钢铁行业环境综合治理实践

介绍了宣钢“十一五”期间采取“创新应用污染防治新技术,治理污染源;采用清洁生产先进技术,改进工艺和装备;加快淘汰落后、装备结构调整;二次能源回收、实施循环经济”综合治理措施,齐头并进综合治理宣钢的环境问题,实现了企业环保工作的重大进步,为宣钢可持续发展奠定了基础。     

China''s environmental scientific research and technology development: review and envisage

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The role of environmental management system on introduction of new technologies in the metal and chemical/paper/plastics industries

Pollution prevention with the use of modern cleaner technologies in industrial sectors is the cornerstone of successful environmental policy certified according to the requirements of the international standard ISO 14001. The analyses were performed with the objective of assessing general aspects of technology modernisation as a result of the ISO 14001 certification in industrial enterprises in order to develop a better understanding whether the ISO 14001 certification can accelerate initiatives for the adoption of new and cleaner technologies within the certified firms on one hand, and, on the other hand, to find out to what extent it helped to upgrade their environmental performance. The research was performed within Slovene metal and chemical (including pharmaceuticals, paper and plastics) manufacturing companies with an additional emphasis on firms which are committed to implementing the IPPC directive. In general, certified enterprises consider ISO 14001 as a very useful tool in promoting and adopting new cleaner technologies. ISO 14001 seems to be particularly important to create better conditions for the technology changes in companies which are committed to the IPPC Directive. Companies in chemical and related industries, to a much higher extent, used predominantly modified technologies to diminish their environmental impacts, while companies in metal industries, to a higher extent, used a combination of existing and new technologies after ISO 14001 certification. It seems that better environmental performance is associated with higher productivity in ISO 14001 certified firms.     

Policy and operational constraints for the implementation of cleaner production in Zambia

This paper reports the findings of a study conducted to identify the appropriate policy strategies for cleaner production in Zambia. Through direct consultation with industry and other stakeholders, it was observed that the major constraints that hindered implementation of cleaner production in the industry were financial problems, poor/weak enforcement of environmental laws, lack of knowledge, lack of awareness and lack of technical competence. Similarly, potential motivators for cleaner production in industry were identified and included the macro-economic climate, economic reforms and policies, economic incentives, regulation and environmental leadership. In conclusion, the low levels of cleaner production adoption were mainly due to the lack of environmental standards in some industries, low levels of cleaner production awareness, limited understanding of commercial and economic benefits of utilisation of cleaner production approaches, inadequate institutional arrangements for the promotion and implementation of cleaner production and the lacklustre enforcement of existing environmental laws.     

The adoption of cleaner vehicles in the UK: exploring the consumer attitude–action gap

This paper reports the initial findings of two research projects that identify attitudinal barriers inhibiting the adoption of cleaner vehicles in the UK. The first, conducted for the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership by Ecolane Transport Consultancy, reviews the evidence of consumer attitudes to low carbon cars. The study shows that car buyers have a poor knowledge of cleaner car technologies, the environmental impacts of road transport and car ownership costs. The second study, initiated within the Open University's Design Innovation Group, identifies key ‘hotspot’ factors that influence consumers' adoption of low carbon products. The study, which is ongoing, has concluded that identifying where and when these hotspot points of leverage occur could help inform initiatives to facilitate consumer adoption and effective use.     

Unpacking the black box of cleaner technology

This paper scrutinizes the concept of cleaner technology, drawing on both a review of the literature and case study analysis of new data. By analysing the intentions behind innovations as separate from outcomes, a complex relationship between intentions and outcomes, as well as between different motives, is revealed. The paper argues that cleaner technology is not in fact a type of technology, that the concept obscures the role of underlying environmental motives and ambitions and that cleaner technology innovations do not necessarily deliver the economic gains they are normally understood to do.     

环境影响评价中清洁生产分析要点及方法

通过实施清洁生产,不仅可以减少甚至消除污染物的排放,而且能够节约大量能源和原材料、降低废物处理和处置费用,从而在经济上有助于提高生产效率和产品质量,降低生产成本,使产品在市场上具有竞争力。清洁生产的污染预防思想是一种“源头控制”的环境战略,将清洁生产的内容纳入环境影响评价中,将提高环境影响评价的作用,有利于项目采用资源利用率高和产生少量污染物的技术、工艺和设备。因此,清洁生产理论可促进环境影响评价进一步拓展和深化,避免环境影响评价失去真实性、有效性。同时,清洁生产分析可以强化人们的环保措施,提高人们的环保意识。     

EU COST Action 628: life cycle assessment (LCA) of textile products,eco-efficiency and definition of best available technology (BAT) of textile processing

The COST Action 628 was established to produce first hand, industrial environmental data of textiles in Europe, as well as to suggest tools for comparisons of present technologies and practices with cleaner applications, including the economic effects. The Action network also suggested criteria for ISO (Type III) Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) standards. It was concluded that new emerging cleaner technologies are in a key position when striving towards zero emissions in textile processing. It is also important to identify the most polluting stages of textile processing, with the help of life cycle assessment methodology, in order to focus the development of new technologies correctly. LCA was used to set up criteria for an Environmental Product Declaration for textile products. Unique, first hand industrial data were collected from five European textile industries.     

燃煤电厂清洁生产审核应用探讨

作为国家明确要求开展清洁生产审核行业之一,某燃煤电厂依据清洁生产审核思路,从原辅料和能源、技术工艺、过程控制、设备、管理、员工、产品、废物生产过程的八个方面,按照审核准备、预审核、审核、方案产生和筛选、方案确定、方案实施、持续清洁生产七个实施阶段在企业内部开展清洁生产审核工作,实现了本轮清洁生产目标,并取得了显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

An environmental assessment method for cleaner production technologies

An environmental assessment method for cleaner production technologies enabling quantitative analysis of environmental impact is presented.The proposed method is based on material and energy flows and uses a set of profile indices, including raw material, energy, waste, product and packaging profiles that describe all material and energy flows related to the technology under investigation. The indices are used as a basis for determining an integrated index for overall environmental assessment of cleaner production technologies.The presented method can be employed to evaluate environmental nuisance of implemented, modernised and modified technological processes and products as well to perform comparative analyses of alternative technologies.     

Sustainable production and consumption systems—cooperation for change: assessing and simulating the willingness of the firm to adopt/develop cleaner technologies. The case of the In-Bond industry in northern Mexico

Over the last decade, literature on the “greening” of industry and environmental policy has provided numerous important insights into the determinants of the firm’s innovative behaviour in cleaner technologies. However, this literature still lacks empirically tested theoretical models. This paper contributes to fill this gap proposing a definitional system that enables the testing of hypotheses of dependence between willingness to innovate in cleaner technologies and its determinants, and to explore the conditions under which the firms’ innovative behaviour could be fostered. Regression and simulation outcomes indicate, against the general wisdom, that stringent environmental regulation without consideration to the dynamics of technical change, and environmental and economic risk perceptions in the part of firms would play against the promotion of innovation in cleaner production.     

氯化橡胶的清洁生产

通过氯化橡胶的清洁生产审计，改进氯化工序的设备结构及尾气吸收工艺，提高氯气利用率，并把工艺气变成可利用的工业产品，取得显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

Analysing the determinants of environmental technology investments. A panel-data study of Spanish industrial sectors

The aim of this paper is to empirically assess the determinants of environmental technology investments in the Spanish industrial sectors with the help of panel data econometric techniques. The paper confirms the relevance of the stringency of environmental regulation to explain overall investment patterns in environmental technologies. These investments are also positively related to human and physical capital intensity and R&D intensity, and negatively related to the export intensity of sectors. Furthermore, the study shows that the determinants for investments are likely to differ between environmental technology types (i.e., end-of-pipe versus cleaner technologies).     

畜禽养殖业清洁生产初探

中国畜禽养殖业正由传统方式向规模化养殖不断推进,在经济的快速发展的同时产生了大量的环境问题。本文从畜禽养殖业环境污染现状和原因出发,从环境压力、政策导向、企业需求三个方面分析了畜禽养殖业实施清洁生产的必要性,提出了发展畜禽养殖业清洁生产应鼓励使用环保生态饲料,着重实施粪便资源化、无害化,加强法律法规体系和技术规范完善与监管。在此基础上,尝试建立新型农牧结合的互利机制,促进畜禽养殖业的清洁生产推进,进而实现地区农业可持续发展。     

推进中国清洁生产的技术初探

“推进中国清洁生产"项目(B-4子项目),在27家企业开展了29轮清洁生产审计,共发现690项清洁生产技术?本文将690项清洁生产技术按投资量分为无/低费和设备更新技术,并对这两项技术进行了成本效果分析,发现无/低费技术平均每10000元投资削减COD54.2t/a,创经济效益101.6万元/a;设备更新技术平均每10000元投资削减COD0.60t/a,创经济效益0.91万元/a(以净现值计);无/低费技术的投资偿还期平均为4.0个月,设备更新技术的投资偿还期平均为400个月?      

康洁生产——高技术污染下清洁生产的新视点

清洁生产自80年代末在美国等发达国家提出以后。得到国际社会的普遍响应，成为一种环保潮流，被认为是环境战略由被动反应转向主动行动的一个转折点，当今高技术污染呈现许多新的特点。对清洁生产理念提出挑战。文章从清洁生产的起源和发展出发。通过反思高技术污染对清洁生产的挑战，指出了“清洁生产”需要理论完善，提出了“康洁生产”这一环境战略的新观念。     

Transitioning to sustainable production – part II: evaluation of sustainable machining technologies

This paper presents a case-study that highlights the importance of sustainable machining technologies in achieving sustainable development objectives. A technology evaluation was undertaken to understand the likely impacts of the use of technology on sustainability performance measures. The evaluation is more than an experimental method for supporting the design of technology and an instrument for supporting decision-making. It is also a tool for supporting technology policy and for encouraging its adoption and application in industry. More specifically, a sustainability evaluation of cryogenic and high pressure jet-assisted machining in comparison to conventional machining is examined. Sustainability performance measures refer to environmental impact, energy consumption, safety, personal health, waste management, and cost. The case-study refers to the machining of high-temperature Ni-alloy (Inconel 718). It is shown that tooling costs represent the major contribution to the overall production cost, which contradicts previous analyses, and that sustainable machining alternatives offer a cost-effective route to improving economic, environmental, and social performance in comparison to conventional machining.     

Assessment of cleaner production options for alcohol industry of China: a study in the Shouguang Alcohol Factory

The alcohol industry in China makes an important contribution to the national economy. However, the associated pollution problems cause gradual deterioration of the ambient environment and adverse impacts on the local community. Cleaner production (CP) technology, as an effective way to reduce waste emission and save resources, has been widely employed in the alcohol industry across the developed countries. In China, although such technologies have been applied in a number of factories, an integrated assessment and implementation procedure is lacking for proceeding with practical CP technologies for alcohol factories in China. To solve such problems, a series of cleaner production options are proposed and assessed in this study. Five groups of CP options were screened, on factory survey, expert questionnaires, and integrated assessment. With the consideration of environmental impacts and economic efficiency, four CP options combined with various advanced CP technologies, such as high-concentration wort fermenting, CO₂ reuse, different pressure distilling, methane and fertilizer production, were proposed. To verify the proposed options, a case study was carried out in the Shouguang Alcohol Factory (SAF), East China. The characteristics of resources consumption and waste emission during the production process were identified. A comprehensive evaluation of the proposed options was conducted from different aspects. An integrated cleaner production system based on the proposed options was formed and then implemented in the factory. Through the four years of practice, the productivity/quality of alcohol product were improved, but and the reduction of waste and pollution were achieved as well as a marked increase in water/energy savings. This study provides theoretical and practical support for extensive application of cleaner production technologies and sustainable development in the alcohol industry of China.     

Recouping the wastewater: a way forward for cleaner leather processing

Leather processing employs copious amounts of water. This leads to the generation of enormous amounts of liquid effluent. The high effluent volume requires huge investments for effluent treatment plants in order to meet the required specification for the discharge of liquid effluents to various water bodies. Increasingly therefore, water use minimization in leather processing assumes greater significance due to increased treatment costs. End-of-pipe treatment methods alone do not meet the requirements and hence, in-plant control measures are gaining importance. The new era of cleaner technology has begun in leather processing. Pre-tanning and tanning operations contribute about 57% of the water consumption in leather processing and the washings about 35%. The proper adoption of integrated cleaner technologies provides a viable solution to the conservation of water in leather processing. This paper presents an integrated approach for water use minimization through recycling and optimization in leather processing. The integrated approach provides considerable reduction in the use of process water.     

电镀企业的清洁生产

电镀工业是污染严重的行业,仅靠末端治理有很大的局限性。清洁生产作为一种全新的环境保护战略,已成为实现可持续发展的关键,是防治电镀污染的根本出路和必由之路。实现清洁生产的途径是多方面的,电镀企业的清洁生产应从原料、能源、工艺、管理等方面考虑,实行综合预防,并且大多数措施为无低费方案。