苏胶地体内榴辉岩的成因环境探讨

本文重点论述了苏胶地体内榴辉岩的四种产出形态，从岩石化学特点，微量元素的分馏及稀土元素富集或亏损等规律用六种以上的方法判别了不同产状榴辉岩的原岩性质；同时从区域变质环境、共生矿物、阳离子配位系数的相关性等方面，分析估算了榴辉岩相变质事件的Pt条件，以及后成碱性闪石榴辉岩产生的Pt条件，并同世界各地碱性闪石榴辉岩的成因作了广泛对比，概括了榴辉岩的成因环境等重大地质问题。     

南京六合地质公园综合评价

六合地质公园是具有融科学性、观赏性、独特性、典型性于一体的地质遗迹。它是新近系火山群集区，具有世界罕见多样性石柱林群；它是华夏一绝雨花石产出及其文化的浓集区；它发育具区域对比意义的含雨花石剖面群。园区内有历史名山一灵岩山，休闲度假的金牛湖，在我国采治史占首页，然而资源枯竭可开发矿山旅游条件的治山铁矿。六合地质公园属于省会城市内的地质公园，区位优势优越，将成为南京市新型旅游目的地，客源市场广阔，具备建立国家级地质公园的条件与基础。     

四川道孚八美糜棱岩石林形态特征及综合评价

八美石林是在青藏高原东侧首次发现的、国内唯一的糜棱岩石林,可与南方喀斯特石林景观相媲美,在地质成因和自然环境等方面具有特殊性。对石林形态的划分,尤其是对糜棱岩石林形态的划分,国内目前还没有统一的标准。本文从糜棱岩石林的地貌形态、相对高差及旅游美学的角度,将八美糜棱岩石林初步划分为尖棱状、刀刃状、石墙、石柱、石槽、金字塔状及钟状等七种类型,这对研究糜棱岩石林的成因及综合评价具有重要意义。     

侵入岩黑云母中的金

<正> 黑云母是很多侵入岩和变质岩的造岩矿物。黑云母中杂质元素分布参数的差异可作为岩石成因专属性和岩石含矿性的表征。矿物载体中元素的平均含量可作为原始岩浆中这些元素含量的上限。因此,在积累足够多的实际资料的基础上,精确地测定造岩矿物中杂质元素的分布参数,对解决很多岩石学和地球化学问题,具有头等重要的意义。地球化学研究在解释侵入体含矿性方面,具有特殊的意义。在一些著作中阐述了含矿和不含矿侵入杂岩体的造岩浓集矿物中含金量的差异。在这些矿物中,最主要的是黑云母。但是,对各类岩石的黑云母中金的分布特点还研究得很不够。由于黑云母在各种成因的岩石中广泛分布,因此     

有关副矿物成分的新资料

<正> 副矿物的成分是既能判断矿物本身的成因,又能判断其所在岩石成因或含矿性的最重要的鉴定特征之一。 副矿物是一个种类繁杂的、由稀有和金属元素的不同化合物组成的矿物类型。大部分副矿物的形成温度范围都很宽——可从最高温的早期岩浆阶段,到低温的晚期岩浆阶段和岩浆     

凡口铅锌矿床主岩的微量元素地球化学

我国南方泥盆纪碳酸盐地层内,赋存着许多具有工业意义的铅锌、黄铁矿和多金属矿床。凡口铅锌矿床就是其中比较有代表性者。由于这些矿床经济意义巨大,分布较有规律,所以近年来地质学家们对它们颇感兴趣。关于它们的成因,更是一个热门的论题。 鉴于矿石是一种特殊的岩石,所以欲查明矿石成因,必须对其所赋存的岩石的成因加以研讨。G·C·Amstutz(1964)曾阐述道:“每一种岩石都有其天生的一份矿床,这份矿床与岩石同时形成并且是同源的”。这说明矿床成因与岩石成因是密不可分的。     

地质珍品——球状岩

本文介绍了一种稀少的、具特殊组构的球状岩。它发育在火成岩和变质岩地区。球状岩的主体结构由具有反差结构的同心壳层和中心核组成。组成球状岩的矿物有石英、碱性长石、斜长石等等,其化学成分变化可从过饱和系列到不饱和系列,该岩石有变质成因和岩浆成因两种假说。     

中国东南部碎斑熔岩问题再探讨

归纳并总结了前人对碎斑熔岩的产出位置、产状特征、分带性、岩石结构、岩石类型归属、成岩温度及长石矿物特点等方面的研究成果及其认识,对碎斑熔岩的构造属性、碎斑熔岩与火山碎屑沉积岩、花岗斑岩存在的演化关系及碎斑结构成因问题进行了探讨,并指出了原来的碎斑熔岩在空间上应为火山口附近至火山颈相或火山通道相区间的过渡性岩石类型,而不是某一种岩性,应根据岩石特征和野外产状分别归为熔岩或花岗斑岩的岩石名称,这种过渡岩石类型作为整体可考虑定名为碎斑熔岩体。     

云南剑川杂岩体岩石包体特征及成因

本文根据云南剑川杂岩体中岩石包体的分布、大小、形态、岩石类型、化学成分及矿物组成特征,探讨包体的成因,并推测寄主岩浆岩的性质、来源。认为剑川杂岩体中的岩石包体可分为捕虏体和同源包体,同源包体又可分为析离体和堆积岩。推测的岩体初始岩浆温度为1000—1125℃,形成深度约为20—30km。     

花岗岩中钼的地球化学

<正> 关于与钼矿床所有基本成因类型有关的花岗岩中钼的地球化学问题,许多研究者已作过讨论。尽管如此,但是对于这一问题尚有许多不清楚之处,特别是在不同岩石类型中钼的含量、成因上有联系的岩石和矿物系列中钼的分布特征以及钼的赋存形式等方面。这就有碍于建立内生钼矿床的形成模式和确立它们预测的科学依据。笔者获得的新的研究成果,可在一定程度上解决这些问题。现已发表的有关花岗岩中钼含量的资料很不一致,测定值也很分散,从>0.13到7.7克/吨,多数在1.5克/吨左右。据П.Курода和Э.Сандел(1959)报道,     

Laboratory exposure systems to simulate atmospheric degradation of building stone under dry and wet deposition conditions

The design philosophy, construction and use of two exposure test systems are described, in which the objective is to simulate the degradation of stone samples under, respectively, the ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ deposition of atmospheric pollutants. Some element of realistic acceleration is possible in certain experiments. Particular emphasis is placed upon using known presentation rates of the pollutants, both in respect of typical depositions of pollutants and their oxidation products appropriate for an industrial atmosphere. In the dry deposition rig, SO₂, NO₂, NO, HCl and the oxidant O₃ are presented individually or together at realistic deposition rates. In the wet deposition apparatus, SO²⁻₄, NO⁻₃ and Cl⁻ at a pH of 3.5, simulating ‘acid rain’ but in a more concentrated form, are deposited. The dry deposition chamber can be operated at constant relative humidity (typically 84%) with pre-dried or precisely wetted stones to simulate episodic rain wetting, or using other methods of wet/dry cycling, which are also a feature of the wet deposition chamber. Heating and cooling of the samples is also possible, as is the use of shaped or coupled stones of different kinds such as are found in a building facade. The results are illustrated in terms of data on the weight change, the anion content of stone and run-off, the pH change of run-off and the total calcium reacted, using Portland stone, as a prelude to later papers in which behaviour of a whole matrix of stone types and environments is presented and discussed. Such an approach permits the eventual production of ‘pollutant-material response’ relationships and damage functions for comparison with and prediction of external exposure results.     

The early stages of building stone decay in an urban environment

Short term exposure (2 months) of small limestone samples in an urban environment coupled with subsequent SEM observations provides detailed evidence of the initial stages of decay. After 2 months, significant amounts of gypsum were found on stone samples which had been sheltered from rainfall. Samples which had been exposed to rainfall had negligible gypsum development, but showed considerable microscale evidence of dissolution. Clear differences emerged between the responses of the two different building stones used in the experiment, with Portland Stone having much greater amounts of gypsum after exposure than Monk's Park Stone.     

Release of nitric oxide from building stones into the atmosphere

Stone material from the corroding surface of buildings generally released nitric oxide with rates of 0.42–4.2 ng NON h⁻¹ g⁻¹ d.w. despite their large range of moisture, pH and content of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. The net release rates of NO were independent of the NO mixing ratio of the atmosphere up to 1 ppmv NO. Whereas NO₂ was taken up by all stones tested, uptake of NO was only observed in one out of five types of stone. NO release rates were highest at the stone surface and rapidly decreased in depth lower than 1 cm. NO release persisted for up to >3 months after the stone sample was removed from the building. NO was mainly produced during the biogenic oxidation of ammonium to nitrate at the stone surface which was probably due to endolithic nitrifying bacteria. Chemical decomposition of nitrite to NO and NO₂ was only observed under acidic conditions.     

On the memory effect of limestone for air pollution

During the last decade, there have been several reports in the literature on the “memory effect of building stones”, indicating that the stone erosion rate depends also on the environmental conditions the stone has experienced in the past. The present study checks whether this effect exists. A network of microcatchment units, exposing Massangis stone slabs to ambient atmospheric conditions, has therefore been set up througout Belgium. Runoff water fromt the stome specimens was collected on a weekly basis. The limestone slabs were switched between sites with different pollution levels, and their material loss rate trends examined. The rate of stone loss distinctly changed after the displacement, indicating an immediate adaptation of the stone to the new environment. Hence no evidence for a memory effect could be found.     

Selection of Optimal Superfinishing Parameters

This paper is concerned with the selection of optimal superfinishing conditions. During superfinishing of cylindrical surfaces, an axially oscillating abrasive stone is pressed against a rotating workpiece. Experimental results are presented that show the effect of contact pressure, process kinematics, and grit size on superfinishing behavior. An optimal contact pressure is found at which the removal rate is maximized. The ratio of axial oscillation frequency to workpiece rotational frequency should be selected so as to avoid integer values, which result in low stock removal, and half values, which can lead to lobe formation. Finer grit stones provide smoother surface finishes but less stock removal; therefore, the grit size selected should be only fine enough to generate the required surface roughness.     

酸雨对泰山古碑石刻侵蚀的模拟研究

为研究我国华东典型山地地区的酸沉降对文物古迹的影响,选取与泰山古碑石刻材质相同的花岗石,采用pH分别为3.0、3.8、4.7、5.6的人工模拟酸雨对泰山花岗石进行周期浸泡实验,测定不同pH值下的腐蚀速率;同时利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测试验前后样品表面特征;并对浸泡前后的样品表面粉末进行X射线衍射分析。实验结果表明:影响石材腐蚀的主要因素是酸雨的酸度;花岗石石样受到侵蚀后,质量减少百分数随pH值降低而增大,最大质量损失达到0.073%,而当pH值大于3.8时,石样的最终腐蚀情况基本一致,基本在0.02%左右;并且无论是高酸度酸雨,还是低酸度酸雨,都对材料外观造成了损害;蚀后样品查出了CaSO4和MgSO4相分。     

Effects of acidic deposition on the erosion of carbonate stone — experimental results from the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)

One of the goals of NAPAP-sponsored research on the effects of acidic deposition on carbonate stone has been to quantify the incremental effects of wet and dry deposition of hydrogen ion, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides on stone erosion. Test briquettes and slabs of freshly quarried Indiana limestone and Vermont marble have been exposed to ambient environmental conditions in a long-term exposure program. Physical measurements of the recession of test stones exposed to ambient conditions at an angle of 30° to horizontal at the five NAPAP materials exposure sites range from ∼ 15 to ∼ 30 μm yr⁻¹ for marble, and from ∼ 25 to ∼ 45 μm yr⁻¹ for limestone, and are approximately double the recession estimates based on the observed calcium content of run-off solutions from test slabs. The difference between the physical and chemical recession measurements is attributed to the loss of mineral grains from the stone surfaces that are not measured in the run-off experiments. The erosion due to grain loss does not appear to be influenced by rainfall acidity, however, preliminary evidence suggests that grain loss may be influenced by dry deposition of sulfur dioxide between rainfall events. Chemical analyses of the run-off solutions and associated rainfall blanks suggest that ∼ 30% of erosion by dissolution can be attributed to the wet deposition of hydrogen ion and the dry deposition of sulfur dioxide and nitric acid between rain events. The remaining ∼ 70% of erosion by dissolution is accounted for by the solubility of carbonate stone in rain that is in equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide (“clean rain”). These results are for marble and limestone slabs exposed at an angle of 30° from horizontal. The relative contribution of sulfur dioxide to chemical erosion is significantly enhanced for stone slabs having an inclination of 60° or 85°. The dry deposition of alkaline particulate material has a mitigating effect at the two urban field exposure sites at Washington, DC, and Steubenville, OH.     

Effect of dry deposition of NOx and SO2 gaseous pollutants on the degradation of calcareous building stones

A laboratory-based atmospheric flow chamber, using realistic presentation rates of SO₂, NO and NO₂ pollutants directed to various dry and wetted surfaces, has been employed to quantify the effects of the individual pollutants and the role of ozone as an oxidant. For the individual pollutant gases reacting with stone surfaces coming to equilibrium with 84% relative humidity (r.h.), chemical reaction in the presence of a moisture film proceeds and the extent of this reaction is related to pollutant gas solubility in the moisture film, i.e. SO₂ > NO₂ > NO. After dissolution in the moisture film, the pollutant gases are oxidized in the presence of catalysts associated with the stones. The additional presence of ozone promotes oxidation of the pollutant gases and thus their reaction with the stones. For SO₂ pollutant, oxidation in the gas phase is not significant compared with that in the moisture film, with enhanced oxidation in the presence of catalysts. Ozone increases oxidation of NO and NO₂ pollutant gases in the gas phase and moisture film; however, the oxidation of SO₂ in the moisture film is more significant than that of NO or NO₂. Wetting of the stone surfaces, in the absence of ozone, reveals the consistently greatest chemical reaction with SO₂ compared with NO and NO₂, which is related to SO₂ solubility, oxidation in the presence of catalysts and production of sulphuric acid. Generally similar behaviour is evident of NO and NO₂, but NO shows a reduced extent of chemical reaction, implying that its oxidation in surface water, in the presence of catalytic species, is slow and hence the reactants are lost in the form of run-off. In the additional presence of ozone, the SO₂ pollutant gas gives rise to enhanced chemical reaction, whereas both NO and NO₂ show lower extents of chemical reaction than for the dry stones. This arises from the relatively slow conversion of N₂O₅ in the liquid phase to nitric acid, allowing loss of reactants in run-off.     

Laboratory measurements of sulfur dioxide deposition velocity on marble and dolomite stone surfaces

The deposition velocity of SO₂ on marble and dolomite stone surfaces in a humid atmosphere was measured as a function of time in the laboratory using continuous monitoring techniques. The deposition velocity of SO₂ on marble varied between 0.02 and 0.23 cm s⁻¹, and was generally observed to decrease with time. The deposition velocity of SO₂ on dolomite varied between 0.02 and 0.10 cm s⁻¹, and gradually increased over the first 2000 ppm-h of exposure. For both types of stones, the deposition velocity increased significantly when condensed moisture was observed on the stone surface. Chemical analysis of the stone samples indicated that the SO₂ deposited reacted with the stone materials to form gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) on the marble surfaces and gypsum and epsomite (MgSO₄·7H₂O) on the dolomite surfaces.