Efficacy of a Biomonitoring (Moss Bag) Technique for Determining Element Deposition Trends on a Mid-Range (375 Km) Scale

National networks detect multi-state trends in element deposition using direct measurement methods. Biomonitoring techniques have been used to examine deposition in local areas and around point sources. We sought to determine the efficacy of a moss bag technique to detect element deposition trends on a mid-range (state) scale, and to compare these results with those of the National Acid Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN, 1999). We sampled heavy metals, sulfur, and nitrogen deposition (21 elements) using mesh bags containing Sphagnum russowii at nine sites, over a 375 km transect crossing southern Wisconsin (upper Midwest, USA). We found statistically significant trends of decreasing deposition in a northwesterly direction for 13 elements: Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, S, and Zn. Six of these have moderate to large changes in concentration (14–37%). The trends for Ca, Mg, and S are consistent with regional deposition patterns in 1998 isopleth maps from the NADP/NTN (1999) which are derived from a sampling array far less dense than the transect sites. This national network indicates that Ca and Mg increase to the southeast, beyond Wisconsin borders. The fact that the present study demonstrates strong correlations between both of these elements (Ca and Mg) and Al, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn (mean r for all correlations = 0.75, p < 0.02) implies that these correlated elements also increase to the southeast in neighboring states.     

Biomonitoring heavy metals in estuaries: a field comparison of two brown algae species inhabiting upper estuarine reaches

Biomonitoring dissolved heavy metals within estuaries,particularly at their upper reaches, frequently has to relyon several biomonitors; rarely a single species thrives allalong the salinity gradient. To properly do so, it must beestablished whether those biomonitors actually accumulateheavy metals alike. In this study, two brown seaweeds fromthe upper section of three NW Spain estuaries – the widely-known Fucus vesiculosus and the estuarine Fucusceranoides – were compared as metal biomonitors. Bothspecies were collected at five locations where they eithercoexist or live close to each other and their heavy metalcontent (Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Al) was measured. Analyseswere appropriately replicated for each species x locationcombination to allow a statistically reliable detection ofdifferences in bioaccumulation, with particular emphasis onthe magnitude of interspecific differences. The lack of significant differences for Cu, Mn, and Zncontents in F. ceranoides and F. vesiculosussupports the feasibility of their joint use to monitorthese metals along the estuaries. Conversely, F.ceranoides concentrated significantly higher levels of Cr,Fe, and Al than F. vesiculosus and hence combiningdata for both fucoids to monitor these elements seemsimpractical. The correlation of species differencestogether with a similar Al:Fe ratio in both weed tissue andsediment suggest that Cr, Fe, and Al tissue-burdens mightbe considerably biased by sediment retained on the surfaceof the weed. Parallel analyses of Al and/or Fe in seaweedsand sediments could serve to keep track of thisinterference and may help to combine data from both fucoidsfor monitoring elements like Cr.     

北京昌平某地冬季大气PM2.5元素污染特征分析

以北京昌平区某地大气PM_(2.5)和重金属污染状况为研究对象,应用射线法与XRF技术相结合的分析技术,对PM_(2.5)浓度和其重金属组分浓度进行同步监测,以重金属元素为污染物示踪因子进行污染特征分析。结果表明,监测期间该区域PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度达92μg/m~3,Ca、Fe、K元素含量较高。通过主成分分析该区域PM_(2.5)元素影响因素主要为工业和生活燃料燃烧、冶金工业废气、扬尘3类,贡献比分别为52.42%、26.82%、13.10%。     

The Avoidance Responses of Daphnia magna to the Exposure of Organophosphorus Pesticides in an On-Line Biomonitoring System

In this study, avoidance behavior of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus was used as indicator to assess the early stress of accidental organophosphorus pesticide (OP) contamination. The movement behavior was detected by a multi-species biomonitoring system. There was obvious concentration–response relationship between the OP stress and the behavioral response even at sublethal exposure. A rising OP stress resulted in a significant decrease of response time to escape (RTE; p<0.05). In comparison of different OPs, it was found that there was a power regression between RTE and the toxic unit of OPs. Therefore, the avoidance behavior of D. magna was a sensitive indicator of sublethal OP stress, and the power relationship could be used to predict the early warning thresholds of more OPs in the on-line biomonitoring system.     

北京2019年国庆假日及随后一个星期PM2.5中金属元素来源分析

2019年10月1—14日,采集了北京五环内14份城区大气PM_2.5样品。用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测试了样品中15种金属元素的质量浓度。结果表明：2019年国庆假日（10月1—7日）及随后一个星期（10月8—14日）,北京五环内城区PM_2.5中15种金属元素的质量浓度总和分别为7 206、8 025.4 ng/m³。2个时段Na、K、Ca、Al占比较高,4种元素的质量浓度之和分别占元素总质量浓度的88.9%、83.5%。富集因子分析表明：2个研究时段内,北京城区Se、Cd均呈高度富集状态,受人为污染影响最大。根据因子分析结果以及各类污染源的标识元素判断,2个时段内,PM_2.5中的金属元素均来自地壳（土壤尘和建筑尘）、生物质燃烧、机动车排放、燃煤和工业排放的混合源。潜在源因子分析结果表明：国庆假日北京城区Se、Cd、Pb、Cr主要来源于河北、山东两省中部地区的区域性输送,Zn和Cu主要来源于北京周边工业排放源和城区机动车排放源;国庆假日之后,北京城区Se、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu除受廊坊-天津-唐山污染带的区域性传输影响外,还受北京周边燃煤源、工业排放源及本地机动车排放源的共同影响。     

波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法测定PM2.5中23种元素

研究以单元素标准膜为基础,结合NIST SRM 2783颗粒物滤膜标准样品,建立了波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法测定PM_2.5中23种无机元素的测定方法,优化了测试条件,测量一个样品耗时约15 min,计算了各元素的方法检出限。对NIST SRM 2783滤膜标准品在一周内重复测定10次来计算方法的准确度与精密度,测定结果显示大多数元素的测量值在给出的参考值范围内,且测量标准偏差一般在10%以内。对比了石英与聚四氟乙烯材质（Teflon）滤膜的空白值,石英滤膜中Si、Fe、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca等元素的背景值较高,Teflon滤膜的背景值较低,推荐选用Teflon滤膜作为PM_2.5组分分析采样滤膜。分别用波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法及酸消解-ICP-MS法测定了样品膜中的元素组分,得到的测定结果基本一致。     

燃煤工业城市大气细颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征及来源解析——以邯郸市为例

为探究典型燃煤工业城市邯郸市的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染水平及水溶性无机离子特征,于2016年1—12月采集了当地大气PM2.5样品,然后利用离子色谱法测得水溶性无机离子的组分,分析了不同季节水溶性无机离子随PM2.5的浓度变化特征。通过对PM2.5中的阴离子、阳离子进行分析发现,SO4^2-、NO3^-和NH4^+在春夏秋冬四季均为PM2.5中的主要离子成分,SO4^2-、NO3^-和NH4^+的浓度之和在春夏秋冬四季占各季节总的水溶性无机离子浓度的百分比分别为84.6%、77.4%、89.9%、62.5%。其中,在春季和冬季含量最高的3种离子分别是NO3^-、SO4^2-和NH4^+,夏季含量最高的3种离子分别是SO4^2-、NH4^+和NO3^-,而秋季含量最高的3种离子分别是NH4^+、SO4^2-和NO3^-。相关性分析发现,2016年春季、夏季和秋季PM2.5为酸性,冬季为碱性。SO4^2-、NO3^-、NH4^+浓度分析表明,冬季PM2.5中的一次建筑扬尘排放较多。通过主成分分析法得出,PM2.5中水溶性无机离子主要来源于二次转化和生物质燃烧。     

2002—2016年北京市PM10浓度时间变化特征

以北京市2002—2016年PM₁₀日均浓度序列数据为基础,结合小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验等分析方法,研究PM₁₀浓度随时间变化的周期性、趋势性及突变性特征。结果表明：PM₁₀日均浓度变化具有较典型的季节周期性,主周期为300 d左右,次周期为150 d左右。不同周期分析结果显示,PM₁₀污染春季最高,冬季次高,夏末秋初最低。总体上,PM₁₀浓度以平均每年约4 μg/m³的速率递减。2009年以前PM₁₀浓度呈波动变化,降低趋势不显著,2009年1月为序列的突变点,突变后呈显著下降趋势。