城市大气总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物是造成全球大部分城市空气污染严重的原因之一,世界各国对之已进行过很多的研究。大量的研究显示,总悬浮颗粒物的污染非常严重,是影响城市空气质量的首要污染物。总悬浮颗粒物的源以人为来源为主,其汇则以湿沉降为主。总悬浮颗粒物对城市气候的影响主要通过2种方式:一种是通过散射或吸收太阳辐射直接影响气候;另一种是以云凝结核的形式改变云的光学特性和云的分布而间接影响气候。但是总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛相互关系的研究目前还未受到应有的关注,总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互作用尚未有定论,总悬浮颗粒物既有促进城市热岛形成,也有促进城市冷岛形成的研究报道。文章认为可从如下3个方面探讨总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系:(1)总悬浮颗粒物在城市热岛中的贡献;(2)总悬浮颗粒物影响城市热岛的作用机理;(3)总悬浮颗粒物与城市植被和城市热岛的相互关系及植被对总悬浮颗粒物的净化、对城市热岛的缓解。研究总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系为制定科学合理的城市大气总悬浮颗粒物污染防治措施,有效缓解现代城市热岛难题提供理论依据。     

Tradable fuel economy credits: Competition and oligopoly

Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) regulations specify minimum standards for fuel efficiency that vehicle manufacturers must meet independently. We design a system of tradeable fuel economy credits that allows trading across vehicle classes and manufacturers with and without considering market power in the credit market. We perform numerical simulations to measure the potential cost savings from moving from the current CAFE system to one with stricter standards, but that allows vehicle manufacturers various levels of increased flexibility. We find that the ability for each manufacturer to average credits between its cars and trucks provides a large percentage of the potential savings. As expected, the greatest savings come from the greatest flexibility in the credit system. Market power lowers the potential cost savings to the industry as a whole, but only modestly. Loss in efficiency from market power does not eliminate the gains from credit trading.     

抚顺城区大气悬浮颗粒物污染与呼吸系统疾病死亡率相关性的定量分析

为了定量分析大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)对居民呼吸系统疾病死亡率的影响,采用单因素泊松(Poisson)回归分析法,研究了辽宁省抚顺市城区TSP浓度变化与市区1999～2003年呼吸系统疾病死亡率的相关关系.结果发现,在消除了时间、气象等因素影响后,滞后4日TSP浓度每增加50μg·m-3,呼吸系统疾病总人群组死亡率相对危险度(OR)增加1.02195(95%CI=1.00195～1.04245),即滞后4日TSP浓度变化造成总人群组呼吸系统疾病死亡率明显增加的超额死亡率为2.195%.抚顺城区大气TSP污染可能是市区居民呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加的原因之一.     

Cost-Effective Policies to Improve Urban Air Quality in Santiago, Chile

This paper examines the applicability of market-based incentives for controlling emissions of particulate matter from fixed sources, in a developing-country context. It uses Santiago, Chile as a case study. A linear programming model has been developed to establish the costs of achieving different air quality targets using marketable permits and command-and-control (CAC) policies. The main conclusion is that an ambient permit system (APS) substantially reduces compliance costs of achieving a given air quality target at each receptor location in the city. Consequently, the use of permits is warranted. However, spatial differentiation of permits is required, thus complicating the design and use of such an instrument. Moreover, the reduction in compliance costs under APS is significantly less when the air quality targets imposed for each receptor location are the same as those achieved by other CAC policies.     

应用ISCST3与ADMS-Urban预测抚顺TSP浓度的比较

应用工业源复合短期模型(ISCST3)和ADMS-Urban模型来确定抚顺市空气中TSP浓度。结果发现:ISC-ST3模拟TSP与实测值的相关系数到达0.77;ADMS-Urban模拟TSP与实测值的相关系数到达0.85。同时确认的数据表明在抚顺地区运用模型模拟大气中污染物的方法是可行的。综合比较ISCST3模型和ADMS-Urban模型发现ADMS-Urban要优于ISCST3,在某些方面ISCST3还需要进一步的改进和改善。     

基于RS和GIS的长沙城市热岛效应与TSP污染耦合关系

城市热岛效应反映了城市化发展对城市环境的影响,是影响城市生态环境的一个重要因素。文章以长沙市为例,利用3S技术与传统技术相结合对大气中总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)在城市热岛中的作用与贡献进行了研究。结果表明,长沙城市热岛效应与TSP污染在空间与时间分布上都具有耦合关系。采用RS和GIS技术可以从空间上对TSP在城市热岛中的贡献进行研究。长沙市TSP污染的分布特征和热岛强度分布状况基本一致,都是由市中心往外逐渐减轻。TSP高值区,城区呈高温区;TSP低值区,城区呈低温区。采用长沙市TSP高值区、TSP低值区的两个监测点2002年逐月TSP监测数据及相应气象统计数据,从时间上对TSP污染与城市热岛效应进行了相关性研究,长沙市TSP污染与热岛强度在年度分布上存在正相关关系。随着长沙城市建设和城市化速度的加快,城市热岛强度有逐年增强的趋势。3S技术与传统技术相结合,使科学研究更客观、准确。3S技术用于中尺度的区域环境质量调查,可实现空间区域的定量表达,而传统技术获取的环境背景数据,则从微观上对空间数据的准确性进行验证。     

广州市城市热岛时间变化特征及与大气总悬浮颗粒物关系的研究(英文)

文章研究了1985-2005年期间广州市城市热岛强度时间变化及与大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度的关系.结果表明.由于经济的快速增长和城市化进程不断加快,广州市城市热岛效应十分明显,年平均热岛强度在0.20～2.10℃之间波动.受季风等大范围气候背景及降雨的影响,月平均热岛强度具有明显的季节变化特征,总体上呈"U"字形变化,其中7月份热岛强度最低,11月份最高.不同时次(02:00,08:00,14:00和20:00)的热岛强度以08:00时最高,而以14:00最低.最低温度下的热岛强度呈现出稳定增长的趋势(平均值为1.09℃),显示出广州近地面平均气温上升以最低温度最为明显.自1994年之后广州市大气总悬浮颗粒物水平呈现出明显的下降趋势,然而1982年到1998年期间仍然超过了国家大气质量二级标准所规定的浓度限值0.200 mg/m3.研究还表明,广州城市年平均热岛强度与年平均大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度之间存在显著的负相关,负相关系数为-0.676.尽管市区大气总悬浮颗粒物可以反射太阳辐射,降低日照时间,最终产生致冷效应,但是广州城市热岛效应是全球气候变暖下的大气增温和悬浮颗粒物降温之间平衡作用的结果.     

Suspended particulates in the Jamaican atmosphere

The results of a survey of air particulates at 23 sites across Jamaica for total suspended particulates (TSP), Al, Br, Cl, Na, Pb, and V, by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) are reported. The geometric mean of TSP values, 35 g m-3, is well within the World Health Organisation's standard of 60 g m-3 for TSP, but in areas of high vehicular traffic density the TSP values exceeded this limit. The correlation coefficient between Br and Pb concentrations in the particulates was 0.92 and the Br/Pb ratio of 0.38 compares well with a ratio of 0.39 found in commercial petrol indicating that the exhaust from vehicular traffic is the major source of Pb in atmospheric particulate matter in Jamaica.     

喀什市交通主干道沿线大气颗粒物及其重金属含量分布特征

对喀什市具有代表性的5条交通主干道低空下的TSP及TSP中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn进行了分析。结果表明：喀什市交通主干道TSP在晴天的平均浓度为118μg/m^3、在浮尘天的平均浓度为316μg/m^3。与国标[GB 3095—1996]（300μg/m^3）相比,TSP在晴天未超标,在浮尘天超标;同时研究发现车流量与TSP之间存在一定的正相关关系。喀什市交通主干道TSP中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn在晴天的平均含量分别为1.11μg/m^3、0.63μg/m^3、0.16μg/m^3,Zn未检出;在浮尘天的平均含量为2.74μg/m^3、1.03μg/m^3、2.36μg/m^3、7.10μg/m^3,TSP中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的浓度随距交通主干道距离的增加有下降的趋势。     

Study of the ambient air metallic elements Cr,Cu, Zn,Cd and Pb at HAF sampling sites

This study characterized diurnal variations in the compositions of total suspended particulates (TSP) and dry deposits of particulates from ambient air, and the metallic elements that are contained in them at harbor, airport and farmland (HAF) sampling sites from August, 2013 to July, 2014. Two-way ANOVA of the amounts of metallic elements in the TSP and dry deposits was carried out in all four seasons at the HAF sampling sites. The metallic elements Cr and Cu originated in local emission sources at the airport. Metallic elements Zn and Pb originated in local emission sources at the harbor. Finally, metallic element Cd originated in local emissions form farmland. The following results were also obtained. (1) The metallic composition of the TSP differed significantly from that of the dry deposits in all four seasons at the harbor and farmland sampling sites, but not at the airport sampling site. (2) High correlations coefficients were found between the amounts of metallic elements Cr and Cu in the TSP and those in the dry deposits at the airport sampling site. (3) Pb was present in the TSP and the dry deposits at the harbor sampling site.     

太原市环境空气中TSP和PM_(10)来源解析

2001年到2002年,在太原市5个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)。用化学质量平衡模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源,结果表明,各主要源类对TSP的分担率依次为燃煤尘28%、扬尘24%、建筑水泥尘14%、硫酸盐10%、机动车尾气尘10%、土壤风沙尘5%、钢铁尘4%、硝酸盐4%、其它1%;对PM10的分担率依次为扬尘30%、燃煤尘18%、机动车尾气尘15%、硫酸盐11%、土壤风沙尘9%、建筑水泥尘7%、硝酸盐4%、其它1%。     

Ambient air particulates-bound metallic elements sources identifications during winter and summer at a Science Park

The ambient air particulates pollutants of total suspended particulates (TSP) and PM_2.5 were collected by using PS-1 and Wilbur PM_2.5 sampler, simultaneously during the year of 2015–2017 at a photoelectric factory in Science Park of central Taiwan. And those of the ambient air atmospheric metallic elements (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) concentrations which attached on the TSP and PM_2.5 were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. In addition, identifying anthropogenic and natural pollutants sources were conducted by using the enrichment factor (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA) methods. The results indicated that the average TSP and PM_2.5 concentrations were ranked highest in winter season, while summer season was ranked lowest during the year of 2015–2016. In addition, the average highest metallic element concentrations were occurred in winter season for both TSP and PM_2.5 during the year of 2015–2016, while the average lowest metallic elements concentrations in TSP and PM_2.5 were also occurred in winter season during the year of 2016–2017. Moreover, the EF analysis results showed that the metallic element Zn came from anthropogenic emission source. As for metallic element Mn, the results showed that metallic element Mn was mainly attributed to natural emission in this study. Finally, the PCA results showed that metallic elements Cr, Zn and Pb were the dominant emissions metallic elements in this study. As for PM_2.5, the results showed that the metallic elements Cr, Cu and Pb were the dominant emissions metallic elements at this HPB sampling site.

     

乌鲁木齐市TSP分布特征及影响因素分析

利用大流量采样器采集了2009年乌鲁木齐市TSP样品,通过对样品和数据的分析处理,揭示了乌鲁木齐市TSP基本特征及影响因素：（1）市北郊、中心城区和南郊山区的TSP质量浓度年均值变化较大,卫星站为0.483 8 mg.m^-3,高于年轮实验室（0.453 6 mg.m^-3）和雷达站（0.227 6 mg.m^-3）,均高于国家年均浓度的二级标准（0.200 0 mg.m^-3）。各区域的TSP有很强的区域性分布特征,地形及能源消费状况是其主要影响因素。（2）雷达站、卫星站和年轮实验室季节平均浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,白杨沟夏季则最高,秋季最低。（3）市区TSP冬半年的月均浓度维持较高水平,受人为影响较小的白杨沟站TSP月均浓度变化很小;采样日TSP质量浓度与当日的气象条件和污染源排放情况有密切联系。（4）TSP质量浓度高于其他北方城市,远高于沿海城市,春季多风沙、冬季燃煤取暖和稳定的大气环境,是造成TSP质量浓度较高的主要因素。     

北京城区大气多环芳烃的沉降特征

从2006年6月至2007年6月期间采集了北京市区的降尘和大气TSP,分析了其中的PAHs和降尘的粒度。降尘颗粒大部分在100μm以下,体积平均径和中位径D50的范围分别为18.89-53.117μm和11.59-28.98μm。全年降尘平均沉降通量为0.451 9 t/（km2.d）,冬季高,夏秋季低;∑16PAHs的沉降通量平均为4.76 g/（km2.d）,冬季高,夏季低,与同期的大气SO2的API指数显著相关。TSP中的∑16PAHs与降尘中的∑16PAHs具有显著的相关关系,成分谱一致。PAHs的沉降速率变化范围为0.004-5.46 cm/s,夏季高、冬季低。交通沿线∑16PAHs的沉降通量远远高于非交通线的沉降通量。     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法研究大气颗粒物中元素浓度

1　IntroductionAirborneparticulatematterisoneoftheimportantmarkersofairqualityandisanimportanthealthconcerninurbanareas,especiallywithrespecttoanumberofchronicrespiratorydiseases.Medicaldatasuggeststhatitisthisfractionofparticulatematterthatbecomesdeeplyi…     

羊角月芽藻摄取磷形态的动力学研究

将湖水中的磷分成总溶解磷,溶解反应磷,总反应磷、溶解的水解性磷,溶解的光解性磷。研究其在羊角月芽过程中的变化。     

城市大气中SO2、TSP、NO2的时空变化特性

以长沙市2001年大气监测数据为基础，对长沙市区大气污染现状及SO2，NO2和TSP分别与大气降水酸度之间的关系和三者的时空变化特征进行了研究．结果表明：长沙市区的大气污染现状达到警戒水平．SO2与降水酸度线性模型的回归系数为-0．5448，表明降水pH值随SO2浓度的增加而降低。TSP与降水酸度的回归模型呈二次分布，对降水pH值的作用决定于组成TSP的颗粒物粒径，而NO2对降水pH值的作用不大．长沙市区大气污染以春冬两季最为严重．SO2，NO2和TSP浓度分布以火车站最高，其次是伍家岭；作为清洁对照点的马坡岭站点的大气环境质量达到国家环境质量二级标准，NO2浓度则达到国家环境质量一级标准．     

市政工程施工地周边颗粒污染物扩散特征

为了解市政施工对周边大气环境的影响,通过测定TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1等指标,研究了施工工地附近颗粒污染物随天气条件、气象要素、距施工点距离的变化规律,结果表明：（1）粒径较大的颗粒物质量浓度受气象要素的影响较明显,大风和晴天的ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）远高于阴雨天;随风速增大,ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）、ρ（PM2.5）显著升高。（2）小粒径颗粒物（PM1）受天气条件的影响不明显,湿度、风速变化对PM1影响较小。（3）距离施工工地越远,4种颗粒物质量浓度越低,其中ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）、ρ（PM2.5）随距离下降较快。（4）不同施工阶段颗粒物污质量浓度异较大,挖槽阶段颗粒物污染要高于结构装修阶段。     

System solutions to urban wastewater control

Using an actual municipal situation as an example, this paper demonstrates that there are potential resource savings to be realized by expanding the scope of the search for alternatives in problems of urban effluent treatment. Specifically, least cost system solutions cannot be achieved by an examination of alternative treatment installations by a municipality alone, but can be realized only by a broader system perspective which also incorporates treatment alternatives and process changes available to the major dischargers within the urban environment.     

Antidiabetic effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder in a rat model

Free radical production and oxidative stress are known to increase in liver during diabetes and may contribute to oxidative damage. In this study, the effect of oral feeding of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder (TSP) has been studied on blood glucose, membrane-linked ATPases, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, lipofuscin content and membrane fluidity in livers of a diabetic rat. Diabetes was induced by administration of alloxan monohydrate. Hyperglycemia during diabetes has been shown to entail free radical generation, with a concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin content, inhibition of membrane-linked ATPases, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased membrane fluidity. TSP treatment reverses the changes to near normal levels thereby ameliorating the management of diabetic complications.