Identification and chemical characterization of industrial particulate matter sources in southwest Spain

A detailed physical and chemical characterization of coarse particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the city of Huelva (in Southwestern Spain) was carried out during 2001 and 2002. To identify the major emission sources with a significant influence on PM10 and PM2.5, a methodology was developed based on the combination of: (1) real-time measurements of levels of PM10, PM2.5, and very fine particulate matter (PM1); (2) chemical characterization and source apportionment analysis of PM10 and PM2.5; and (3) intensive measurements in field campaigns to characterize the emission plumes of several point sources. Annual means of 37, 19, and 16 microg/m3 were obtained for the study period for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, respectively. High PM episodes, characterized by a very fine grain size distribution, are frequently detected in Huelva mainly in the winter as the result of the impact of the industrial emission plumes on the city. Chemical analysis showed that PM at Huelva is characterized by high PO4(3-) and As levels, as expected from the industrial activities. Source apportionment analyses identified a crustal source (36% of PM10 and 31% of PM2.5); a traffic-related source (33% of PM10 and 29% of PM2.5), and a marine aerosol contribution (only in PM10, 4%). In addition, two industrial emission sources were identified in PM10 and PM2.5: (1) a petrochemical source, 13% in PM10 and 8% in PM2.5; and (2) a mixed metallurgical-phosphate source, which accounts for 11-12% of PM10 and PM2.5. In PM2.5 a secondary source has been also identified, which contributed to 17% of the mass. A complete characterization of industrial emission plumes during their impact on the ground allowed for the identification of tracer species for specific point sources, such as petrochemical, metallurgic, and fertilizer and phosphate production industries.     

废聚氨酯的热解及产物分析

利用热重分析仪和管式炉对废聚氨酯进行热解实验,研究了废聚氨酯的热解特性及热解产物.结果表明,废聚氨酯热解有3个失重阶段,热失重主要发生在200～440℃,600℃热失重趋于稳定.红外光谱图分析发现,热解过程中有大量CO和CO2产生.气质联用检测结果分析显示,热解产物复杂,液体产物中检出苯胺、p-苯胺、苯甲腈等多种芳香类化合物,气体产物以低碳的烷烃和烯烃为主,还检测出有机氯化合物,这是废聚氨酯中氟利昂类发泡剂所致.     

Radiolytic decomposition of multi-class surfactants and their biotransformation products in sewage treatment plant effluents

Electron beam irradiation (EBI), as one of the most efficient advanced oxidation processes, was applied to the treatment of sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of radiolytic decomposition of multi-class surfactants. Target compounds, included several high-volume surfactant groups, such as alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and their biotransformation products, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl sulfates (AS), alkylether sulfates (AES), coconut diethanol amides (CDEA), alcohol ethoxylates (AEO) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs). EBI treatment of STP effluent (total concentration of APEO-derived compounds 265mugl(-1), being APE(2)C the most abundant by-degradation products) resulted in efficient decomposition of all alkylphenolic compounds; elimination of 94% longer ethoxy chain nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO, n(EO)=3-15) was obtained when 3kGy were applied. Slightly less efficient decomposition of short ethoxy chain oligomers (NPEO(1) and NPEO(2)) was observed, resulting in disappearance of about 80% of the initially present compounds. LC-MS analysis of treated wastewater suggested that the mechanism of EBI degradation of APEOs is a combination of two parallel pathways: a progressive shortening and oxidation of the ethoxy chain, which resulted in a formation of short ethoxy chain oligomers and APECs and central fission that resulted in formation of PEGs. Decomposition of APECs at 1kGy initially yielded APs, which were subsequently eliminated applying higher radiation doses. With a radiation dose of 2kGy about 95% of NPE(1)C and 97% of NPE(2)C were decomposed. Similar elimination rates were obtained for octylphenolic compounds. Radiolytic treatment applied was also very effective in removing PEGs formed as by-products from APEO degradation, as well as in decomposing other surfactants, such as linear LAS, AS and AES.     

PVC废物及其处理技术

PVC广泛应用于工业和日常生活中 ,PVC废物的产生量将会在将来一段时间内持续增长 ,对PVC废物处理处置问题研究成为固体废物处理处置的一个方向。目前 ,PVC废物还缺乏系统、完善的管理手段和处理技术。本文在分析PVC废物特点其环境潜在危害特性的基础上 ,比较分析各种PVC废物处理技术的优势和存在的问题 ,及国内外在PVC废物处理处置方面的具体实践 ,以期探讨PVC废物的处理对策并提出今后PVC废物处理的发展趋势和研究方向     

Direct and indirect methods for chromium identification in industrial wastes

The examinations of selected wastes and stream sediments from the vicinity of a chemical plant by sequential extraction procedures and direct methods, SEM/EDX and XRD, were carried out in order to identify the different forms of chromium, particularly as they are released to potential mobility. The results show that the top and bottom waste samples contain 37,756 and 53,650 μg g¹ Cr, respectively, but about 7% and 2% of the total chromium type Cr(VI). The chemical extraction results show that the mobility of Cr in the upper part of the waste pile is significantly higher than in the bottom section; the exchangeable form of Cr accounts for 25% and < 1%, respectively, the last one irrespective of redox conditions. About 50% of Cr is associated with the reducible fraction of the top waste, and similar with the residual fraction in the bottom waste. Oxidation of the bottom waste shift some portion of Cr from residual to the moderately reducible fraction. The major Cr-forms in the river sediments are compounded with Fe-oxides. The < 2 μm size fraction of the selected sediment sample, particular enriched in chromium contained up to 73,000 μg g¹ Cr with about 95% of this in the moderately reducible fraction, predominantly bound with oxyhydroxides. SEM/EDX and XRD analysis of wastes and river sediment indicate that the main insoluble Cr-phase is ferroan — (Mg, Fe) (Cr, Al)²O⁴ which would be dissolved mainly in the residual fraction.     

Metal accumulation in poplar plant grown with industrial wastes

In this study the effects of different levels of industrial wastes on growth traits and metal accumulation in aerial portions were determined for Populusxeuramericana clone I-214. The experiment started in April 2003. Scions of Populusxeuramericana clone I-214, were grown outdoor near Pisa (Italy), in lisimeters filled with soil naturally present in the land around the experimental site, were daily drip irrigated, hand weeded, monthly fertilized, pruned for a unique shoot and cultivated with four increasing treatments: soil non-amended, soil amended with 4.8 kgm(-2), with 9.6 kgm(-2) and with 19.2 kgm(-2) of fresh tannery waste. The climatic parameters were daily recorded throughout the whole experiment. Growth relieves were performed during the growing season. After six months since the plantation of the scions, aerial portions of every plant were harvested for biomass and metal content analyses. Data demonstrated that the waste exerted beneficial effects on poplars mainly through a general increase of growth traits and that the nutrients relocation is the mechanisms involved in modulating growth rate. The concentration and the amount of the mineral elements analysed (N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr) changed determinately among treatments, organs and position. We concluded that phytoremediation strategies of tannery wastes might be possible and sustainable for polar plantations in soil amended with non-hazardous levels of industrial waste, which maintain total heavy metals concentration close to background values.     

有机固体废弃物的热解处理研究

通过对锯末、稻壳、纸屑、橱芥、塑料和橡胶6种具有代表性的有机固体废弃物原料的热解实验,测量了它们三相产物收率,并分析了它们固体、液体和气体三相产物的组成.特别对液体产物,针对它们的特殊性分别采用了层析、模拟蒸馏和全烃气相色谱分析,详细探讨了热解焦油的具体组分,得到了热解法处理有机固体废弃物的一些有意义的数据.     

Preparation and characterization of green bricks using pharmaceutical industrial wastes

This paper reports on recycling of industrial wastes (three pharmaceutical industrial sludges) into environmental friendly value-added materials. Stabilization/Solidification (S/S or bricks) process was applied to make a safer way for the utilization of pharmaceutical waste. The additives in this study include binders (cement, lime and bentonite) and strengthening material (pulverized fuel ash (PFA), silica fume and quarry dust) was used at different compositions. Bricks were cured for 28 days, and the following analysis-like compressive strength, leachability of heavy metals, mineralogical phase identity by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal behaviour by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) had done. All the bricks were observed to achieve the standard compressive strength as required for construction according to BIS standards. Metal concentration in the leachate has reached the dischargeable limits according to Brazilian standards. Results of this study demonstrate that production of bricks is a promising and achievable productive use of pharmaceutical sludge.     

Evaluation of a novel high throughput screening tool for relative emissions of industrial chemicals used in chemical products

Tens of thousands of chemicals are currently marketed worldwide, but only a small number of these compounds has been measured in effluents or the environment to date. The need for screening methodologies to select candidates for environmental monitoring is therefore significant. To meet this need, the Swedish Chemicals Agency developed the Exposure Index (EI), a model for ranking emissions to a number of environmental matrices based on chemical quantity used and use pattern. Here we evaluate the EI. Data on measured concentrations of organic chemicals in sewage treatment plants, one of the recipients considered in the EI model, were compiled from the literature, and the correlation between predicted emission levels and observed concentrations was assessed by linear regression analysis. The adequacy of the parameters employed in the EI was further explored by calibration of the model to measured concentrations. The EI was found to be of limited use for ranking contaminant levels in STPs; the r² values for the regressions between predicted and observed values ranged from 0.02 (p = 0.243) to 0.14 (p = 0.007) depending on the dataset. The calibrated version of the model produced only slightly better predictions although it was fitted to the experimental data. However, the model is a valuable first step in developing a high throughput screening tool for organic contaminants, and there is potential for improving the EI algorithm.     

Observations and assessment relating to incineration of chlorinated chemical wastes

Tests have been carried out on the chemical waste incinerator operated by Re-Chem International at Bonnybridge, Scotland, to determine whether any emissions of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) or polychlorodibenzofurans (PODF) occurred during incineration under typical conditions of certain organo-chlorine feedstocks. No detectable emissions of PCDDs or PCDFs were found during the incineration of 2,4,5-I esters, pentachlorophenol residues or PCB in liquid form. A just measurable amount of 2,3,7,8 TCDF was detected during the incineration of large intact capacitors and prior shredding, or puncturing, is preferred. The measured levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in soils collected in the vicinity of the Bonnybridge plant were found to be comparable to or less than those reported in urban or rural environments elsewhere. The reported detection of these compounds in a soil sample collected in 1877 suggests that they may be ubiquitous. It is demonstrated that cows grazing close to the Bonnybridge incinerator are unlikely to have suffered ill-effects from these emissions.     

Thermal destruction of wastes containing polychlorinated naphthalenes in an industrial waste incinerator

A series of verification tests were carried out in order to confirm that polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) contained in synthetic rubber products (Neoprene FB products) and aerosol adhesives, which were accidentally imported into Japan, could be thermally destroyed using an industrial waste incinerator. In the verification tests, Neoprene FB products containing PCNs at a concentration of 2800 mg/kg were added to industrial wastes at a ratio of 600 mg Neoprene FB product/kg-waste, and then incinerated at an average temperature of 985 °C. Total PCN concentrations were 14 ng/m³N in stack gas, 5.7 ng/g in bottom ash, 0.98 ng/g in boiler dust, and 1.2 ng/g in fly ash. Destruction efficiency (DE) and destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of congener No. 38/40, which is considered an input marker congener, were 99.9974 and 99.9995 %, respectively. The following dioxin concentrations were found: 0.11 ng-TEQ/m³N for the stack gas, 0.096 ng-TEQ/g for the bottom ash, 0.010 ng-TEQ/g for the boiler dust, and 0.072 ng-TEQ/g for the fly ash. Since the PCN levels in the PCN destruction test were even at slightly lower concentrations than in the baseline test without PCN addition, the detected PCNs are to a large degree unintentionally produced PCNs and does not mainly stem from input material. Also, the dioxin levels did not change. From these results, we confirmed that PCNs contained in Neoprene FB products and aerosol adhesives could be destroyed to a high degree by high-temperature incineration. Therefore, all recalled Neoprene FB products and aerosol adhesives containing PCNs were successfully treated under the same conditions as the verification tests.     

Sustainable utilization of industrial wastes in controlled low-strength materials: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The construction industry is experiencing an increasing demand for sustainable alternative materials. There is huge scope for converting the...     

典型大宗工业固体废物产生现状分析及产生量预测

针对大宗工业固体废物产生量大、历史堆存量多的问题,基于历史年份产废量和行业贡献度分析结果,运用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了2021–2025年特定行业典型大宗工业固体废物产生量。结果表明,尾矿、粉煤灰、煤矸石、冶炼废渣、炉渣、脱硫石膏等6种典型大宗工业固体废物普遍集中产生于1~2个特定行业,且特定行业的贡献程度普遍超过80％。到2025年,我国金属矿采选业尾矿,电力、热力生产和供应业粉煤灰,煤炭开采和洗选业煤矸石,黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业冶炼废渣,电力、热力生产和供应业炉渣及脱硫石膏产生量将分别达到13.46×10¹¹、6.45×10¹¹、15.86×10¹¹、6.21×10¹¹、2.57×10¹¹和2.50×10¹¹ kg,较2019年产生量分别增长55％、39％、238％、73％、52％和131％。建议充分考虑以采矿、冶金、电力、热力等产废量较大的行业为治理重点,并合理规划大宗工业固体废物利用处置设施布局和能力建设。本研究结果可为“十四五”时期深入开展“无废城市”建设,科学制订产废行业环境管理政策提供参考。     

Leachates from solid wastes: chemical and eco(geno)toxicological differences between leachates obtained from fresh and stabilized industrial organic sludge

The chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of fresh and stabilized industrial organic sludge leachates were compared to obtain information regarding how the stabilization process can influence the ecotoxic potential of this industrial waste, which could be used for the amendment of degraded soil. Physicochemical analysis of the sludge leachates, as well as a battery of eco(geno)toxicity tests on bacteria, algae, daphnids, and higher plants (including Vicia faba genotoxicity test) and the determination of hydrolytic enzyme activity, was performed according to standard methods. The chemical comparison of the two types of leachate showed that the samples obtained from stabilized sludge had a lower organic content and higher metal content than leachates of the fresh sludge. The eco(geno)toxicological results obtained with aquatic organisms showed that the stabilized sludge leachate was more toxic than the fresh sludge leachate, both originating from the same industrial organic sludge sample. Nevertheless, phytotoxicity tests carried out with a reference peat soil irrigated with stabilized sludge leachate showed the same toxicity as the fresh sludge leachate. In the case of the industrial solid organic sludge studied, stabilization through a biodegradation process promoted a higher metal mobility/bioavailability/eco(geno)toxicity in the stabilized sludge leachate compared to the fresh sludge leachate.     

利用工业废渣固化软土的试验研究

根据软土固化所需水化物组成的特殊性以及固化土结构形成过程的特点,有针对性地选择煤矸石、电石渣和磷石膏制备成以工业废渣为主要成分的软土固化剂。试验表明：采用合理的组成设计,充分利用不同工业废渣在提供碱性物质和膨胀性物质、调整胶结性水化物与膨胀性水化物生成速率协调性等方面的技术优势,利用工业废渣制备的固化剂与普通水泥相比可使固化土强度提高数倍。     

Electrochemical or UV-photochemical oxidation of industrial wastes containing polar aromatic sulphonates

BACKGROUND AND INTENTION: Aromatic sulphonates other than surfactants and their hydroxy and amino-derivatives are important intermediates for the production of azo dyes. Their production on a large scale can be detrimental for the environment, if the by-products of their synthesis are not disposed of appropriately. An industrial waste, the organic components of which were mainly amino and hydroxy-substituted aromatic sulphonates, seriously endangers the environment close to an dismissed Italian industrial site. Inorganic sulphates and chlorides contained in the waste seriously hinder its disposal by incineration, since they corrode furnace walls. In this work, preliminary exploration of aqueous-phase electrochemically and photochemically induced oxidation techniques have been performed as possible alternatives to incineration. METHODS: Electrochemically-induced oxidation was experimented on individual aromatic sulphonates and on an industrial waste by electrolysing them between smooth platinum electrodes at low temperature (5 degrees C) and high current densities (0.4 A/cm2) with aqueous 0.5 M NaHSO4 electrolyte. Photochemically-induced oxidation was performed by irradiating individual aromatic sulphonates or industrial waste with a 500 W mercury lamp in the presence of sodium peroxydisulphate. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: After 200 min electrodegradation, 90% of the original compounds disappeared, while 50% Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of an industrial waste was removed from solution after 10 hours. After 180 min UV-photodegradation, 90% of two test aromatic sulphonates disappeared, while 65% of TOC of industrial waste was removed after 5 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Two methods, electrochemical and UV-persulphate oxidation of an industrial waste, were used in order to propose a disposal procedure alternative to incineration. Electrodegradation with smooth Pt anode in 0.5 M NaHSO4 at 5 degrees C halved TOC concentration within 10 hours, while persulphate-assisted UV-photochemical oxidation with a 500 W high pressure Hg lamp abated two-thirds of TOC concentration after 5 hours. Energetic consumption of electrodegradation was 0.33 kWh/g TOC, while that of photooxidation was larger than 2 kWh/g TOC. Although both techniques can be considered efficient from a purely chemical point of view, since both are capable of wet-oxidising the aromatic sulphonates and the industrial waste, electrodegradation seems more promising than a photochemical degradation if economical considerations are also taken into account. Considering also that neither cell design nor catalyst were optimised in this preliminary study, the energy yield of electrodegradation seems likely to be largely improved.