湖北省土地利用变化格局的区域分异研究

采用遥感、GIS一体化技术,利用1989~1990年和1999~2000年获取的LANDSAT卫星影像,对湖北省土地利用变化的区域分异特点进行分析。结果表明,自然地理环境因素对土地利用格局起主要控制性作用;城市化与工业化、社会经济的发展及国家有关土地利用政策对土地利用变化格局的形成起进一步调控作用。分区而言,鄂西、鄂东北、鄂东南等山区是耕地、林地与草地相互转换区;武汉、鄂州、黄石等沿江城郊区和从宜昌到沙市区沿江带是城镇扩张区;荆州、汉江下游和鄂北岗地丘陵是水域缩减区;江汉平原区是水域扩张区。另外,农村经济结构调整和有关耕地政策的出台是耕地、林地与草地相互转换区土地利用变化的主要驱动因素;中心城市对周围区域经济的带动作用和沿江区域特殊的交通优势是城镇扩张区的主要驱动因素;经济利益的驱动是水域扩张区的主要驱动因素;耕地政策是水域缩减区的主要驱动因素。     

上海两类农村居民点整治模式的比较

作为上海市郊区出现的两类重要的农村居民点整治模式,宅基地置换模式和村庄归并模式在改善农民集中居住的环境、增加耕地面积、促进土地集约化利用方面都取得显著效果。研究结果表明,宅基地置换模式是在政府主导下开展的,是外援驱动主要影响下的"新型城镇开发",需要配套农民市民化后的社会保障和就业的政策。多出现于经济较发达、工业化程度较高的近郊快速城市化地区。核心是推进城市化,整治要点是将农村居民点纳入到规划的城镇建设用地范围内统筹配置,安置区的住房设计以容积率较高的多层楼房为主,同时建设相对配套的各项市政服务设施,从而解决农民非农就业与居住的空间匹配问题。村庄归并模式是在村集体主导、政府支持下开展的,是一种内核驱动主要影响下的"村庄自我更新",需配套财税政策来解决整治资金问题。多出现于经济欠发达、工业化程度较低的远郊的农业地区。核心是扩大农户的土地经营规模、促进农村居住和产业发展的集中,其整治要点是村庄空间的重构,以降低农村基础设施服务成本,提高公共服务效率,改善农民生活条件。     

中国CO_2排放影响因素研究

本文基于因素分解法的思路,构建CO2排放和能源消费分解扩展模型,深入挖潜影响我国CO2排放的各项驱动因素。同时,以2000-2009年间的统计数据为样本,从宏观层面探索碳排放总量与能源结构、能耗强度、产业结构、人口规模、经济增长、居民生活水平等重要国民经济发展指标间的驱动关系。结果显示:CO2排放量呈现逐年增长态势,而经济增长与能耗强度是其主要驱动因素;所构建模型对影响CO2排放有关因素的分解与量化效果较好,可为日后监控我国CO2排放水平并制定行之有效的节能减排政策提供决策支持。     

最终需求拉动下区域产业用水驱动因素分解北大核心CSCDCSSCI

要实现最严格水资源管理制度中用水总量控制的目标,需要正确判断相关因素对用水量变化的影响强度和作用机理。影响产业用水量变化的因素涉及从生产层面到消费层面,从结构因素到效率因素。本文从最终需求的视角,同时考虑生产和消费的影响因素,运用投入产出结构分解法,考察了1997-2010年五个时段相关因素的变化对产业用水变化的总贡献和部门贡献。研究结果表明,国内最终需求成长效应和出口成长效应是拉动江苏省产业用水增加的主要原因,产业技术效应和用水强度效应是江苏省产业用水减少的主要因素;第一产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,国内最终需求结构效应是抑制效应;第二产业中出口成长效应是关键的拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;第三产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;六大分解因素对各个部门呈现不同的驱动强度。研究结果为不同产业制定相应水管理政策提供决策参考。     

最终需求拉动下区域产业用水驱动因素分解

要实现最严格水资源管理制度中用水总量控制的目标,需要正确判断相关因素对用水量变化的影响强度和作用机理。影响产业用水量变化的因素涉及从生产层面到消费层面,从结构因素到效率因素。本文从最终需求的视角,同时考虑生产和消费的影响因素,运用投入产出结构分解法,考察了1997-2010年五个时段相关因素的变化对产业用水变化的总贡献和部门贡献。研究结果表明,国内最终需求成长效应和出口成长效应是拉动江苏省产业用水增加的主要原因,产业技术效应和用水强度效应是江苏省产业用水减少的主要因素;第一产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,国内最终需求结构效应是抑制效应;第二产业中出口成长效应是关键的拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;第三产业中国内最终需求成长效应是关键拉动效应,用水强度效应是关键抑制效应;六大分解因素对各个部门呈现不同的驱动强度。研究结果为不同产业制定相应水管理政策提供决策参考。     

中国农业人口分布格局的时空变化特征

依据1978-2008年间的农业人口统计资料,结合1:100万中国土地利用分布图,在ArcGIS9.2软件支持下,运用空间统计分析方法,以中国31个省级行政区为分析单元,分析和探讨了近30年来中国农业人口空间分布格局变化和驱动因素。结果表明:中国农业人口空间分布不连续,地区之间差异显著。自然条件、国家政策和社会经济水平与中国农业人口空间格局时空变化紧密相关。良好的自然条件是农业人口分布的基础条件,地区经济水平发展是促进农业人口空间格局分布的主要因素,国家人口政策调控与农业人口变化直接相关。     

最终需求拉动下的CO2排放驱动因素研究:1997-2007

我国要实现在哥本哈根会议上承诺的减排目标,有赖于正确判断相关因素对我国CO2排放的影响强度和作用机理.减排目标的实现受诸多因素的影响,从生产层面到消费层面,从结构因素到效率因素都有涉及.本文从最终需求的视角,同时考虑生产和消费的影响因素,运用投入产出模型和对数平均Divisia指数分解法,考察了1997-2002、2002 - 2007年两个时段相关影响因素的变化对总排放变化的总贡献和部门贡献.研究结果表明,最终需求总量的不断增长是拉动总排放增加的主要驱动因素,重化工部门能耗强度的降低是促进减排的主要驱动因素;化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业部门中间投入技术的变动是影响总技术效应的主要部门因素;能耗结构、产业结构和消费构成的变化所技动的减排效应量波动状态.文章提出减排不仅要从生产层面更要从消费层面下功夫,不仅要提高技术效率还要注重调整结构.     

城市建设用地扩张的区域差异及其驱动因素

中国城市建设用地规模随着工业化、城镇化的不断发展而日益剧增。受经济、社会等诸多驱动因素影响,各地建设用地扩张在时间维度、空间维度都存在明显的区域差异,对上述问题进行全面考察,有助于理清建设用地扩张的机理,促进土地集约、节约利用。将城市建设用地扩张的影响因素分为政府推动和市场拉动两个方面,采用基尼系数及基于半对数回归方程的Shapley值分解方法,考察了2006—2015年中国大陆31个省(市、自治区)城市建设用地扩张的区域差异及其驱动因素的贡献程度。结果表明:(1)2006—2015年,中国城市建设用地扩张的区域差异比较明显,衡量差异程度的基尼系数先升后降,最后稳定于0.3左右;(2)财政赤字率、经济政策执行力、经济增长、人口城镇化等因素对建设用地扩张具有正向驱动作用,产业结构调整、建设用地利用效率等因素对建设用地扩张具有负向驱动作用;(3)经济增长、财政赤字率、经济政策执行力等三个因素对建设用地扩张区域差异的贡献最大;(4)影响我国东、中、西三个区域建设用地扩张的主导因素不尽相同。为此,应从促进区域经济平衡发展、拓宽政府融资渠道、加快产业结构调整、提高建设用地利用效率等多方面入手,破解城市建设用地过度扩张的困局。     

可持续发展新里程:问题与探索——参加“里约+20”联合国可持续发展大会之思考

"里约+20"峰会成果文件《我们憧憬的未来》重申了"共同但有区别的责任"原则;决定启动可持续发展目标讨论进程;肯定绿色经济是实现可持续发展的重要手段之一;决定建立更加有效的可持续发展机制框架;敦促发达国家履行官方发展援助承诺。这是"里约+20"峰会取得的重要成果,这项成果开启了可持续发展的新里程,其理论探索和实践总结将是学术界不懈努力的方向。在《我们憧憬的未来》的框架下,整合现有可持续发展的相关政策,综合考虑各国独特的社会、经济发展和环境保护问题的特殊性,认为可持续发展研究需要在以下6个方面做出努力:①绿色经济的概念、发展模式与政策创新研究,主要包含了绿色经济的内涵;绿色经济与可持续发展之间的关系;绿色经济与就业、脱贫等之间的关系;衡量绿色经济的具体指标体系;对不同区域和不同行业经济发展绿化程度的测度;绿色壁垒的形式以及对我国国际贸易的影响;发展绿色经济对国际政治经济格局的影响;绿色经济的发展模式与政策创新研究等。②自然资本核算、生态补偿机制与政策研究,主要包含了自然资本的内涵;自然资本与可持续发展之间的关系;各种生态服务之间的耦合关系;如何建立基于自然资本核算方法体系的多层次多元化的生态补偿投融资及其运行机制和生态补偿方式;如何从法律、体制、机制、政策等多层面构建一套完整、具有可操作性的生态补偿政策和制度保障体系等。③可持续发展的全球治理机制研究,主要包含了可持续发展领域的国际合作与冲突机制及有效的全球环境治理机制和可持续发展的国际管理体制的研究;中国、巴西、印度等新兴经济体应该如何应对在未来全球可持续发展中面临的压力和责任及经济全球化对于可持续发展的负面影响等。④科技创新与可持续发展研究,主要包含了科技创新对可持续发展的贡献度;各类型产业可持续发展技术(或者是低碳技术、绿色技术等)的识别、评价和预测;可持续发展技术的创新机制研究;如何通过加强可持续技术的研发和应用,促进绿色产业发展和民生改善等。⑤可持续发展的投融资机制研究,主要包含了提高可持续发展中转移支付、生态环境保护专项资金(基金)、生态税、税收差异化等财政手段效率的体制和机制创新问题;如何推进投融资渠道和方式多元化,实现资金供给与资本结构优化的协调互动和资金配置与运作效率的高效互动等。⑥可持续发展利益相关方的有效参与机制研究,主要包含了系统研究可持续发展利益相关者参与机制创新的可行路径,建立中国可持续发展利益相关者参与的分析框架;研究与设计能够在宏观(或共性)层面和微观(或个性)层面有效运行的参与机制;研究可持续发展利益相关者参与机制创新的制度相容性和实践可行性。     

农产品贸易中虚拟水流的驱动因素研究

经济发展中的虚拟水贸易实施受到多种要素的影响与制约。在回顾当前虚拟水研究进展的基础上,从自然、经济、社会、生态、技术和政策六个维度系统分析了以农产品为主要载体的虚拟水贸易实施的影响因素,进而收集32个典型的虚拟水贸易实施国家的横截面数据,利用多元逐步回归的方法,以虚拟水对外依赖程度为因变量,对部分影响因素进行了实证检验,并根据实证结果从资源优化配置与区域经济贡献的角度解释了国内学者研究得出的我国区际间农产品虚拟水的流动格局。研究表明:耕地资源及水资源的稀缺程度、区域经济发展水平、社会调适能力是虚拟水进口的正向驱动因素,而农业用水效率则是虚拟水进口的逆向驱动因素。     

Informal Waste Management

This article discusses the poorly assessed topic of informal waste management systems, in which there appears to be a high level of heterogeneity throughout the world. The article considers the ways scavengers function within the broader context of waste management; they show a wide range of locally formed and adapted activities and social systems. Examples from different cultures are included: the United States, Jamaica, Brazil, Egypt and Indonesia. The authors advocate comparative research and find a contextual, holistic approach to be the most appropriate. Using such an approach, they isolate the important factors that characterize these systems: technical, socio-cultural, socio-political and organizational aspects are elaborated. Experiments in intervention have been undertaken at various levels, from varying ideological and theoretical backgrounds. Academic analyses have ranged from neo-Marxist political economy models to neo-liberal development approaches. As expressed in the title the authors conclude that informal waste management systems are unjustifiably considered problematic whereas they often reveal great development potential.     

加大行政奖惩力度是中国环境绩效改善的主要原因吗?

"十一五"、"十二五"规划时期,中国单位GDP能耗、SO_2排放总量、COD排放总量等节能减排指标均实现了国家规划目标,这与"十五"计划三项指标均未完成形成鲜明对比。现有研究对此的解释存在宏观和微观层面上的不一致。其重要原因在于现有研究将环境绩效改善的原因完全归于行政奖惩所体现的正式制度的作用,而忽视了非正式制度对节能减排绩效的积极影响。本文建构了以包含正式激励和非正式激励的二元委托代理激励模型为基础的分析框架,利用基于717名不同级别官员的问卷数据,采用结构方程方法对上述模型进行了检验。实证结果表明,与约束性指标相关的正式制度中规定的11项奖惩措施所产生的激励对官员的环境治理行为力度并没有显著影响,而体现为顺应中央政府导向和上级领导注意力所代表的非正式制度激励对官员环境治理行为力度产生了显著影响。非正式制度激励对环境治理行为力度的影响存在两条路径。在第一条路径中,官员压力是中介变量,即非正式制度产生对官员压力的影响,官员压力又进一步影响官员环境治理行为。在这一路径中,晋升偏好、服从偏好为正向调节变量,正式奖惩的执行严格程度为负向调节变量。这一路径表明,官员晋升偏好越强、正式奖惩执行严格程度越弱,非正式制度激励对地方官员压力的影响越大;官员服从上级偏好程度越强,官员压力对环境治理行为力度的影响越大。在第二条路径中,非正式制度激励被认为直接影响环境治理行为力度,服务偏好是正向调节变量。这一路径表明,地方官员为人民服务的偏好越强,非正式激励对环境治理行为的影响越大。本文的研究发现调和了环境政策执行领域的理论冲突,为深化对中国"压力型"体制的理解提供实证证据。     

On the Formal and Informal Estimates of Floristic Diversity: An Example of Pine Forests of the Southern Urals

Advantages of the informal assessment of biodiversity based on the phytosociological spectrum (the ratio of species associated with different higher units of ecological-floristic classification in the cenoflora) are demonstrated in a study of pine forests of the Southern Urals (classes Vaccinio-Piceetea, Brachypodio-Betuletea, and Querco-Fagetea). The phytosociological spectrum reflects environmental conditions better than formal estimations of , , and -diversity.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.