DUID prevalence in Colorado's DUI citations

IntroductionThere are limited studies that measure the prevalence of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) based upon impairment measures because most prevalence studies are based on drug tests. The aim of this study was to provide the first estimate of DUID prevalence in Colorado using data collected by Colorado law enforcement officers in vehicular homicide (VH) and vehicular assault (VA) cases, and reported in court records.MethodsThe four research questions of this study were answered by completing independent t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests, Pearson chi-square analyses or Fisher's exact tests, and Kruskal–Wallis tests.ResultsSeventy percent (119 out of 170) of the cases involved alcohol only and 30% (51 out of 170) involved drugs. Of the latter cases, 32 cases involved a combination of alcohol and drugs and 19 cases identified drugs only, with no alcohol. Marijuana was the most commonly cited drug (23 cases); however, it was the sole impairing substance identified in only three cases.ConclusionPolydrug use was very common among DUID cases, which makes it difficult to identify which drug or drugs caused the impairment responsible for the Driving Under the Influence citation. This study revealed tha (a) drugged driving is a frequent cause of DUI citations in cases charged with VH or VA; (b) that polydrug use, rather than marijuana, is the most common cause of drugged driving in Colorado; and (c) that current warrant procedures render blood test results meaningless in cases of marijuana-impairment.Practical applicationStates should collect and analyze DUID data to ensure legislators focus on the right DUID problems to improve biological testing for drugs, adopt more appropriate roadside testing, and enact stronger DUID laws to protect the public.     

Issues with using police citations to assign responsibility in quasi-induced exposure

Crash fault determination is one of the most critical issues in applications of quasi-induced exposure. Traditionally, the driver citation issued by the investigating police officer is the primary source to assign responsibility for motor vehicle crashes. Such citations are based on the “evidence” or observation of a moving violation (such as engaged hazardous actions) in combination with non-moving violations (such as suspended driver license) prior to the crash. The objective here is to identify the contributing factors that may lead to driver citations in two-vehicle crashes in addition to the hazardous action. Multivariate binary logistic regression modeling is employed to explore the behavior of the investigating police officer in terms of issuing citation at the crash scene. A series of explanatory parameters including roadway characteristics, environmental factors, and driver and vehicle attributes is assessed. The results show that whether the crash type was a hit-and-run, alcohol and illegal drug use, driver gender, driver age, and injury severity all appear to have significant impacts on the investigating officer’s decision-making. Specific examples are given to demonstrate how two factors hit-and-run and drinking status can skew the exposure estimates in the context of quasi-induced exposure. The findings will help to serve as a basis to select appropriate parameters in assigning crash responsibility in quasi-induced exposure applications; and we make recommendations to modify existing crash database for better safety research in the future.     

Tracking traffic citations through court adjudications to posting to public driver records

Research has shown that one of the best predictors of a driver's future crash risk is the number of prior moving traffic violations (e.g., speeding). Public driver records are used by government and nongovernment users to assess drivers' future crash risks. However, the adequacy of such records may be compromised by deficient recordkeeping systems and by court-based diversion programs (e.g., probation before judgment, traffic school election) that allow drivers presumed guilty to avoid convictions in court and posting of the violations to their driver records. Using a case study approach in four jurisdictions in three states, citations issued for traffic violations were tracked through court adjudication to placement on driver records. Individual court case records and driver history records were reviewed. The percentages of citations issued that appeared on driver records were 58-87% for moving violations, 30-94% for driving while impaired (DWI), and 67-95% for occupant restraint violations. Diversion programs were a significant factor in two states, where 21% and 35% of moving violation citations resulted in diversions. Almost all court convictions in each jurisdiction were recorded on driver records, but few citations resulting in diversions were recorded. Thus, diversion programs in some jurisdictions substantially reduce the utility of public driver records as reliable indicators of prior traffic violations and future crash risks. Recordkeeping inefficiencies and errors were less important factors in this study.     

企业安全激励机制的博弈分析

从管理的角度提出安全激励的方法,介绍了激励的定义及其在安全管理中的作用.以委托代理原理为基础对激励方和被激励方之间关系进行了博弈分析,分别建立了有监督机制的静态博弈模型和竞争机制的动态博弈模型.通过对两种模型求解纳什均衡和分析均衡状态,论证了监督博弈模型和竞争博弈模型的可行性,认为监督和竞争机制更能有效地提高激励效率,得出影响激励效率的相关因素.有针对性提出具体要求和措施,认为应该制定符合员工需求的并在满足企业利益前提下最大化的奖励条件,降低监察成本,开展竞争制度,排除影响激励进行的外在干扰因素和制定合理的完善的激励制度,以提高员工安全生产的积极性.     

基于系统动力学的食品企业安全生产监管博弈研究

为了研究食品安全生产及监管的内在机理、影响因素及监管模式,采用演化博弈论方法建立了政府监管部门与食品企业之间的博弈模型,运用复制动态方程和系统动力学方法深入分析了食品安全生产中相关主体的决策选择。结果表明:食品企业在追求利益最大化的前提下须主动重视食品安全问题,食品企业的策略选择受安全生产投入成本、处罚成本和声誉收益的影响;政府监管部门的监管行为受监管成本、外部负效益及社会成本等多方因素的影响。因此,增大监管部门惩处力度、降低监管成本、完善社会公众监督机制、强化声誉效应是食品安全问题得以解决的有力保障。     

The impact of the 2007 graduated driver licensing law in Massachusetts on the rate of citations and licensing in teenage drivers

ObjectiveWe recently demonstrated that the 2007 Massachusetts Graduated Driving Licensing (GDL) law decreased the rate of motor vehicle crashes in teenage drivers. To better understand this decrease, we sought to examine the law's impact on the issuance of driving licenses and traffic citations to teenage drivers.MethodsCitation and license data were obtained from the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Census data were obtained from the Census Data Center. Two study periods were defined: pre-GDL (2002–2006) and post-GDL (2007–2012). Two populations were defined: the study population (aged 16–17) and the control population (aged 25–29). The rates of licenses per population were compared pre- vs. post-GDL for the study group. The numbers of total, state, and local citations per population were compared pre- vs. post-GDL for both populations. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the rates of citations using licenses issued as a denominator.ResultsWhile licenses per population obtained by the study group decreased over the entire period, there was no change in the rate of decrease per year pre- vs. post-GDL (2.0% vs. 1.4%; p = 0.6392). In the study population, total, state, and local citations decreased post-GDL (17.8% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.0001; 3.7% vs. 2.2%, p < 0.0001; 14.1% vs. 5.8%, p < 0.0001, respectively). In the control group, total and state citations did not change (26.7% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.3606; 9.2% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.3404, respectively), and local citations decreased (17.5% vs. 13.7%, p = 0.0389). The rates of decrease per year for total, state, and local citations were significantly greater in the study population compared with control (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0002, p < 0.0001, respectively).ConclusionsThe 2007 GDL law in Massachusetts was associated with fewer traffic citations without a change in the rate of licenses issued to teenagers. These findings suggest that 2007 GDL may be improving driving habits as opposed to motivating teenagers to delay the issuing of licenses.     

基于演化博弈的矿工脱岗行为原因研究

为探究矿工脱岗行为解决办法,采用演化博弈理论建立了矿工与煤矿企业之间的策略博弈模型。首先根据矿工与煤矿企业间的利益相关性确定影响各方利益的综合因素,然后结合煤矿企业实际确定两博弈方的收益矩阵,进而利用演化博弈模型分析两博弈方进行决策的动态演化过程。结果表明,博弈方选择不同策略的概率取决于对手的得益,且两博弈方的策略相互影响,最终达到3个稳定状态,即(在岗,不检查)、(脱岗,不检查)和(脱岗,检查)。矿工坚守岗位与脱岗处罚、矿工损失、检查成本等因素有关,并结合具体案例进行验证,建议煤矿企业应加大检查和处罚力度,使脱岗矿工损失较大,以逐渐减少脱岗行为。     

基于动态博弈论的区域环境风险应急资源管理

基于动态博弈论分析区域环境风险与应急资源配置、管理的不完全信息动态博弈过程及各个博弈阶段的目标,讨论了资源优化配置方案以及应急资源动态管理阶段的环境风险动态分类分级、应急人力资源联动以及物力、资金资源动态调度等重点环节.建立多种资源的动态配置体系,提出了应急资源体系系统效能的建设途径以及应急资源动态管理阶段各种资源的单一或协同运作方式,提出了应急资源配置和管理的2个关键要素--区域环境风险评估和应急资源管理绩效评估,优化了区域环境风险应急资源管理体系.     

基于有限理性的煤矿安全投资演化博弈研究

从有限理性角度出发,采用演化博弈论建立了考虑政府监管的煤矿企业安全投资的演化博弈模型。分析了博弈双方的复制动态方程及动态进化过程,揭示了博弈双方的行为特征及其对稳定状态的影响。分析了四种情况下的演化稳定策略,预测了煤矿安全投资的长期稳定趋势。同时分析了政府奖励、处罚和安全事故对煤矿安全投资的影响。结果显示降低煤矿安全投资成本、降低检查成本、提高惩罚力度等都将使煤矿安全投资朝着良好的方向演化。最后提出了相关的政策建议。为煤矿企业的安全投资和政府的监督管理提供了有益的指导。     

博弈论在公众聚集场所消防工作中的应用

公众聚集场所火灾危险性大,发生火灾后人员疏散困难,极易造成群死群伤事故.本文针对公众聚集场所火灾隐患整改问题,对火灾隐患单位和公安消防部门之间的关系进行博弈分析,建立了一种符合现状的简单罚款监督博弈模型,并分析其存在的缺陷,即对于单位违反规定不治理火灾隐患只进行简单的罚款不足以约束单位的消防安全行为.又在肯定其作用的基础上,进一步完善并提出单位承担责任的监督博弈模型.通过对这两种博弈模型的计算、对比和分析,论证了监督博弈模型的可行性,认为监督博弈模型能更加有效地约束单位的消防安全行为,得出监督力度、惩罚尺度与检查概率的相互制约关系,并有针对性地提出改进的具体要求和措施.认为应扩大单位承担责任范围和增大处罚力度,并应将部分罚款作为消防监督部门的奖金和补助,以提高公安消防部门监督的积极性.     

基于博弈论组合赋权的航道水域通航安全评价

为有效降低航道水域通航过程中发生事故的风险,将组合赋权方法应用于航道水域通航安全评价中.通过调研和查阅资料确定了航道通航安全评价指标体系,基于该指标体系建立了基于博弈论组合赋权法的航道水域通航安全评价模型.利用博弈论将层次分析法、熵权法、可拓学3种方法计算所得权重进行最优组合,兼顾专家决策者的主观属性及数据蕴含的不确定性和动态可拓性,然后基于可拓学关联度的概念对航道关于各评价等级的关联关系进行综合评价,得到最终评价结果,并对计算结果从权重角度进行灵敏度分析,考察结果的稳定性和可靠性.最后,以宁波-舟山港为例,选取部分航道对该安全评价模型进行验证,结果表明该评估模型合理、有效.     

博弈理论在公众聚集场所消防监督管理的应用

建立了公安消防部门和公众聚集场所之间的公共安全管理模型.通过分析该模型,确定公安消防部门对公众聚集场所进行抽检的比例,对公众聚集场所不安全营业的处罚力度,以及抽检比例与处罚力度之间的函数关系.     

基于博弈论-云模型的露天矿岩质边坡稳定性分析

针对露天矿岩质边坡稳定性具有随机性和模糊性的特点,建立了基于博弈论-云模型的边坡稳定性分级评价方法。首先,通过分析边坡稳定性影响因素,构建了包括地质、环境和工程条件等多方面的综合指标评价体系;其次,采用改进层次分析和熵权理论分别确定指标的主观和客观权重,基于博弈论计算指标综合权重;最后,通过计算综合确定度,基于最大隶属度原则确定边坡的稳定性等级。将所建立的评价模型应用到某露天矿边坡稳定性评价中,结果显示该模型的评价结果与实际情况完全符合,与未确知测度和可拓学理论的评价结果一致,表明该模型具有一定可靠性和实用性。     

基于博弈-可拓理论的隧道围岩稳定性评价

针对隧道围岩稳定性评价的模糊性和主观影响问题，建立基于博弈-可拓理论的隧道围岩稳定性评价模型。该模型采用岩石单轴抗压强度、岩体质量指标、完整性系数、体积节理数、声波纵波波速值、地下水渗水量作为隧道围岩稳定性评价指标，运用关联函数法、熵权法和改进层次分析法单独计算各个指标的权系数，利用博弈论组合赋权确定所得3个权系数的最优组合权系数，以此计算出待评隧道围岩关于各稳定性等级的加权关联度，根据计算结果判定待评隧道围岩稳定性等级。实例计算表明:运用博弈-可拓理论评价隧道围岩稳定性等级，综合了主客观因素，使评价结果更为合理可靠，为隧道风险控制与安全管理提供了新的依据。     

基于博弈论的地铁车站恐怖袭击风险定量研究

近年来发生的几起地铁重大恐怖袭击事件引起了各国政府、媒体和公众的广泛关注.地铁车站恐怖袭击可以看作博弈双方即袭击者和防御者之间的零和博弈.本文以某地铁线路上的22个车站为例,应用目标损失概率模型定量分析了恐怖袭击风险,通过防御资源变化得到了不同的目标损失概率.研究结果可以为地铁车站防御资源优化配置、防恐反恐预案编制等提供量化依据.     

基于博弈论-模糊物元的地下水环境健康评价模型构建及应用

在分析现有地下水环境健康状态评价模型缺陷的基础上,基于可拓学原理,通过信息熵法确定客观权重,层次分析法确定主观权重,结合非对称贴近度方法改进最大隶属度原则及博弈论组合赋权思想得出综合权重,构建了基于博弈论和模糊物元的地下水环境健康状态评价模型,并选取黄河流域4个地区对模型的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,该模型适用于具有模糊性、不确性与多目标的地下水环境健康状态评价,能较好地避免因权重赋值的片面性造成的评价结果偏差问题,其评价结果同时反映了地下水环境健康等级与发展趋势。