中国出口贸易隐含碳排放效率及其收敛性北大核心CSCDCSSCI

文章将三阶段DEA模型与非竞争型I-O模型相结合,基于2002—2017年中国投入产出数据,测度26个产品部门出口贸易隐含碳排放效率,并进一步剖析其影响因素和收敛性。研究结果表明:①2002—2017年中国整体产品部门出口贸易隐含碳排放效率处于向好发展趋势,尤其是2012年中国实施生态文明建设以后向好趋势更为明显,但各产品部门之间碳排放效率水平差异依然显著。②由K-means聚类分析测算可知,农业、其他服务业、批发零售及餐饮业、建筑业和创新能力较强的制造业大都集中在高、中效率水平区间,而以资源依赖、能耗较大的产品部门如金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业、煤炭采选业等行业则处于低效率水平。③各产品部门在2002—2010年和2010—2017年期间均存在σ收敛、绝对β收敛和条件β收敛。从收敛速度和程度来看,各产品部门在2010—2017年的水平均高于2002—2010年。④技术进步在抑制能源消费和提升隐含碳排放效率方面尚未充分发挥作用,而且还拉大了各产品部门之间碳排放效率水平的差距。贸易规模的扩大能有效提升碳排放效率,缩小部门之间的水平差距,环境规制能有效促进碳排放效率的提升,但会拉大部门之间的水平差距。以上研究结论表明:中国需要在低碳贸易发展方面构建完善的环境规制,合理扩大贸易规模,淘汰落后产能,大力发展新能源等低碳技术,并加强部门间交流与合作,促进产业间协同发展。     

全要素能源效率与中国经济增长收敛性——基于动态面板数据的实证检验

能源效率是促进经济增长、减少能源消费的关键政策参数,研究能源效率与经济增长收敛性关系,对于揭示能源效率在我国地区经济增长中的作用,指导能源发展战略具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文选取1995-2009年中国29个省份的面板数据样本,运用DEA方法测算全要素能源效率,发现全国以及区域能源效率经历了一个先上升再下降的过程,中国省域全要素能源效率差异显著,但总体上各省份之间的差异呈现缩小趋势;将能源效率纳入内生经济增长模型进行实证检验,运用IV、DIFF-GMM和SYS-GMM方法证明中国经济增长条件收敛存在,能源效率系数显著为正,说明能源效率促进中国经济增长和收敛;运用纠偏LSDV估计方法分区域开展实证检验,研究认为,能源效率对东部和中部地区经济增长起到显著的促进作用,由此表明能源效率对经济发达地区作用更为显著。基于此,国家能源效率提升战略重点应放在东中部能源消费集中地区,从而通过节能技术"溢出"效应促进西部地区能源效率的提升,以促进地区经济增长的收敛。     

中国工业环境效率及其空间差异的收敛性

本文利用超效率数据包络分析方法,基于可持续发展工商理事会(WBCSD)的环境效率概念,构建了工业环境效率评价模型,分析了中国286个地级城市在2005-2010年间的工业环境效率的变化轨迹,基于此,利用变异系数和面板数据估计模型,分别对全国以及东、中、西部地区环境效率的空间差异的收敛性及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:在2005-2010年间,中国工业环境效率总体上有所降低,且基本呈现东高西低的空间格局,其中,东部地区的工业环境效率高于全国平均水平,但呈现逐年下降的趋势,中、西部地区的环境效率均低于全国平均水平,但呈现缓慢增长的趋势。中国以及东、中、西部地区工业环境效率的空间差异既存在绝对收敛,即:工业环境效率的空间差异随着时间尺的推移呈现逐渐缩小的趋势;也存在明显的东、中、西地理空间和高、中、低收入水平俱乐部收敛特征;还存在条件收敛特征,即:存在环境效率水平落后地区对发达地区的"追赶效应",城市规模、经济水平、财政能力和工业外向度对全国尺度环境效率的空间收敛过程具有促进作用,而工业增长能力则相反;不同区域的不同控制变量对环境效率的影响作用不同,城市规模、经济水平、财政能力对东部地区环境效率改善及其在区域间的收敛过程具有明显的促进作用;而中部地区城市规模、财政能力、工业增长能力与其工业环境效率之间存在明显的负向关系。城市经济水平、工业外向度则表现出促进作用;西部地区城市规模、经济水平与环境效率之间存在显著的正向关系。     

环境约束下中国地区能源全要素效率及其影响因素

当下中国经济发展面临以节约能源消费和减少CO2排放作为主要目标的经济结构转型压力。在能源约束条件下如何提高能源效率实现经济可持续增长,能源效率问题作为研究中国经济可持续增长是必要的且具有十分重要的现实意义。本文基于Metafrontier GML指数方法,构建动态综合的污染强度指标作为非期望产出,测算中国地区2004—2013年28个省份的绿色能源效率,进而对中国区域之间与区域内部技术效应进行分解,并对其收敛性和影响因素进行分析。研究结果发现,中国东部地区技术赶超、创新和领先效应是显著的,东部地区辽宁省技术"领先效应"并不明显,导致该地区能源效率并未有提高;中部地区的技术创新效应不明显,但能源效率均有明显提高;而西部地区只存在技术创新效应,此地区的技术前沿与全国范围的共同技术前沿差距较大,特别是此地资源型地区的技术改进效率不高。其次,通过对能源效率的σ收敛和β收敛进行检验,发现中国地区能源效率在2004—2013年存在σ收敛但是不存在绝对β收敛。再次,对影响能源效率的因素进行回归分析,结果发现技术"赶超效应"、"创新效应"和"领先效应"均对能源效率的提高存在正向作用,产业结构升级和能源价格对能源效率的提高存在促进作用,但是增强环境规制强度会抑制能源效率的提高。这就意味着提高能源效率,对于不同地区需要"因地制宜",特别是对于资源型地区,需加大促进技术创新政策力度,缩小地区技术前沿与全国技术前沿的距离,制定合理的环境规制政策,进而促进能源效率的提高。     

空间视角下中国农业生态效率的收敛性与分异特征

基于1978—2016年中国省级面板数据,采用超效率SBM模型测算省际农业生态效率,在Kernel密度估计分析时空演变格局的基础上,将空间效应因素引入经典β收敛的检验过程中,建立空间计量模型估算其空间收敛性,并分区域、分时段讨论其分异特征。研究发现:①中国农业生态效率呈现出在波动中稳定上升的"双峰"分布特征,且波峰高度的差距在缩小,但整体仍处于较低水平,农业生态效率仍存在较大提升空间,东部地区农业生态效率增长较中西部地区更加明显;②中国农业生态效率存在显著的空间收敛性,空间条件β收敛的速度为0. 105,条件收敛速度显著快于绝对收敛,空间因素对收敛趋势具有加速效应,使得地区间农业生态效率的空间差异随时间推移呈现出进一步缩小的态势;③不同地区、不同时段的农业生态效率空间收敛性同样显著,空间收敛速度呈现出东北、中部、西部、东部依次递减的分布格局,且不同地区间收敛速度均大于经典收敛,这与区域间经济发展水平、农业技术条件、基础设施、资本流动性等各方面存在关联性,而除2004—2016年外,其他时段的空间收敛速度均高于经典收敛速度,且表现出逐步递减的变化过程。由于空间收敛性的存在,各地区应充分考虑到自身资源禀赋及农业经济发展水平的差异性,邻近地区之间应加强农业生产合作与交流,并建立完备的农业生态合作机制、生态政策联动机制。     

中国环境效率评价及其影响因素实证研究

环境效率是实际污染排放和潜在污染排放的一种度量。本文运用包含污染排放的环境DEA模型,测算了1998-2007年中国省际环境效率,检验了其收敛情况。结果显示,全国环境效率总体水平较低,省际、区域间差距较大,表明现阶段实行地区间减排合作、推动环保技术在区域间扩散的现实必要性;分别从20032、005年开始,省际、区域环境效率差距逐渐缩小,存在一定的收敛趋势;同时,本文采用Tobit模型分析了影响环境效率因素,研究发现人均GDP对提高环境效率具有积极影响,而工业比重上升、财政分权度的提高以及贸易自由化对环境效率具有显著的负面影响。最后,基于实证研究的结果,就减少地区污染排放、提高我国环境效率给出了相关政策建议。     

中国农业能源效率动态演变及其影响因素北大核心CSCDCSSCI

践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念,推进农业绿色发展必须提高农业能源效率。文章采用1995—2018年中国28个省份的面板数据,基于直接能源和间接能源两个类别核算中国农业能源投入,运用EBM(Epsilon-based Measure)混合距离函数模型测算农业能源效率,利用核密度函数和空间自相关分析农业能源效率动态演变,采用动态面板模型分析农业能源效率影响因素。结果表明:①1995—2018年,中国农业能源投入总量逐年上升,年均增长率为2%,能源投入结构从间接能源为主转变为直接能源为主。中国农业能源效率呈现“先上升-停滞-再迅速上升”的演进趋势,总体上农业能源效率偏低,存在较大提升空间。②1995—2018年,东、中、西部地区农业能源效率年均增长率分别为2.7%、1.9%和1.4%,2018年东、中、西部地区农业能源效率分别为0.81、0.71和0.59,地区间差距加速扩大,中西部地区农业能源效率亟待提升。③1995—2018年,各省农业能源效率出现两极分化且绝对差距扩大。广东、山东、江西、江苏、辽宁、天津等省市农业能源效率提升明显,新疆、贵州、内蒙古等省区农业能源效率恶化。④1995—2018年,中国农业能源效率不存在全局空间相关性,但2010年以来东部地区出现局部“高-高”集聚。⑤能源一期滞后项对农业能源效率有显著正向影响,农业能源效率提升有时滞性。人力资本水平、农民人均纯收入和城镇化水平对农业能源效率有显著正向影响,受灾率、二三产业发展水平、对外开放水平对农业能源效率有显著负向影响。在乡村振兴战略实施过程中,应该以中西部地区为重点,以职业农民培育为关键,着重改善农业生产条件,提升地区间协作水平,发挥二、三产业的带动作用,增强农业防灾减灾能力。     

西部大开发十五年环境效率评价及其影响因素分析

西部大开发政策实施以来,西部地区实现了快于东部和中部的经济增长。正确认识西部地区经济增长中的环境成本,评价西部地区的环境效率具有重要意义。本文运用考虑非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测算了2000—2014年西部大开发以来的环境效率。研究发现:西部地区环境效率偏低,处于相对无效状态。西部地区环境效率明显低于传统效率,经济增长付出了较高的环境代价。西部大开发以来传统效率与环境效率之间的差距呈现先扩大后缩小的"倒U"型走势变化。西部地区省份环境效率在全国排名靠后,各省份的环境效率呈现出差异化的发展态势,其中重庆和四川排名不断提升,新疆排名逐步回落,内蒙古和广西在西部地区排名相对靠前且比较稳定,云南和陕西一直处于中间水平,贵州、甘肃、青海、宁夏排名相对靠后。西部地区环境效率2000—2003年上升,2004—2010年不断下降,2010—2014年趋于平稳。西部地区环境效率低于东部地区且差距大,也低于中部地区和全国平均水平。通过收敛性检验发现,西部地区各省份间的环境效率差距呈现先缩小后扩大的趋势;西部地区与东部地区间的环境效率差距逐渐扩大,与中部地区间的环境效率差距先扩大后缩小。本文同时采用了Tobit模型进行面板回归,实证分析了西部地区环境效率的影响因素。结果表明:经济发展水平、科学技术水平、能源消费结构、环保投资力度对西部地区环境效率具有显著影响;产业结构变化和对外开放程度对西部地区环境效率影响不显著;西部地区存在环境效率的库兹涅茨曲线。     

基于DEA的中国农地非农化效率及其变化

基于DEA和Malmquist TFP指数模型方法研究分析2000～2008年我国省域和区域层面农地非农化效率及其变化,为优化土地利用提供参考。研究结果表明：（1）省域层面各项平均效率水平一般,超过80%的省份农地非农化综合效率未达到有效状态;（2）农地非农化效率总体呈现东部地区>东北地区>中部地区>西部地区的状态,区域差距呈现缩小趋势;（3）农地非农化平均综合效率的提升主要源于纯技术效率的贡献,而生产效率的明显改善得益于技术进步;（4）东部和东北地区农地非农化综合效率有所下降,中西部地区综合效率呈现上升趋势,西部地区上升显著。通过研究发现：现阶段我国农地非农化存在要素资源的利用不充分现象,效率提升潜力较大;西部地区农地非农化规模集聚能力与其他地区差距较大;东部地区存在农地非农化效率损失;虽然中西部地区农地非地化效率变化提升明显,但能否成为农地非农化指标增加的依据还值得进一步探讨     

城乡收入差距时空演变与驱动因素的空间计量研究——以长江三角洲为例

推动城乡收入差距的缩小,是实现高质量发展的应有之义.采用变异系数、马尔科夫链和空间分析等方法,探讨2000～2018年长江三角洲城乡收入及其差距时空演变规律,并采用空间计量方法探究城乡收入差距演变驱动因素.结果 表明:(1)城、乡收入总体差距均呈现先上升后下降态势,但城镇收入高于农村、农村收入差距高于城镇,且城、乡收入"核心-边缘"格局具有较强稳定性.(2)不同城市间城乡收入差距呈现显著的"核心-边缘"格局,高值区的下降与低值区的扩大表明城乡收入差距的总体缩小;不同城市城乡收入演变的差异,表明未来缩小城乡收入差距的政策要因"地"制宜.(3)经济发展、人口流动、政府影响和对外开放都是影响城乡收入差距的重要因素,不同时期影响因素的差异表明相关政策制定要因"时"制宜.此外,一体化深入带来的空间溢出效应增强,表明相关政策制定要强化城市之间的互动.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.