生态购买是西部生态建设的新战略

生态购买是我国西北地区的强烈要求，也是我国“只能保证过程，不能保证结果”生态建设模式的反思结果。“国有私营”生态购买初衷是政府收购生态建设的产品，既帮助农户脱贫致富，又确保生态建设产品的形成、巩固和转化利用。生态购买以生态建设成果（生态产品）为投资管理的重点，确保生态产品形成效率和转化利用速度，生态效益转化为经济效益。生态购买不仅使生态产品商品化和货币化，实现“生态致富”，更为重要的是培育市场意识、思维、文化，加速培育生态建设市场，充分发挥市场机制的作用，整合社会资源和力量，增强生态建设的实力、能力、吸引力和竞争力。本文经济角度和政策层面．探讨生态购买的产生背景、概念、内涵、原理、功能、方法、程序等。为生态购买的实施提供启发和对策。     

无锡市生态足迹的系统动力学仿真研究

以生态足迹衡量居民对生态资源的需求,构建了包含社会经济、环境、人口、资源子系统的无锡市生态足迹系统动力学模型,分析了各因素对生态足迹系统的驱动作用和相互关系。基于模型预测了无锡市“十二五”期间的生态足迹数值,显示未来5年无锡市的生态足迹将继续呈现递增趋势,反映出居民对生态资源需求和对环境潜在压力不断增大。因此,市政府需重视居民的生态需要,不断改善生态环境,持续推进生态城市建设工作。     

生态抑制型贫困研究文献综述

从生态抑制型贫困的概念与内涵,形成原因以及措施和政策三方面综述了国内外关于生态抑制型贫困研究的最新动态。认为生态抑制型贫困治理未来应进一步探索若干具有更广普适性、有效性和可持续性的扶贫模式和机制,构建实现减贫和生态保护双重目标的跨区域合作减贫机制和模式,形成政府引导、多元化主体参与、市场运作的扶贫机制,特别需要加强对连片贫困区域进行针对性研究,为全国其他生态抑制型贫困区域提供经验借鉴。     

浅谈城市绿地的价值与科学构建

城市绿地具有重要的生态功能 ,并具有一定的经济和社会价值 ,也是评选“生态城市”的主要依据和标志。文章阐述了城市绿地的价值 ,并对如何科学构建城市绿地提出了合理建议。     

基于熵权法的武汉生态城市建设评价

以武汉城市圈“两型”社会建设综合配套改革试验区的核心城市武汉市为例,从自然生态、经济生态和社会生态角度构建了四级“两型”生态城市评价指标体系,并采用熵权法确定指标权重,对武汉生态城市建设进行综合评价.结果表明,近十年武汉生态综合指数(ECI)持续稳健增长,但各子系统发展水平和发展速度不均衡,各具体指标发展差异显著,因此系统协调性是今后武汉生态城市建设应关注的核心.     

努力创建生态绿色城市——辽宁省普兰店环保工作报告

2004年以来,辽宁省普兰店市以改善全市环境质量和建设现代化生态城市为目标,着力于综合决策、污染防治和生态环境保护,全面实施“蓝天碧海绿地”工程,采取关闭污染严重企业、开展城市环境综合整治等重大举措,不断完善公众参与机制,全面推进环境基础设施建设,使全市的生态环境质量有明显改善,全民的生态保护意识明显提高,确保了经济、社会和环境的协调同步发展。     

自然生态小区建设指导原则及其建设内容探讨--以筠连县大雪山自然生态小区为例

自然生态小区是构建优美生态环境区域的生态“细胞工程”。它根据当地的自然状况和社会经济状况,以较小的经济和社会代价实现一定区域生态环境优美、生态文明有序、生态系统良性循环的社会经济生态综合体。由于自然生态小区的建设是新兴事物,其建设途径还有很多问题值得探讨。在自然生态小区建设投资方面,应当明确生态环境建设投资和生产赢利建设投资,对于前者应当以政府和政策性投资为主,而后者应当是在政策法规规范下的企业投资为主;在发展模式方面,应当促进环境友好的规模化高效益产业,包括有机绿色产业、地方特色产业、民族文化产业等;在效益分配方面,必须要充分考虑整个社区居民资源共享和利益合理分配,实现整个社区生态文明建设和经济发展目标的一致。     

生态文明晋级“五位一体”呼唤思维创新

生态文明建设晋级“五位一体”,契合了对“生态文明”的广义解读,即不再是单纯的节能减排和环境保护问题,而是要融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设的各方面和全过程。     

生态补偿理论研究进展

生态补偿是生态经济学领域的一个研究热点,研究者、决策者和实践者都将生态补偿视为应对生态系统退化的有效政策工具。围绕生态补偿的定义、补偿客体、生态补偿主体、补偿标准和方式,学术界进行了大量研究,形成了市场交易、生态经济、税收补贴和社会制度等多种生态补偿理论框架。但是,由于这些理论存在不同程度的缺陷,在实践中难以避免挤出效应、外溢效应、交易费用高等问题,也不利于协调效率、效益和公平之间的关系。构建具有普遍适用性和可操作性的生态补偿理论框架,需要研究如何将生态服务纳入经济学的总供给和总需求分析模型,提出简便易行的生态服务价值综合评估方法,统一生态服务价值与经济领域价值计量的基础,从生态、经济和社会的综合维度研究针对不同生态服务补偿机制的有效尺度。     

生态城市研究进展

近些年来,生态城市的建设在世界各地方兴未艾,随着人们对其研究的深入,其意义发生了很大的变化。生态城市中的“生态”,已不再是单纯生物学的含义,而是综合的、整体的概念,蕴涵社会、经济、自然的复合内容。本文回顾了国内外生态城市建设的背景及其发展的基本情况,阐述了生态城市的本质及内涵,分析了生态城市建设的主要内容,并展望了其发展前景。     

对生态补偿政策的几点思考

建立生态补偿政策是实现“三个转变”和制度创新的需要。环境资源价值理论、经济外部性理论和公共产品理论是生态补偿政策的理论基础;“破坏者付费,保护者受益原则”、“受益者补偿原则”、“公平性原则”、“政府主导、市场推进原则”和“分步推进”是生态补偿的基本原则。目前,我国事实的生态补偿政策主要包括财政补偿、流域内部补偿、征收生态环境补偿税费、市场方式补偿、异地开发补偿和国家间补偿。中国的生态补偿政策存在观念障碍、法律障碍、技术障碍,需要采取有效措施,尽快完善我国的生态补偿政策。     

Evaluating aquacultural use of thermal effluents: An application of system dynamics to environmental problem solving

Given the ecological burden imposed by power plants located in the coastal zone, efforts to improve the marginal benefits realized from their operation are warranted. Indeed, if this source of environmental pollution can be utilized to compensate for past ecological damage, then the benefits will be magnified many-fold.This study addresses the economic feasibility of utilizing heated effluent water from power plants to invigorate the growth of oysters raised under controlled conditions. The preliminary findings indicate that given proper combinations of system capacity, supplemental nutrient supplies, sea water flow and temperature gradients, such an operation is feasible.This is also a demonstration of a viable application of a sophisticated computer modeling approach to environmental problems. System Dynamics a technique pioneered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is applied to evaluate the physical, biological, and economic interrelationships of the aquacultural system variables. It offers many advantages for the environmental manager and researcher, a number of which are realized in the present investigation.     

Environmental functions as a unifying concept for ecology and economics

Summary In spite of the increased awareness about many environmental problems, degradation and pollution of the natural environment by human actions still continue on a large scale. Some of the main reasons for man's continued abuse of the natural environment are the short-term nature of the economic planning process, which largely ignores the negative long-term effects of economic production on the environment (e.g. pollution), and the fact that the pricing system mainly concentrates on man-made goods and services while considering most natural resources to be free goods.This paper argues that environmental functions (i.e. natural goods are services) are at least as important to human welfare as man-made goods and services and should, therefore, be included in economic accounting procedures. To this end, it is suggested to replace the term natural resources by the concept of environmental functions and, efforts should be undertaken to increase our understanding of the ecological and socio-economic benefits of environmental functions to human society. Only when ecological principles become an integral part of economic planning and political decision-making is there a chance of achieving a happy global village based on harmony between man and nature.Rudolf S. de Groot is an environmental consultant and a Ph.D candidate in environmental planning and management in the Nature Conservation Department of the Agricultural University Wageningen. As a member of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Planning he is involved in the activities of the European Committee for National Conservation Strategies, to implement, monitor and update National and European Conservation Strategies.     

西部开发与新疆生态环境保护

开发西部地区已经成为我国一项跨世纪的战略任务,搞好西部地区的生态环境保护是西部大开发的首要任务。新疆地处内陆地区,以典型的绿洲经济为主体,生态环境比较脆弱,人口承载能力比较低;多年来不合理的经济开发活动导致生态环境严重恶化。本文针对新疆生态环境的的现状和主要问题,提出生态环境保护中应遵循的三个主要原则,并提出新疆生态环境保护的八条具体对策。     

How does economic complexity influence environmental degradation? New insights from African countries

This paper seeks to investigate the effect of economic complexity on environmental degradation in 20 selected African countries over the period 1991–2014. The Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS), and Driscoll-Kraay estimators (DK) are used to capture the objectives of the study. The results suggest that economic complexity and economic growth enhance environmental degradation. Also, natural resources rents and globalization improve environmental quality. Furthermore, the findings reject the U-shaped relationship between economic complexity and environmental degradation. In addition, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test shows a bidirectional causal relation between economic complexity and environmental degradation. Taking into account the ecological deficit or ecological reserve status of country, it is shown that while the natural resource rents reduce environmental degradation in ecological reserve countries, they increase environmental degradation in ecological deficit countries. The results are robust when an alternative measure of economic complexity is used. Based on these findings, the paper suggests that the governments of African countries should take into account economic complexity when designing their environmental protection policies.     

Evaluating China's Slope Land Conversion Program as sustainable management in Tianquan and Wuqi Counties

Increased soil erosion on sloped land has become a significant environmental concern in China that has been attributed to human activities such as deforestation, over-cultivation, and over-grazing of livestock. In order to reduce soil erosion on sloped lands, the Chinese government has responded by implementing large-scale, ecological rehabilitation programs, including the "Grain for Green" reforestation project. This program involves financial incentives to transition farmers into other economic activities with the goal of reducing ecological pressures and degradation. Because of the scope and potential impacts from these programs, detailed research is needed to understand their social and ecological effects. This paper reports on research conducted in Tianquan County, Sichuan Province, and Wuqi County, Shaanxi Province, that evaluates the effects of the program upon local economies and household livelihood systems. The paper argues that the successful conversion of farmland under "Grain for Green" depends upon local government involvement, local economic development, and funding for local projects. Without economic development within rural economies, we conclude that farmers will remain dependent upon continued subsidy assistance to meet the policy's ambitious environmental restrictions, thereby undermining the program's long-term sustainability.     

“一带一路”视域下环境保护问题的战略定位与治理体系

环境保护是"一带一路"建设的重要议题,它所面临的挑战更多源于沿线国家和地区经济发展任务繁重与生态环境先天脆弱之间的矛盾。仅仅依靠单个政府部门或某一政策,或者仅仅依靠单个国家或地区的某一倡议与行动,均不足以应对"一带一路"建设中的跨国环境风险,这将倒逼国内与国际社会提升环境保护的战略地位,构建新型环境治理体系。"一带一路"沿线的各地政府不仅要发挥生态环保的示范作用,还要建立横向若干部门和纵向各级政府的协同治理机制,完善环境保护跨国合作制度,鼓励企业、NGO组织与民间力量、智库共同参与环境治理。     

国家环境经济政策进展评估报告2020

本年度国家环境经济政策进展评估报告采用实地调研法和政策分析法,对2020年我国环境经济政策进展进行了系统评估,总体结论认为环境经济政策在污染防治攻坚战和生态环境质量改善中发挥了积极作用,有效支撑服务了高质量发展。绿色财政、环境资源价格、绿色税收、生态补偿、绿色金融等政策推进取得了积极进展,但是环境经济政策体系仍不够完善,服务于生态文明建设的环境经济政策仍然存在结构性短缺,需要积极推进环保投融资、生态补偿等环境经济政策的创新运用,着力构建支撑高质量发展和高水平生态环境保护的长效机制。     

城市环境总体规划中的布局问题研究——以北京市丰台区为例

城市环境总体规划是对城市中长期环境管理的综合安排,是环境保护基础性的规划,其核心问题在于规模、结构和布局,即从城市环境、资源与生态约束角度为社会经济发展规划、城市总体规划与土地利用规划提出限制(环境、资源与生态红线),从环境承载力与发展生态适宜性分区角度为城市发展规划提出发展适度规模、结构与布局。在城市"多规融合"的实践过程中,城市环境总体规划,作为政府综合决策的重要支撑之一,可以为其他的规划编制提供约束条件以及土地供给能力测算值,使得各规划间能够相互支撑、相互融合,因此有必要先行。本文以北京市丰台区环境总体规划为例,从布局角度出发,基于区域土地资源供给能力对丰台区进行土地生态适宜性评价,并得到土地生态适宜性区划图,从而提出丰台区城市总体规划与土地利用规划的限制条件,为城市环境总体规划先行提供科学依据。     

浅谈生态墙在乌鲁木齐生态城市建设中的作用

根据乌鲁木齐市的经济社会和城市规划建设现状,研究与构建乌鲁木齐城市生态框架,整治城市环境污染,提高环境质量,健全气流通道,协调水利,并通过绿色通道及“绿楔”、“绿脉”形成通畅的气流,恢复城市外部范围生物的正常输入和市中心区生物基因的自然调节使城市动植物群落之间相适宜,把乌鲁木齐市建成空气清新、景观秀丽、环境宜人的生态城市。