Zero valent iron mediated degradation of the pharmaceutical diazepam

Parameters that influence the zero valent iron mediated degradation of the pharmaceutical diazepam (DZP) were evaluated including the iron concentration and its pre-treatment, the effect of complexation with EDTA and oxic versus anoxic condition. It was observed that acid pre-treatment of iron particles is important for degradation efficiency and that H₂SO₄ is a better choice than HCl, resulting in higher degradation of DZP. Under oxic conditions, the degradation of DZP achieved 96% after 60 min using Fe⁰ (25 g L⁻¹) pre-treated with H₂SO₄ in the presence of EDTA (119 mg L⁻¹), while mineralization achieved around 60% after the same time. Under anoxic conditions, degradation occurred, however at lower extent, achieving 67% after 120 min. The addition of EDTA improved the treatment efficiency in 20% leading to 99% DZP degradation after 120 min. The first intermediates formed during DZP degradation were identified using LC/MS analysis and revealed the formation of mono- and di-hydroxylated products from DZP during Fe⁰/EDTA/O₂ degradation, which evidences that OH was the main oxidizing species formed in this process.     

Fenton and Fenton-like oxidation of pesticide acetamiprid in water samples: Kinetic study of the degradation and optimization using response surface methodology

The aims of this study were (a) to evaluate the degradation of acetamiprid with the use of Fenton reaction, (b) to investigate the effect of different concentrations of H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺, initial pH and various iron salts, on the degradation of acetamiprid and (c) to apply response surface methodology for the evaluation of degradation kinetics.     

Discussion of Chicgoua Noubactep on “Removal of thiobencarb in aqueous solution by zero valent iron” by Md. Nurul Amin et al. [Chemosphere 70 (3) (2008) 511–515]

The following comments are proposed to clarify some related issues on the use of zero valent iron micrometric particles for the treatment of a thiobencarb pesticide solution published in a recent article by Nurul Amin et al., [Nurul Amin Md., Kaneco, S., Kato, T., Katsumata, H., Susuki, T., Otha, K., 2008. Removal of thiobencarb in aqueous solution by zero valent iron. Chemosphere 70 (3), 511–515], and discussed later by Chicgoua Noubactep.     

Electrochemical removal of nitrate using ZVI packed bed bipolar electrolytic cell

The present study investigates the performance of the zero valent iron (ZVI, Fe⁰) packed bed bipolar electrolytic cell for nitrate removal. The packing mixture consists of ZVI as electronically conducting material and silica sand as non-conducting material between main cathode and anode electrodes. In the continuous column experiments for the simulated groundwater (initial nitrate and electrical conductivity of about 30 mg L⁻¹ as N and 300 μS cm⁻¹, respectively), above 99% of nitrate was removed at the applied potential of 600 V with the main anode placed on the bottom of reactor. The influx nitrate was converted to ammonia (20% to maximum 60%) and nitrite (always less than 0.5 mg L⁻¹ as N in the effluent). The optimum packing ratio (v/v) of silica sand to ZVI was found to be 1:1-2:1. Magnetite was observed on the surface of the used ZVI as corrosion product. The reduction at the lower part of the reactor in acidic condition and adsorption at the upper part of the reactor in alkaline condition are the major mechanism of nitrate removal.     

Zerovalent iron encapsulated chitosan nanospheres - a novel adsorbent for the removal of total inorganic arsenic from aqueous systems

Evaluation of Chitosan zerovalent Iron Nanoparticle (CIN) towards arsenic removal is presented. Addition of chitosan enhances the stability of Fe(0) nano particle. Prepared adsorbent was characterized by FT-IR, SEM EDX, BET and XRD. It was found that, with an initial dose rate of 0.5 g L⁻¹, concentrations of As (III) and As (V) were reduced from 2 mg L⁻¹ to <5 μg L⁻¹ in less than 180 min and the adsorbent was found to be applicable in wide range of pH. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 94 ± 1.5 mg g⁻¹ and 119 ± 2.6 mg g⁻¹ at pH 7 for As (III) and As (V) respectively. Major anions including sulfate, phosphate and silicate did not cause significant interference in the adsorption behavior of both arsenite and arsenate. The adsorbent was successfully recycled five times and applied to the removal of total inorganic arsenic from real life groundwater samples.     

A comparison of the low frequency electrical signatures of iron oxide versus calcite precipitation in granular zero valent iron columns

Geophysical methods have been proposed as technologies for non-invasively monitoring geochemical alteration in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). We conducted column experiments to investigate the effect of mineralogy on the electrical signatures resulting from iron corrosion and mineral precipitation in Fe0 columns using (a) Na2SO4, and (b) NaHCO3 plus CaCl2 mixture, solutions. At the influent interface where the reactions were most severe, a contrasting time-lapse electrical response was observed between the two columns. Solid phase analysis confirmed the formation of corrosion halos and increased mineralogical complexity in the corroded sections of the columns compared to the minimal/non-corroded sections. We attribute the contrasting time-lapse signatures to the differences in the electrical properties of the mineral phases formed within the two columns. While newly precipitated/transformed polarizable and semi-conductive iron oxides (mostly magnetite and green rust) increase the polarization and conductivity of the sulfate column, the decrease of both parameters in the bicarbonate column is attributed to the precipitation of non-polarizable and non-conductive calcite. Our results show that precipitate mineralogy is an important factor influencing the electrical properties of the corroded iron cores and must be considered if electrical geophysical methods are to be developed to monitor PRB barrier corrosion processes in situ.     

纳米零价铁和零价铁对餐厨垃圾暗发酵制氢过程铁离子和酶活性的影响

通过投加不同浓度的纳米零价铁(NZVI)和零价铁(ZVI),考察了暗发酵制氢过程中铁离子组成和浓度变化、氢化酶和脱氢酶活性,研究了2种添加剂强化餐厨垃圾高温((55±1) ℃)暗发酵制氢的作用机制。结果表明：投加NZVI和ZVI均可提高餐厨垃圾暗发酵制氢性能;当投加100 mg·L⁻¹ ZVI时,产氢效果最佳,最大产氢潜力和最大产氢速率分别为425.72 mL和66.32 mL·h⁻¹,是投加NZVI实验组的1.64倍和1.34倍,代谢途径是以乙醇型发酵为主的混合型发酵;在投加NZVI和ZVI后,暗发酵制氢末端产物的Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺浓度升高,投加300 mg·L⁻¹ NZVI和100 mg·L⁻¹ ZVI实验组Fe²⁺浓度最大,是未投加实验组的2倍和1.87倍;与反应前相比,Fe²⁺显著升高,Fe³⁺由于微生物利用与转化浓度降低,同时可有效提高氢化酶活性。投加100 mg·L⁻¹ ZVI不仅可提高氢化酶活性,还可提高脱氢酶活性。以上结果可为提高餐厨垃圾等复杂有机废物的高效能源化提供参考。     

不同电子供体和受体对零价铁与微生物协同还原六价铬的影响

采用间歇实验考察了有机质及氧、硝酸盐和硫酸盐对零价铁（Fe0）与微生物协同还原Cr（Ⅵ）过程的影响。实验结果表明,对于Cr（Ⅵ）的去除协同体系明显优于Fe0和微生物单独作用;外加有机质如乙酸钠、乙醇、葡萄糖和腐殖酸可显著地提高协同体系去除Cr（Ⅵ）的效果,反应3 d后Cr（Ⅵ）去除率分别提高了33%、19%、16%和11%;空气对协同体系还原Cr（Ⅵ）过程影响不明显,但硝酸盐明显地抑制Cr（Ⅵ）的还原,且抑制作用随硝酸盐浓度升高而增强;硫酸盐诱导微生物在Fe0表面生成具有强吸附能力和强还原能力的硫铁矿物,促进Cr（Ⅵ）的去除。当硫酸根浓度为960 mg·L-1时,反应2 d后Cr（Ⅵ）去除率提高了39%。在零价铁与微生物协同修复Cr（Ⅵ）污染水体中应充分考虑电子供体和受体的影响。     

超声波/零价铁降解对硝基苯胺的试验研究

对在超声波、零价铁和超声波/零价铁(U/Fe0)等体系中对硝基苯胺的降解规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,对硝基苯胺在超声波作用下,降解规律符合一级反应动力学模型,但超声波对高浓度的对硝基苯胺降解效果较差。在U/Fe0体系中,超声波和零价铁对降解对硝基苯胺具有协同作用,对硝基苯胺降解速率显著提高。降解机理显示,对硝基苯胺在零价铁表面上发生原电池反应,被还原为对苯二胺,在超声波作用下进一步降解。在U/Fe0体系中添加Cu2+,形成Fe/Cu原电池,可进一步促进对硝基苯胺的降解速率,降解效率优于铸铁屑形成的Fe/C原电池。     

零价铁修复受三氯乙烯污染地下水的实验研究

通过批实验和柱实验研究了三氯乙烯（TCE）初始浓度、四氯乙烯(PCE)等对零价铁去除三氯乙烯的影响,并建立了三氯乙烯降解的反应动力学方程。结果表明：（1）零价铁对TCE具有较好的降解效果,反应符合准一级反应动力学方程,表观反应速率常数随TCE浓度的增加而减小;（2）在铁粉充足的条件下,TCE初始浓度对降解效果影响不显著,且TCE去除率皆可达到90%以上;（3）PCE的存在抑制了TCE的脱氯反应。PCE和TCE共存时,TCE的最大去除率仅为64.2%;TCE脱氯反应的表观反应速率明显降低,反应半衰期由TCE单独存在时的6.8～9.7 h增大到66 h～346.5 h。     

超声波和零价铁联用对氯代苯酚脱氯降解作用的研究

采用超声波和零价铁联用对氯代有机物3氯苯酚(CP)、2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP)和2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)模拟废水进行了脱氯处理研究。以单因素法, 考察了铁粉初始投加量、溶液的初始浓度、超声波功率和溶液的pH值等因素对氯代酚降解的影响,并探讨了降解反应动力学。结果表明,超声波和零价铁联用对氯酚具有显著的降解效果,当水样初始浓度为25 mg/L,溶液pH呈弱酸性,超声波功率为200 W时,氯代酚的脱氯效率达到最大值。降解反应符合准一级反应,CP、DCP和TCP的反应速率常数分别0.0613 h^-1、0.374 h^-1和0.197 h^-1。     

改性凹凸棒土负载纳米铁的制备及性能

以200目的天然凹凸棒土为原料,先对原土进行酸活化与微波改性,再以改性凹凸棒土为载体,采用液相还原法由FeCl3·6H2O和NaBH4制备改性凹凸棒土负载纳米铁。通过正交实验、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）及红外光谱（IR）对负载前后的凹凸棒土进行表征分析确定其最佳条件。并通过稳定性实验和去除实验对改性凹凸棒土负载纳米铁的性能分析。结果表明：改性凹凸棒土负载纳米铁的最佳条件是铁土比为2.5：1,酸浓度为3 mol·L-1,微波时间为6 min,微波功率为600 W,改性时间为24 h。改性凹凸棒土负载纳米铁在常规水处理环境中能稳定存在。对水中的Cr（Ⅵ）有良好的去除效果,去除率可达97.67%。     

零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中的硝基苯

通过间歇式实验,考察了零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中硝基苯的效果。实验结果表明,由零价铁腐蚀为厌氧微生物提供H2电子供体还原硝基苯的效果明显优于零价铁和微生物单独作用,硝基苯去除率分别提高21.8%和57.0%。弱酸性条件有利于协同反应进行,当初始pH为5.0和6.0时,4 d后硝基苯去除率比初始pH为7.0时的提高74.4%和35.2%。增加零价铁投加量可提高协同还原的效果,零价铁最佳投加量为250 mg/L。零价铁腐蚀产生的Fe2+无法作为电子供体被微生物利用,但可作为无机营养元素促进协同过程。由于零价铁产H2速率受表面覆盖物影响不明显,在地下水修复过程中可保证协同效果并延长零价铁的使用寿命。     

一步还原焙烧法制备炭载零价铁及其对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除

以活性炭为还原剂和载体,通过一步还原焙烧法制备出炭载零价铁（AC-ZVI）材料。电镜扫描和X射线衍射分析结果表明,零价铁以平均粒径为2 μm的颗粒均匀分布在活性炭表面和孔道中。采用间歇实验考察了炭载零价铁去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）的效果,结果显示炭载零价铁对水中的Cr（Ⅵ）具有很好的去除效果,在初始pH值为5、Cr（Ⅵ）浓度为50 mg·L-1、AC-ZVI投加量（铁用量）为0.6 g·L-1和反应温度为25℃的条件下,反应5 h后Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率达到86.8%;降低溶液pH、增加炭载零价铁投加量和提高反应温度均有利于Cr（Ⅵ）的去除,反应过程符合准一级动力学,表观反应速率常数k为0.655 h-1（30℃）,反应活化能为67.6 kJ·mol-1。研究结果表明,通过一步还原焙烧法制得的炭载零价铁可作为一种高效吸附还原材料用于Cr（Ⅵ）污染水体的治理。     

Zero valent iron remediation of a mixed brominated ethene contaminated groundwater

The suitability of a granulated zero valent iron (ZVI) permeable reactive barrier (PRB) remediation strategy was investigated for tribromoethene (TriBE), cis-1,2-dibromoethene (c-DBE), trans-1,2-dibromoethene (t-DBE) and vinyl bromide (VB), via batch and large-scale column experiments that were subsequently analysed by reactive transport modelling.The brominated ethenes in both batch and large-scale column experiments showed rapid (compared to controls and natural attenuation) degradation in the presence of ZVI. In the large-scale column experiment, degradation half-lives were 0.35 days for TriBE, 0.50 days for c-DBE, 0.31 days for t-DBE and 0.40 days for VB, under site groundwater flow conditions, resulting in removal of brominated ethenes within the first 0.2 m of a 1.0 m thick ZVI layer, indicating that a PRB groundwater remediation strategy using ZVI could be used successfully.In the model simulations of the ZVI induced brominated ethene degradation, assuming a dominant reductive β-elimination pathway via bromoacetylene and acetylene production, simulated organic compound concentrations corresponded well with both batch and large-scale column experimental data. Changes of inorganic reactants were also well captured by the simulations. The similar ZVI induced degradation pathway of TriBE and TCE suggests that outcomes from research on ZVI induced TCE remediation could also be applied to TriBE remediation.     

石墨烯/二氧化硅负载纳米零价铁对As(Ⅲ)的去除

以氧化石墨烯和正硅酸乙酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制得石墨烯/二氧化硅复合材料(GS),以GS为基体,采用液相还原法,得到石墨烯/二氧化硅负载纳米零价铁(NZVI/GS),将其用于水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附研究。通过XRD、TEM、BET、Zeta电位等表征手段对NZVI/GS进行表征。探讨不同反应条件对NZVI/GS的吸附影响,并进行动力学方程和吸附等温线方程拟合。结果表明,NZVI/GS对As(Ⅲ)具有良好的去除效果,当初始溶液pH为6~8,投加量为0.4 g·L-1,反应温度为35 ℃,砷初始浓度为2 mg·L-1时,NZVI/GS对As(Ⅲ)的去除率高达99.81%。通过Langmuir等温吸附方程得到NZVI/GS对As(Ⅲ)最大吸附量55.93 mg·g-1。     

Enhanced removal of pentachlorophenol by a novel composite: nanoscale zero valent iron immobilized on organobentonite

Nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) was immobilized on the organobentonite (CTMA-bent), so as to enhance the reactivity of NZVI and prevent its aggregation. This novel composite (NZVI/CTMA-Bent) was characterized by transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Good dispersion of NZVI particles on the bentonite was observed. Its performance on removing pentachlorophenol (PCP) was investigated by batch experiments. Results showed NZVI/CTMA-Bent could rapidly and completely dechlorinate PCP to phenol with an efficiency of 96.2%. It was higher than the sum (54.5%) of reduction by NZVI (31.5%) and adsorption by CTMA-Bent (23.0%) separately. The kinetic studies indicated the removal rate of PCP was positively related to the adsorption. We proposed that the adsorption of PCP by CTMA-Bent enhanced the mass transfer of PCP from aqueous to iron surface. Besides, NZVI/CTMA-Bent exhibited good stability and reusability, and CTMA-Bent could also reduce the amount of iron ions released into the solution.     

零价铁复合有机膨润土处理染料废水的研究

针对目前印染废水处理现状及膨润土在水处理中回收困难等问题,提出将零价铁复合到有机膨润土中制成零价铁复合有机膨润土(ZVI-OB),以达到高效吸附并降解污染物的目的。以染料废水(Orange II) 作为研究对象,考察了废水中染料的初始浓度、pH以及吸附时间对ZVI-OB去除染料效率的影响,并研究了吸附后降解过程中时间和pH对污染物降解的影响以及降解前后膨润土层结构的变化。研究结果表明,ZVI-OB相对于CTMAB改性的有机膨润土而言,其吸附量有所降低,但ZVI-OB在吸附污染物之后能有效降解有机物。ZVI-OB在饱和吸附Orange II后经催化氧化,总有机碳含量降低为原来的19%,可以重复利用。     

球磨硫化零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解水体中有机氯农药

利用球磨技术制备了不同硫铁(S/Fe)摩尔比的硫化零价铁(S-mZVI),并与过硫酸钠(PS)组成复合氧化体系(S-mZVI/PS),用于降解水体中的4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH,探索了制备参数和环境因子对有机氯农药降解效果的影响。结果表明：球磨过程中硫的加入不仅可以实现零价铁的硫化,还能提高零价铁的球磨效率。与球磨零价铁相比,S-mZVI的颗粒分散更均匀,呈不规则球状,且S/Fe摩尔比越大颗粒表面越平滑,更接近于球形。S-mZVI/PS体系较mZVI/PS体系对4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH的催化降解活性更高,且随着S/Fe摩尔比的增大,mZVI的腐蚀速率越高,其对污染物的降解效果越好。当S/Fe摩尔比为0.10、PS/Fe投加量配比为1/2时,4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH的降解效果最好,反应120 min后两者的最终降解率分别为92.4%和93.0%。而且,随着pH的升高,4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH降解效率逐渐降低,但二者最终降解率之间的差异较小。腐殖酸和$ {{rm{HC}}{{rm{O}}^ -_3} }$的存在会降低4, 4′-DCBP和β-HCH的降解效率,且随着腐殖酸和${ {rm{HC}}{{rm{O}}^ -_3}} $浓度的增加,对其降解效果的抑制作用增强;而$ {{rm{N}}{{rm{O}}^ -_3}} $的存在及浓度变化对S-mZVI/PS体系中4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH的降解影响较小。因此,S-mZVI可显著提高PS的活化效率及其对有机氯农药的降解速率,适合用作有机氯农药污染水体的修复。