗粒物中EC和OC主要存在于细颗粒物中,在≤2.1μm的4个细粒径段中,ρ(EC)的加和年均值为(2.6±0.9)μg/m3,占PM₉(空气动力学直径≤9.0μm)ρ(TEC)的72%;ρ(OC)为(21.5±7.7)μg/m3,占PM₉中ρ(TOC)的60%. ρ(EC)和ρ(OC)季节变化显著,在≤2.1μm粒径段中,春、夏、秋、冬季的ρ(EC)分别为(1.7±0.3)、(2.1±0.4)、(3.1±0.5)和(3.7±0.5)μg/m3;ρ(OC)分别为(17.6±0.4)、(14.4±1.1)、(21.9±1.8)和(32.1±2.5)μg/m3. ρ(EC)峰值分别出现在≤0.43、>0.65~1.1和>4.7~5.8μm 3个粒径段,其中最高值出现在≤0.43μm粒径段;ρ(OC)峰值分别出现在>0.65~1.1和>4.7~5.8μm 2个粒径段,最高值出现在>0.65~1.1μm粒径段. 天津市典型城区细颗粒物中的OC、EC主要来自燃煤、机动车和烹饪排放,粗颗粒物中的OC、EC则更多来自于路面和建筑扬尘.      

鹤山灰霾期间大气单颗粒气溶胶特征的初步研究

2012年6月9-17日,使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)分析了鹤山大气中单颗粒的特征,共采集到同时含有正负离子谱图的颗粒763350个,其粒径主要集中在0.2～2.0 μm之间,期间发生灰霾的天数为3d.研究结果表明,该地区的大气颗粒物类型主要可分为7种:元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)、元素-有机碳混合(ECOC)、大分子有机碳(HMOC)、海盐(Na-K)、富钾颗粒(K-rich)和富铅颗粒(Pb-rich).灰霾天气下,颗粒中的二次成分含量更高,粒径显著增大.各颗粒类型数量浓度均有一定程度的提高,其中,以EC、ECOC和K-rich的增加最为明显.分析结果表明,水稻秸秆的集中焚烧及EC、ECOC和K-rich的老化是形成本次灰霾的重要原因.     

杭州市大气颗粒物浓度及组分的粒径分布

分别于2008年11月及2009年4~5月及10月采集了杭州大气颗粒物样本,测定了杭州市大气颗粒物及其化学组分[元素碳(EC)/有机碳(OC)、11种水溶性离子、20种元素]的浓度,并研究了其粒径分布特征.结果表明,杭州市大气颗粒物质量浓度、EC和OC的质量浓度、9种离子(SO42-、NO3-、K+、Na+、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、NO2-、F-)浓度的粒径分布均显双峰结构,峰值分别出现在<0.49μm的细粒径段与3.00~7.20 μm的粗粒径段; OC、EC、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+以及主要来自人为源的元素(Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sb、Cd)主要集中在<3.0μm的细颗粒物中;杭州市大气细颗粒物中二次污染严重,细颗粒物主要受工业、交通等人为源影响.     

城市黑烟车颗粒物排放水平与组分研究

为研究黑烟车颗粒物的排放特征,通过台架测试对12辆测试车辆排放的颗粒物进行了采集,进一步采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)分析了同排放标准同车型的黑烟车与非黑烟车所排放颗粒物在粒径、化学组分上的差异。结果表明:黑烟车颗粒物排放水平高于非黑烟车;黑烟车和非黑烟车排放以超细颗粒(粒径小于1.0μm)为主,而黑烟车排放粒径小于300nm、1.0~2.5μm范围的颗粒物占PM2.5总数的比例均高于非黑烟车;黑烟车排放颗粒物碳质组分以长链碳为主,而非黑烟车颗粒物碳质组分以短碳链为主。因此,黑烟车颗粒物具有排放水平高、300nm以下粒径颗粒比例高、长碳链多的特征,对环境和人体健康的危害更大,在机动车污染防治工作中应给予足够重视。     

上海市大气颗粒物中有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）的粒径分布

分析了上海市嘉定区不同粒径大气颗粒物(0.49、0.49～0.95、0.95～1.50、1.50～3.00、3.00～7.20、7.20μm)中OC和EC质量浓度的粒径分布特征;讨论了不同粒径大气颗粒物中二次有机碳EC示踪法中(OC/EC)pri的选定方法,用改进后的EC示踪法估算出上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中的二次有机碳(SOC)质量浓度的粒径分布;通过OC和EC的相关性定性分析了上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物的主要来源.上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中OC和SOC的质量浓度呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.49μm与3.00μm的粒径段,EC出现双峰或三峰分布,与OC相比,更集中在0.49μm的粒径段.细颗粒(3.00μm)中OC和EC分别占总OC和EC质量浓度的59.8%～80.0%和58.1%～82.4%,OC和EC的质量浓度主要集中在3.00μm的颗粒物中.不同粒径颗粒物中SOC占相应粒径段内OC浓度的15.7%～79.1%,其中细颗粒物(3.00μm)和粗颗粒物(3.00μm)中SOC质量浓度占相应粒径段中OC的41.4%和43.5%.OC、EC和SOC的粒径分布显现出明显的时间依存性.OC和EC的相关性分析表明,上海嘉定区大气颗粒物的污染源主要以轻型汽油车尾气为主.     

民用燃煤排放分级颗粒物中碳组分排放因子

中国是全球碳质气溶胶最重要的贡献者之一,民用燃煤排放占有很大的比重.排放因子的不确定性直接影响碳气溶胶排放清单的准确性.本研究基于室内模拟燃烧实验和稀释通道采样系统,采用FA-3型9级撞击采样器采集了3种蜂窝煤(考虑明烧和闷烧)和包括烟煤与褐煤在内的4种块煤燃烧排放的九级粒径颗粒物,采用热光法分析了不同粒径颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量,计算得到排放因子.结果表明:(1)对于蜂窝煤的明烧与闷烧,PM2.1中OC排放因子分别为0.07g·kg~(-1)和0.10 g·kg~(-1),EC的排放因子为0.002 g·kg~(-1)和0.001 g·kg~(-1);闷烧排放的有机碳颗粒物高于明烧;元素碳排放因子低于明烧.块煤排放PM2.1中OC与EC排放因子分别是1.4 g·kg~(-1)和0.02 g·kg~(-1),高出蜂窝煤排放一个数量级.(2)粒径分析结果表明,民用煤燃烧排放的颗粒物及其载带的碳组分集中在细颗粒物上,碳组分的质量中值粒径均小于2.5μm,总碳(OC+EC)的排放因子粒径分布表明蜂窝煤燃烧排放的碳组分富集于≤0.43μm粒径段,块煤富集于0.43~0.65μm粒径段.     

大气微小颗粒物中汞的污染特性初步研究

采用分级采样器采集大气中微小颗粒物中的汞,用冷原子吸收测汞仪分析。结果表明,颗粒态汞浓度随粒径分布呈双峰型,2个峰值分别出现在粒径1.0μm和4.0μm左右,与水溶性离子,碳含量的粒径分布基本一致。PM_(1.6)、PM_(8)和TSP中颗粒态汞的浓度分别为0.150、0.273、0.429ng/m~3,汞的质量分数分别为3.75.1.09、1.07μg/g,高于背景参考值;结果还表明,颗粒态汞主要集中在细颗粒中。通过正态概率分布测算,PM_(1.6)、PM_(6)中汞主要来自于1个主体源;PM_(1.6)中汞的浓度与硫酸根离子呈显著性相关,而与硝酸根离子、氯离子则不显著相关:说明颗粒物中汞的主要来源可能与燃煤有关。     

云冈石窟大气细颗粒物化学成分的单颗粒分析

定量电子探针X射线微区分析技术具有采样时间短、测量所需的样品量少、既能观察颗粒物的大小、形貌,又能获得元素定量组成的优点,是进行大气气溶胶单颗粒分析的有力工具。该文在详细介绍该技术操作步骤的基础上,将其应用于云冈石窟景区大气细颗粒物化学成分的研究,通过对20110918-20110921不同粒径范围的颗粒物测定结果表明:粒径大于1μm的颗粒主要含铝硅酸盐、碳酸钙、石英等初级矿物尘,反应或老化的矿物尘很少,二次颗粒基本未检出;粒径小于1μm的颗粒以有机碳和元素碳为主,且元素碳的相对丰度大于有机碳。以上结果说明在采样时段内当地以土壤尘、沙尘、煤尘以及燃烧产生的颗粒为主,SO2、NO2、有机物质对当地空气质量影响较小。     

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究燃煤尘质谱特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)和再悬浮采样器联用的方式对燃煤电厂烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征进行测定,并使用颗粒物粒径分级采样仪ELPI测定其粒径分布特征.研究表明,SPAMS监测得到的粒径分布与ELPI结果差异较大,SPAMS对于500 nm以上粒径段检测效果较好;两个样品正谱图中有非常明显的锂、钙、钛、铝等金属组分信号和碳组分信号特征,负谱图中硅酸盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等信号比较明显,并且随着粒径的增加碳组分、硫酸盐和硝酸盐等组分对应的信号强度逐渐减弱,而硅酸盐、铝、钙和钛等组分对应的信号强度逐渐增强;对两个样品使用ART-2a聚类获得多个颗粒物类别,分析表明,它们均含有元素碳二次类(硫酸盐和硝酸盐缩写为二次Sec)、有机碳二次类、铝元素碳类、铝钙硅酸盐类和富硅酸盐类等颗粒物类别,并且随着粒径的增加金属硅酸盐颗粒出现频率增大,而含碳颗粒与硫酸盐出现频率降低.但烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征呈显著差异,下载灰样品更能代表燃煤源真实排放特征.建议在今后建立基于单颗粒质谱固定源成分谱时,应使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪在外场进行实测,并使用聚类的方法提取不同粒径段上的源质谱特征,可能会取得更好的效果.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.