美国征收碳关税对中国碳减排和经济的影响

本文基于全球贸易分析-能源模型(GTAP-E),采用递归动态方法,全面分析美国在2020年针对中国和印度等未实施减排限额的发展中国家实施碳关税对中国碳减排与经济的影响。研究结果表明:美国征收碳关税对我国宏观经济将造成较显著冲击,将导致中国产品贸易流向、贸易结构和生产结构出现显著调整。其中,化学橡胶及塑料制品、机器设备制造、金属冶炼加工产品等隐含碳含量高且对美国市场依赖程度高的部门出口将较大幅度下降,生产遭受较严重的负面影响;此外,与这些产业部门紧密相关的上游资源产品等部门因需求降低也将受到一定的负面影响。但是,其他产业部门则由于生产要素价格下降,生产成本降低,出口和产出将有所增长。虽然美国实施碳关税能降低中国及全球碳排放,但是作用非常有限。基于研究结果,我们提出国家需要防范美国碳关税所导致的贸易和经济风险,并特别注意美国、欧盟和日本等发达国家同时采用碳关税的综合影响。另一方面,中国可以考虑基于"避免双重征税"的原则在国内主动实施碳税,以应对碳关税的实施;同时,需要加强在不同情景下中国主动征收碳税以应对碳关税的相关研究。     

论碳关税的福利效应

哥本哈根会议上碳关税引发热议,成为发达国家和发展中国家讨论的焦点.本文从碳关税的内涵出发,梳理了有关碳关税问题的已有研究,通过建立一个简单的局部均衡模型,对征收碳关税情况下进口国、出口国的福利以及全球福利变化进行了分析,研究得出:进口国征收碳关税能提高本国福利水平,减低出口国的福利水平,但福利变化程度取决于进口国国内碳税、出口国是否征税国内碳税、进出口国国内碳密集度水平等情况.进一步.由于温室气体排放是全球公共品,用全球福利最大化代替进口国福利最大的约束条件,探讨了最优碳关税的确定方法,认为最优碳关税取决于需求函数和供给函数的值,由出口国国内碳税与外部性的差异与进口国国内碳税与外部性差异的比值来决定.温室气体减排是国际贸易面临的新问题,碳关税仅仅拉开了以气候变化之名进行国际贸易保护的序幕,如何有效地将国际气候变化规则纳入国际贸易利益的维护中是我们未来面临的重要课题.     

碳关税对中国制造业出口结构和社会福利影响的实证研究

近年来,碳排放逐渐从环境问题演变成政治经济问题,碳关税是发达国家推崇的新型贸易壁垒,以此来增强本国产业竞争力,这对于碳排放量较大的发展中国家无疑会产生较大的不利影响。为了提前做好准备应对发达国家碳关税,以我国出口结构中高碳产品最密集的制造业为对象,研究碳关税措施和出口贸易行业结构之间的关系,在气候变化问题和国际贸易两大体系之间建立关联。本文首先构建碳关税的局部均衡模型,从几何分析和数理分析两个维度出发,探讨美国征收碳关税对我国制造业出口贸易和社会福利产生的影响。在此基础上利用GTAP模型,模拟美国、欧盟等发达国家在四种情境下征收碳关税的情况,分析实施碳关税对我国制造业各行业出口结构的影响,以及对我国社会福利的影响。研究结果表明:美国征收碳关税会导致我国制造业产品出口市场价格下降,出口量减小;我国开征国内碳税会导致制造业产品出口市场价格上升,出口量减小,但出口减小幅度低于美国对我国制造业征收碳关税时的出口减小幅度;美、欧等发达国家征收碳关税将导致我国化工橡胶制品行业、石油煤炭加工工业以及造纸业等能源密集型行业的出口减少,其中受到冲击最严重的行业为造纸业,出口降幅在1.79%-6.05%之间,而其他非能源密集型的制造行业出口增加;我国制造业出口结构在一定程度上得到优化;我国整体福利水平下降,下降水平在21.34亿-83.47亿美元之间。最后,从国际协调、出口结构调整、绿色制造发展等方面提出对策建议,为我国制造业的发展提供借鉴。     

碳关税对中国出口贸易的影响及应对策略

碳关税是美国提出的针对国际贸易中高能耗进口产品征税的一种新型绿色贸易壁垒。从表面上看,碳关税的提出是为了缓解全球气候变暖的现实,促进全球贸易的公平竞争。实质上,碳关税的提出是美国国内政治经济博弈的结果,其目的是为了夺取世界经济新的话语权,同时也是为了制衡中国在内的发展中国家。碳关税对我国出口的影响机制有二:第一,碳关税产生的价格效应促使出口商品成本上升,出口量下降,造成出口国净福利损失。第二,长期来看,碳关税的环境规制效应会促使出口企业实施创新、改进效率,企业竞争力增强。但是,就短期来说,由于我国尚不具备"波特假说"成立的前提条件,碳关税会促使成本上升,出口产品竞争力下降。本文系统分析了我国出口商品结构和地理方向,指出碳关税的推出将对我国当前出口贸易形成严峻的挑战,长期看将有利于我国市场结构、产业结构和出口结构的改善。基于以上的分析,文章提出了政府"环境外交"、逐步开征国内碳税、构建绿色制造体系等政策建议。     

大国气候博弈的中国经济与生态环境效应评估

气候变化已成为制约人类社会可持续发展的重要议题，未来拥有更多碳减排空间和先进碳技术的国家将在全球发展中处于有利地位。以美国为首的发达国家、气候变化政策的主要推动者欧盟以及以中国为代表的发展中国家等三方在全球气候变化领域的领导权与话语权争夺将更加激烈。欧美推动的碳关税政策已成为大国气候博弈的有力工具，如何在大国气候博弈中破局成为中国制定气候战略和减碳政策的重点。该研究利用全球多区域可计算一般均衡模型，以欧盟和美国对进口产品施加碳关税政策进行大国气候博弈为假设，设定八种可能情景，对中国受到的经济与生态环境影响进行评估。结果表明：(1)欧美推动的碳关税政策一定程度上造成中国国内生产总值和居民福利出现损失，同时对碳密集型商品出口有较大程度的负面影响，但对整体减排影响较为微弱。(2)欧美的碳关税政策对于欧美自身的碳减排效果并不明显，是典型的“损人不利己”行为。(3)中国出口退税政策一定程度上可以减缓碳关税政策对中国经济的负面冲击，还可以在一定程度上减少中国的碳排放。(4)中国政府需谨慎对待对进口商品施加碳关税的反制措施，其可能会带来更为严重的经济损失。建议中国采取出口退税政策主动缓解碳关税带来的...     

碳交易市场中的碳税策略研究

为实现节能减排和产业结构平稳调整,我国需要走经济可持续发展的"低碳之路",这就需要选择并设计市场化减排政策工具。本文通过探讨碳交易市场中的碳税策略,提出复合碳交易体系更加符合我国国情。在此背景下,通过构建复合碳排放交易体系下的双寡头企业的合作和竞争三阶段博弈模型,对如何制定碳税税率促使社会福利最大化,不同碳减排研发策略下,企业如何确定碳计划减排量以及制定产品价格,以满足自身利益最大化等问题进行了分析;同时,对政府征收碳税税率的影响进行敏感性分析,比较企业采取合作和竞争两种不同碳减排研发策略时,碳税税率的变化对产品价格、碳计划减排量、企业利润、社会福利方面的影响。本文认为,在碳交易市场中征收碳税对于降低碳排放量,增加企业收益具有促进作用,这说明在科学合理的政府政策配置下,采用合理的市场机制,可以实现低碳经济的可持续发展;其实现过程,需要建立碳交易市场,依靠碳排放权交易制度,促使企业主动选择"提高计划碳减排量"的方式逐年降低碳排放量,同时,在加强社会监督和严格执行碳超量排放处罚机制的条件下,采用碳税方式提高计划碳减排量,而要达到最优减排量,政府还需积极引导和促使企业不断提高碳减排研发效率,并积极开展合作研发减排;而在推行过程中,应选择碳税税率征收空间较大的高产能行业,特别是产品成本和低碳度较低的行业作为试点,优先开征碳税;在垄断行业中,政府必须采取必要的规制政策,以确保市场机制的有效性和递延性,维护公共利益。同时,推广过程中必须重视对消费者低碳偏好的培养,这将有利于企业提高产品价格,应对碳减排带来的生产成本压力,减少碳税征收的阻力,为政府开征碳税赢得空间和时间,促进能源结构的优化和产业结构的平稳调整,实现低碳环保与经济发展的和谐统一。     

“双碳”目标、碳税政策与中国制造业产业链韧性北大核心CSCDCSSCI

碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出,意味着在未来中长期范围内实现减碳乃至净零碳将是中国经济社会发展过程中的重点内容。中国作为全球制造业大国,制造业产业链的发展对能源具有强依赖性。研究“双碳”目标下碳税政策对中国制造业产业链的作用传导机制,探索如何发挥政府的引导作用做好统筹推进碳减排和产业链发展韧性,对于统筹中国经济安全与发展、推进中国制造业转型升级和确保“双碳”工作平稳、有序、可持续具有重要的战略意义。文章根据2017年中国多区域投入产出表,通过基于产业链总值核算法和产业链增加值核算法两类情形下的碳税政策进行反事实分析,研究发现:中国31个省份制造业的产业链呈现显著的本地关联,表明产业链关联对于贸易成本是敏感的。而基于总值核算的碳税政策和基于增加值核算的碳税政策均会导致中国制造业产业链的波动,但基于总值核算的碳税政策对中国制造业产业链波动的影响更大。反事实模拟分析的结果表明,基于总值核算的碳税政策无法避免政策成本沿着产业链积累和跨区域产业链的不对称减排问题,从而导致跨区域的碳转移现象,而基于增加值核算的碳税政策能够较为有效地克服跨区域跨行业的政策外部性问题,在一定程度上避免产业链的“碳泄漏”,有利于政策上实现“碳公平”。进一步研究发现,在基于产业链增加值的碳税政策框架下,存在最优碳税税率使得碳税政策对中国制造业产业链的冲击最小。据此,研究提出完善“双碳”目标下碳排放核算方案、探索“双碳”政策背景下的全产业链系统治理方案、探索“双碳”目标下跨区域协同治理方案等政策建议。     

气候变化对中国的影响利弊

气候变化对自然生态系统、自然资源、三次产业、社会系统及自然灾害等领域的影响包括:气候变化对自然生态系统结构和功能产生深刻影响,如东北多年冻土区植被生产力下降,而青藏高原则升高;气候变化导致华北、东北大部分地区降水减少以及许多北方河流径流量减少;由于气候变化,人们生产生活对能源的需求发生变化;气候变化导致的极端事件增加(包括频次与强度)、水资源短缺等问题对人体健康、疾病传播、重大工程等具有重要影响;气候变化背景下,热量资源的改善有助于延长农作物生育期,但极端事件增加也会造成农业生产的不稳定;气候变化不仅可通过影响农业和自然资源而间接地对第二、三产业产生影响,而且气候变化减缓措施(如碳税、碳关税、碳交易等)的采用也将对社会经济产生广泛而深刻的影响。进一步,通过分析可发现,气候变化的影响具有显著的区域差异性,而且总体上利弊共存,但弊大于利。基于此,本文提出要趋利避害,科学应对气候变化,实现"整体最优、长期受益"的有序适应目标;要强调定量适应,提出可操作性方案和可预期目标,并分析适应措施的不确定性;而且为提高我国未来综合竞争力,今后应采取更加主动的应对策略,如逐渐调整产业结构,加大减排技术研发,积极应对碳税、碳关税和碳市场对中国社会经济发展的影响等。     

实施边界碳调节对中国对外贸易的影响

欧、美等经济体意图通过实施单边边界碳调节贸易措施,向发展中国家施加减排压力。这一措施一旦实施,将对我国对外贸易产生重大影响。本文利用2007年的投入产出表,定量分析了三种税率情景下对我国出口贸易整体和分部门的影响。结果显示,若按照出口产品内涵排放量征收,将导致我国出口产品的关税水平提高3%-6.3%,若按产品直接排放计算,则提高0.8%-1.7%。2007年,前者征收的碳税总额约为426亿-730亿美元,是后者总税额的4倍。若按照产品内涵排放量征收,受影响较大的部门为纺织业等非传统高耗能行业,应鼓励其进行产业升级,提高出口产品的附加值,通过降低能源强度,减少其内涵排放总量。考虑数据收集的复杂性,基于产品直接排放征税则更具操作性,结果表明,受影响最大的五个部门为其他化学原料、石油及核燃料加工、炼焦业、黑色金属冶炼及压延和纺织业,大多为高耗能行业,因此调整出口产品结构,抑制高耗能产业的过快发展,也是我国的重要对策。     

中国—欧盟碳泄漏问题实证研究

气候变化问题已被公认为是全球范围内可持续发展面临的最大威胁,碳泄漏问题是目前气候变化领域的一个热点问题.欧盟等以存在碳泄漏为由欲对非减排国家征收碳关税.在此背景下,本文对碳泄漏问题进行理论分析和实证研究.理论分析认为,碳泄漏有三个主要渠道:化石能源的国际贸易、碳密集型产品的国际贸易和能源密集型产业的国际转移,其中,碳密集型产品的国际贸易一直是争论的核心.在此基础上,本文从碳密集型产品的国际贸易角度对中国与欧盟之间碳泄漏问题进行了实证研究.本文选取钢铁、有色金属、水泥、化肥、玻璃和玻璃制品、纸张和纸制品六个碳密集型产业为研究对象,以中国与欧盟碳密集型产品的进出口比率作为指标,考察欧盟实施温室气体减排措施(1992年)以来该指标的变化趋势,以确定中国与欧盟之间是否发生了碳泄漏以及程度如何.研究结果表明,中国与欧盟之间可能并未发生碳泄漏,或者即使发生了碳泄漏,其程度也很微弱,不足以成为欧盟征收碳关税的理由.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.