废锌锰电池中金属离子浸出行为研究

研究了废锌锰电池在硫酸体系中,温度和硫酸浓度对金属离子浸出行为的影响。通过实验找到了最佳工艺条件:硫酸浓度为10%,温度为40℃,固液比为1:10,催化剂为1mL,反应时间为2h,搅拌强度为40~80r/min。在此条件下,有用金属浸出率:Zn达到99%以上,Mn达到80%,Fe达到50%,而其他有害金属浸出率低。为进一步分离有害金属和利用废锌锰电池生产鳌合微肥提供理论依据。     

湿壁塔烟气脱硫系统的研究

燃煤锅炉的烟气脱硫(FGD)技术，是当今世界上减少二氧化硫排放的主要技术措施。在FGD技术中石灰石-湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)是占主导地位的方式方法。传统的石灰石湿脱硫通常采用气液逆流式、鼓泡式、气液冲击式、文丘里式等气液接触方式的系统，这些系统在运行中存在阻力较大，耗能高，易结垢或脱硫效果不理想等缺点。针对这种特点，我们设计了一种以管状或栅板为填料的并流式湿壁塔脱硫系统，研究结果表明，这种系统不仅具有较低的系统阻力，同时系统还拥有较高的脱硫率。     

生物膜填料塔启动及烟气脱硫研究

进行了生物膜填料塔挂膜启动及烟气脱硫实验研究。循环液的Fe2+的氧化速率与吸光度有明显的相关性,同时,压力损失和pH也是挂膜启动完成的重要指标。通入低浓度SO2气体驯化后,脱硫率可达到90%以上,Fe2+氧化速率维持在0.2g/(L.h)左右,连续保持7d,挂膜启动完成。脱硫实验结果表明,在SO2入口质量浓度小于2 000m g/m3、喷淋液中Fe2+浓度大于或等于0.06m o l/L、喷淋率约为12L/(m3.h)、空塔气速约为0.15m/s的条件下,脱硫率可达96%以上。当喷淋液循环使用7次后,必须补充新鲜营养液,以保证较高的脱硫率。     

用动力波逆向喷射洗涤器脱除烟气中的二氧化硫

介绍了动力波逆向喷射洗涤器的构造及基本原理,并将这一新型洗涤技术应用于烟气脱硫。讨论了各种因素对采用石灰水作为洗涤液时的烟气脱硫率的影响,在pH为9．2、液气比为0．024条件下,脱硫率可达到90％。     

宁海电厂脱硫废水处理探讨

针对国华宁海发电厂二期2×1 000MW湿法烟气脱硫废水处理系统工程的调试及运行实践,分析了石灰石—石膏湿法烟气脱硫废水特点、处理工艺流程及调试运行参数,探讨了废水处理系统合理化运行规律,为火电厂脱硫废水处理系统运行优化提供参考。     

高流速强化湿式石灰石烟气脱硫工艺的中试及其经济性分析

在陕西蒲城发电有限责任公司建成处理烟气量为15000m^3/h（标态）的高流速强化湿式石灰石烟气脱硫中试装置，并开展了吸收塔传质吸收特性的研究。结果表明，提高吸收塔内烟气的空塔流速可显著提高脱硫率，同时可降低反应所需的液气比。在此基础上，进行了125MW机组强化脱硫可行性研究，与常规流速的湿法工艺相比，强化工艺可较大幅度地降低设备投资和运行费用。     

专利文摘

<正> 与印染废水结合的脱硫工艺该发明公开了一种与印染废水结合的脱硫工艺,利用电石渣、石灰或石灰石作为脱硫剂对烟气进行湿法脱硫,利用脱硫剂配制脱硫浆液的化浆过程用水采用印染废水;脱硫浆液中固体的质量分数为8%～15%,脱硫系统的pH为5.2～6.0,液气流量比为8～12 L/m~3。该发明的脱硫工艺以电石渣和印染废水的混合浆液作为脱硫剂对烟气进行湿法处理,大量减少了印染废水的排放量,对COD在10 000 mg/L以上的高浓度废水的COD去除率在80%以上,色度去除率在90%以上,废水水量排放减少30%以上。/CN101816889A,2010-09-01     

锰渣脱硫制硫酸锰技术在电解锰行业的应用

介绍了某电解锰企业锰渣煅烧含高浓度SO₂烟气的资源化处理路线,阐述了氧化锰矿浆烟气脱硫制MnSO₄技术的工艺设计。该烟气脱硫制MnSO₄装置运行稳定,尾气中SO₂质量浓度为32.1~51.9 mg/m³,达到排放设计要求,脱硫装置产生的MnSO₄浆液中Mn²⁺质量浓度为(40±1)g/L,连二硫酸锰质量浓度小于5 g/L,满足电解锰生产要求。     

添加剂对烟气脱硫的强化作用

采用鼓泡式烟气脱硫反应装置,研究了己二酸、硫酸镁、无机盐A和无机盐B等4种添加剂的脱硫强化作用。实验结果表明:4种添加剂均能较明显地提高脱硫浆液的脱硫率,且添加无机盐A和无机盐B的脱硫效果更好;随着添加剂加入量的增加,脱硫率逐渐提高,综合考虑,本实验适宜的添加剂加入量为1.0 g/L。现场实际应用中加入质量比为1∶1的无机盐A和无机盐B作为复合添加剂,在使用2台循环泵、烟气流量约1 020 km3/h、初始SO2质量浓度由2 981 mg/Nm3增加至约3 843 mg/Nm3的条件下,脱硫率仍由81.79%提高到89.92%。     

撞击流气液反应器氨吸收法去除烟气中的SO2

以氨水为吸收剂,在撞击流气液反应器中进行了燃煤烟气脱硫实验。考察了吸收液体积（L）与SO2体积（m^3）之比（液气比）、烟气中SO2浓度、烟气流速和氨与硫摩尔比对脱硫率的影响。在液气比为0．52L／m^3、氨与硫摩尔比为1．3、烟气流速为6．3m／s、烟气中SO2质量浓度为2800mg／m^3时,脱硫率达96．08％;建立了液气比、烟气中SO2质量浓度、烟气流速和氨与硫摩尔比与脱硫率的数学关系式。     

Influence of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) on poly(vinyl chloride) dehydrochlorination

Recycling of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) waste is a serious problem because of its high chlorine content. Dehydrochlorination of PVC-containing polymer waste produces solid residue char, for which conversion to pyrolysis oil in a petrochemical plant seems to be an attractive way of recycling PVC waste. Unfortunately, some polymer admixtures react with HCl and cause formation of chloroorganic compounds in a char. This article describes the influence of polycarbonates and poly(ethylene terephthalate) on thermal feedstock recycling of PVC wastes using a two-stage method. It was found that the presence of polycarbonate causes the formation of small amounts of benzyl chloride and other chloroaryl or chloroalkylaryl compounds. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) interacts with HCl forming significant amounts of various chlorocompounds – mainly chloroethyl esters of terephthalic and benzoic acids, but derivatives possessing chlorine directly connected to the aromatic ring are also formed.     

Connectivity of Hybrid Polymer by Tight Binding Approximation: Example of (Si(CH3)2) n (OSiO) p (OH) q

We computed by a tight binding calculation taking into account hybridization, the total electronic energy of different connectivities (amorphous, fractal and linear) of (Si−(CH₃)₂) _n −(OSiO) _p (OH) _q . We found that the total electronic energy of the amorphous connectivity was the smallest as a function of the number of atoms contained by the hybrid polymer. As the total electronic energy is linked to the stability, we may say that the connectivity of such hybrid polymer has the highest stability for the amorphous connectivity.     

Poly(ethylene oxide)-coated granular starch-poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) composite materials

Granular cornstarch was coated with several biodegradable polymers in an effort to improve the mechanical properties of starch-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) composites. Only samples containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-coated granular starch showed a large improvement in tensile properties over uncoated starch. For example, a 50/50 blend of PEO-coated starch and PHBV had a tensile strength of 19 MPa and an ultimate elongation of 23%, compared to 10 MPa and 11% for a similar blend containing uncoated starch. PEO may act as an adhesive between the starch and the PHBV and/or increase the toughness and resistance to crack growth of PHBV around the starch granules.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) of municipal solid waste (MSW)

Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) has been found to be a better alternative in converting Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to energy and has the potential to reduce the generation of dioxins due to the inhibition of the de-novo synthesis of dioxins. This study comprehensively reviews the experimental studies of CLC of MSW, the oxygen carriers, reactor types, performance evaluation, and ash interaction studies. Modeling and simulation studies of CLC of MSW were also critically presented. Plastic waste is MSW’s most studied non-biomass component in MSW under CLC conditions. This is because CLC has been shown to reduce the emission of dioxins and furans, which are normally emitted during the conventional combustion of plastics. From the several oxygen carriers tested with MSW’s CLC, alkaline earth metals (AEM) modified iron ore was the most effective for reducing dioxin emissions, improving combustion efficiency and carbon conversion. Also, oxygen carriers with supports were more reactive than single carriers and CaSO₄/Fe₂O₃ and CaSO₄ in silica sol had the highest oxygen transport ability. Though XRD analysis and thermodynamic calculations of the reacted oxygen carriers yielded diverse results due to software computation constraints, modified iron ore produced less HCl and heavy metal chlorides compared to iron ore and ilmenite. However, alkali silicates, a significant cause of fouling, were observed instead. The best reactor configuration for the CLC of MSW is the fluidized bed reactor, because it is easy to obtain high and homogeneous solid–gas mass transfer. Future research should focus on the development of improved oxygen carriers that can sustain reactivity after several cycles, as well as the system’s techno-economic feasibility.

     

A grey-relation-based method (GRM) for thermogravimetric (TG) data analysis

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Thermogravimetric analyzer was applied to analyze 22 solid materials and their mixtures at a heating rate of 10&nbsp;K&nbsp;min−1...     

Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Biosynthesis from Crude Alaskan Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Oil

Six strains of Pseudomonas were tested for their abilities to synthesize poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers from crude Pollock oil, a large volume byproduct of the Alaskan fishing industry. All six strains were found to produce PHA polymers from hydrolyzed Pollock oil with productivities (P; the percent of the cell mass that is polymer) ranging from 6 to 53% of the cell dry weight (CDW). Two strains, P. oleovorans NRRL B-778 (P = 27%) and P. oleovorans NRRL B-14682 (P = 6%), synthesized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with number average molecular weights (M_n) of 206,000 g/mol and 195,000 g/mol, respectively. Four strains, P. oleovorans NRRL B-14683 (P = 52%), P. resinovorans NRRL B-2649 (P = 53%), P. corrugata 388 (P = 43%), and P. putida KT2442 (P = 39%), synthesized medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA) polymers with M_n values ranging from 84,000 g/mol to 153,000 g/mol. All mcl-PHA polymers were primarily composed of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (C_8:0) and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (C_10:0) amounting to at least 75% of the total monomers present. Unsaturated monomers were also present in the mcl-PHA polymers at concentrations between 13% and 16%, providing loci for polymer derivatization and/or crosslinking. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposites Filled with Waste Leather Buff (WLB)

A large amount of leather waste is generated from tanning industries and most of which are disposed of landfill or discharged into the natural water bodies without any treatment, causing environmental problems. The aim of this study is to develop eco-biocomposites using waste leather buff (WLB) as filler in Polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to reduce the environmental issues and provide sustainable solution. WLB/PLA composites were prepared by twins-screw micro extruder varying the WLB content from 2% to 30 wt%. These composite were extensively characterise by several techniques. Tensile properties of the composites showed addition of WLB resulted in improvement of tensile property of composite and reduction in percentage crystallinity of PLA matrix observed with increase in WLB content. The effect of WLB on properties of interfacial adhesion and dispersion in WLB/PLA composites were studied by SEM. Wettability of composites was tested by contact angle and water absorption studies. WLB/PLA composite showed increase in water absorption with WLB loading. These WLB/PLA composite could be used to develop low cost eco-friendly product material.     

Engineering and Processing of Poly(HydroxyButyrate) (PHB) Modified by Nano-sized Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) and Amino-Functionalized Silica (A-fnSiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>)

Manufacturing of plastics by biodegradable polymers can reduce the environmental impact and limit the recourse to non-renewable resources. Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers cannot often be comparable with petroleum-based plastics. However, the modification of bioplastics by physical and chemical routes can improve their performance. In this work, Poly(HydroxyButyrate) PHB is reprocessed by the dispersion of graphene nano-platelets as well as by the dispersion of Amino-Functionalized Nano-Silica (A-fnSiO₂). Modification of the PHBs after compounding and pelletizing was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared. Thermal analysis was performed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry after extrusion and compression moulding. Hardness and scratch performance of the polymers were measured on compression molded substrates by pencil and progressive and constant load scratch tests. Chemical resistance was evaluated on compression molded substrates by dipping in aggressive acidic, basic and saline aqueous solutions. In conclusion, the PHBs modified by the graphene nanoplatelets were found to be very promising, featuring good chemical inertness, hardness and mechanical strength.     

散射光下铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物还原铬(VI)的研究

研究了在散射光下铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物对铬(V I)的光还原反应;考察了溶液pH、铁(III)、丙酮酸钠、铬(V I)浓度对反应的影响;分析了铬(V I)光还原反应的动力学。实验结果表明:铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物体系能在较弱的散射光下还原铬(V I)。在铬(V I)浓度为19.2μm o l/L、铁(III)浓度为10.0μm o l/L、丙酮酸钠浓度为240μm o l/L、pH为3.0、光照240m in的条件下,铬(V I)的还原率达到99.7%。从表观动力学方程的反应级数看,铁(III)的级数(0.83)最高,铁(III)浓度是影响铬(V I)光还原反应速率的主要因素,铁(II)是铬(V I)光还原的主要还原剂。