基于GIS和能值分析的黑龙江省农业生态经济格局综合评价

采用能值分析方法和GIS空间分析技术,基于黑龙江省77个县(市、区)的社会经济统计数据,从时空动态视角评价了黑龙江省域及各县域的农业生态经济格局及其综合发展水平。结果表明,1996—2012年间,黑龙江省农业生态经济系统的能值投入与产出均呈明显的增长趋势,林产品产出能值增长幅度较大。1996—2012年研究区的环境承受压力增大,环境负载率由6.61增加到10.21,净能值产出率由5.37减少到4.79,可持续发展指数由7.47下降到5.43,说明该系统的可持续发展性能正在逐年弱化。在空间格局上,黑龙江省南部地区经济发展水平显著优于北部地区,但其农业生态环境水平和系统可持续能力低于北部地区。为了增加黑龙江省农业生态系统的可持续发展能力,未来需进一步调整农业结构,优化资源配置的投入,提高资源利用效率,降低环境负载率,使农业生态经济系统逐渐步入健康可持续发展轨道。     

城镇地区生态安全评价及对策——以上海崇明岛为例

从区域生态安全内涵出发,基于可持续发展理论、自然—经济—社会复合生态系统理论和压力(pressure)—状态(state)—响应(response)概念模型,从资源环境负荷、生态环境状态、人类社会响应3方面构建城镇生态安全评价指标体系。选择上海崇明岛处于核心地位且代表着不同城镇化水平(较高、中等、较低)的城桥镇、堡镇、陈家镇为研究对象,通过实地调研、监测、实验分析等方式获取指标数据,应用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,并通过综合指数模型进行安全评价。评价结果表明:3个城镇生态安全综合评价结果为城桥镇(0.773 3)>陈家镇(0.762 8)>堡镇(0.749 0),社会经济的发展对资源环境的负荷较小,生态环境现状水平良好,但人类响应措施滞后;随着城镇化进程的加快,部分生态环境要素可能有恶化趋势,现已进入预警状态。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。     

资源、环境与经济的协调度测定——以陕西省为例

资源、环境与经济的协调发展是实现社会可持续发展的重要途径,是树立和落实科学发展观的必然要求和重要内容。本文采用2008年陕西省10市区资源、环境与经济的数据,利用主成分分析法评价了陕西省十市区2008年资源、环境和经济的综合发展水平,并通过隶属函数测算资源、环境和经济三个系统之间的协调度值,分析了陕西省各市资源、环境和经济的协调发展状况。结果表明宝鸡、咸阳的资源、环境和经济的协调发展水平最高;西安、延安虽然经济发展水平比较好,但资源、环境和经济的协调度最低;榆林经济发展水平较好,资源、环境和经济也在向协调方向发展;汉中、安康的经济发展水平虽然比较低,但资源、环境和经济基本协调发展;铜川、渭南、商洛不仅经济发展水平低,资源、环境和经济的协调发展程度也比较低。陕西省的资源、环境和经济的协调发展有待提高。     

青岛市“三废”排放的环境库兹涅茨特征分析

环境库兹涅茨曲线(Environmental Kuznets Curve,简称EKC)常用来描述经济增长与环境质量之间的关系,典型的EKC一般呈倒U形。通过对1986—2003年青岛市环境经济数据的经济计量模型研究,发现青岛市“三废”排放的EKC不完全符合典型的EKC特征,并对这一结果进行了初步分析。     

运用熵值法探讨广州25年社会、环境和经济变化状况

改革开放以来,在广州经济社会发展和城市建设取得了显著成就的同时,人口、资源、环境与发展的矛盾也日益突出.如何有效度量社会、环境和经济的演进状况和协调程度是指导建设可持续发展社会的必要条件.文章汇总了广州1978-2003年的城市发展统计数据,从社会、环境和经济发展三个方面选取典型的评价指标,利用熵值法探讨期间广州城市可持续发展状况,结果表明:①社会进步指数由1978年的0.08增长到2003年的0.88,对可持续发展系数的贡献率为28.91%;②广州市环境支持指标值变化明显,环境支持指数由1978年0.07增长到2003年0.76,对发展可持续系数的贡献率为19.69% ;③经济发展进步较快,经济发展指数由1978 年的0.02增长到2003年0.84,是三个指数中增幅最大的指数,对发展可持续系数的贡献率为51.4%;④自改革开放以来,在经济高速发展的同时,社会子系统也同步发展,环境子系统虽有起伏,但波折并不大,可持续发展水平系数曲线仍然保持向上的势头,经济与社会、环境基本协调向前发展.     

《资源环境与发展》稿约

<正>《资源环境与发展》是甘肃省新闻出版局批准,由西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院和环境教育中心主办的学术性季刊。《资源环境与发展》立足西北,面向全国,其宗旨是宣传党和国家有关资源开发、环境保护和区域发展的方针和政策,探讨当前西北地区资源、环境、人口与社会经济可持续发展的热点问题,交流相关研究成果和经验,为促进我国西部欠发达地区社会进步、经济发展服务。     

石家庄市经济-交通-环境系统耦合协调研究

河北省石家庄市空气污染较为突出,研究其经济-交通-环境3个系统间的耦合协调关系对区域可持续发展意义深远。选择耦合协调度模型、剪刀差方法,对2000—2016年石家庄经济-交通-环境系统的耦合协调程度和各系统之间演化方向、演化速率的差异进行全面分析。结果表明,2000—2016年石家庄经济-交通-环境系统的耦合协调指数由0.42增至0.77,表明研究期该区域3个系统的耦合协调关系逐步改善。从发展水平看,环境系统(0.53)交通系统(0.39)经济系统(0.35)。从演化方向看,经济与交通系统的发展趋势差异逐步缩小,经济与环境演化趋势差异逐步增大,交通与环境演化趋势差异缩小。从演化速率看,环境系统(0.01)经济系统(-0.04)交通系统(-0.11)。研究表明石家庄市环境质量加速改进,但经济发展、交通建设增速逐步放缓。     

生态示范区可持续发展评价

借鉴目前国内外区域可持续发展评价研究的成果，依据系统分析原理，从经济发展、社会发展、资源与生态安全、可持续发展能力、可持续发展度和系统协调度6方面建立了综合测度生态示范区可持续发展水平的指标体系和计量模型。在实证研究中，对延安市宝塔区近8a(1992—1999年)区域发展水平的量化评价结果表明：宝塔区可持续发展水平呈逐步上升趋势，但目前仍处于弱可持续发展阶段，区域发展系统表现为低水平的协调状态。     

可持续发展目标下环境——社会经济（Ev—SEc）复合系统评价预测指标体系

对国内外“环境——社会经济”(Ev—SEc)复合系统已有的评价预测指标体系研究进行了简要的评述，从(Ev—SEc)复合系统发展要求的代际公平的角度出发，重新构建了充分体现可持续发展目标下(Ev—SEc)复合系统发展的协调性及持久性特征，动态整合(Ev—SEc)复合系统可持续发展的科学内涵，且多因素相容、质量和水平并列，方向和大小并存、时间和空间交叉的立体的全方位的评价预测指标体系框架，从而实现了可持续发展主题思想下各类松散描述指标的合理聚合。并将该新的评价预测指标体系用于广州市(Ev—SEc)复合系统可持续发展状况的实际仿真评价预测及时空比较，得出的广州市(Ev—SEc)复合系统可持续发展状况目前为弱可持续发展的评价结论，且预测未来正在呈现由弱可持续发展逐渐向强可持续发展过渡的动态变化趋势。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.