ABC干粉灭火器爆炸事故原因分析

通过化学分析、模拟试验和理论计算分析ABC干粉灭火器爆炸事故发生的原因.研究事故灭火器充装的ABC干粉灭火剂的性能、碳酸盐含量、生成气体种类、化学反应机理和爆破压力.结果表明,以磷酸铵盐为主料的ABC干粉灭火剂含有碳酸氢钠和碳酸钙,同时ABC干粉灭火剂存在含水率超标、吸湿性和斥水性不合格等质量问题.贮存期间,ABC干粉灭火剂中的磷酸铵盐可与碳酸氢钠、碳酸钙发生非预期化学反应,产生CO2,使灭火器筒体内压力升高,直至超过灭火器爆破压力,这是造成灭火器爆炸事故的根本原因.因此,生产实践中应科学配方、确保原材料质量、严格遵守生产工艺,以有效控制ABC干粉灭火剂质量和避免类似事故发生.     

我国工业爆炸事故原因分析

为了控制工业爆炸事故的发生 ,我们详细分析了近年来我国发生的特大、重大工业爆炸事故 4 0多例 ,占近年来特大、重大工业爆炸事故案例总数 2 / 3以上。虽然事故发生的后果是随机的 ,即受偶然性因素的影响 ;但事故致因则不是随机的 ,而是系统性因素即非偶然性因素的影响结果。因此 ,这 4 0多例事故的致因对于我国近年来全部工业爆炸事故的致因来说 ,具有合理的代表性。1　瓦斯爆炸事故1.1　直接原因1.1.1　瓦斯浓度超限的原因　　ａ .停电造成停风　　ｂ .停风　　———局扇被违章关停 (包括对临时停工的地点停风 ) ;　　———局扇故障或…     

浅析工伤事故的原因及预防措施

通过对工伤事故原因的分析 ,剖析了安全管理的缺陷 ,提出了预防事故的措施     

习惯性违章行为导致事故的潜在性原因分析

1 习惯性违章行为导致事故的案例2009年1月24日12时40分,某公司烧结车间中控通知该班作业长有4台烧结机白煤槽位下降快,该作业长马上组织人员破料.在和小修作业长处理皮带打滑过程中,小修作业长说通知气焊进行处理,并在皮带机头部研究方案.这时该作业长急于追槽位,便到皮带尾部取下撞锤上的三角带,打开北侧防护栏,将三角带塞进皮带尾轮滚筒后,便通知中控起车(皮带带速0.7 m/s),在靠近一步观察效果时不慎踩在三角带上,左脚被三角带勒在机架间隙里,导致左小腿骨折.经调查,确定事故原因是:     

An integrated approach to assessing the environmental and health impacts of pollution in the urban environment: Methodology and a case study

This paper presents a new decision-support methodology and software tool for sustainable management of urban pollution. A number of different methods and tools are integrated within the same platform, including GIS, LCA, fate and transport modelling, health impact assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis. The application of the framework is illustrated on a case study which investigates the environmental and health impacts of pollution arising from different industrial, domestic and transport sources in a city. The example city chosen for the study is Sheffield, UK, and the main pollutants considered are NO_x, SO₂ and PM10. The results suggest that the absence of the current large industrial sources in the city would lead to a 90% reduction of the SO₂ and 70% of the NO₂ ground concentrations, consequently preventing 27 deaths and 18 respiratory hospital admissions per annum for a population of 500,000. Based on the total annual mortality and hospital admissions in Sheffield for the year of the assessment, this means that 0.53% of premature deaths and 0.49% of respiratory hospital admissions would be prevented by the estimated reduction in air pollution.     

An integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network

Natural gas industry is developing rapidly, and its accidents are threatening the urban safety. Risk management through quantitative assessment has become an important way to improve the safety performance of the natural gas supply system. In this paper, an integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network is proposed. This method is composed of the probability assessment of accidents, the analysis of consequences and the evaluation of risk. It is noteworthy that the consequences analyzed here include those of the outside and inside gas pipelines. The analysis of consequences of the outside pipelines focuses on the individual risk and societal risk caused by different accidents, while those of the inside pipelines concerns about the risk of the economic loss because of the pressure re-distribution. Risk of a sample urban gas pipeline network is analyzed to demonstrate the presented method. The results show that this presented integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network can be used in practical application.     

Agent-based analysis and support for incident management

This paper presents an agent-based approach for error detection in incident management organizations. The approach consists of several parts. First, a formal approach for the specification and hierarchical verification of both traces and properties. Incomplete traces are enriched by enrichment rules. Furthermore, a classification mechanism is presented for the different properties in incident management that is based on psychological literature. Classification of errors provides insight in the functioning of the agents involved with respect to their roles. This insight enables the provision of dedicated training sessions and allows software support to give appropriate warning messages during incident management.     

一种基于层次分析法的危险化学品源安全评价综合模型

危险化学品源的安全评价是安全生产管理中的一项重要内容.目前用于危险化学品源安全评价与分级的常用方法有后果分析法、道指数法、蒙德指数法以及使用临界系数判别重大危险源的方法等.在实际应用中,单独使用某一方法时,由于存在各种片面性问题而得不到满意的评价结果; 几种方法同时使用时,其评价指标、评价结果以及结果的形式又会互相冲突.为解决上述问题,建立了基于层次分析法的综合评价模型.首先,根据安全评价要求构建3层次的评价体系,在各层次中构造判断矩阵,并计算4种常用方法相对综合评价模型的置信度; 其次,对各方法统一危险分级标准,均采用危险分数划定危险级别,并取各危险分数的加权平均值--综合危险分数作为综合评价模型下的危险源分级标准.采用综合评价模型可消除单一方法进行评价时的片面性和偏差,同时,评价结果的一致化使得判断危险化学品源的危险级别以及由此采取相应级别的管理措施成为可能,将更有利于实际安全生产管理指导.     

毒气泄漏事故避难场所避难效果分析

有毒气体泄漏时,疏散和就地避难都是保护人员安全的有效行动。当疏散行动无效时,此时可考虑进行就地避难,应急决策者必须准确认识就地避难的可靠性。文中模拟分析了渗透吸附作用、换气次数、避难室空间体积、有效吸附面积对避难室内浓度的影响。结果表明,渗透吸附作用的存在明显降低了室内浓度,且强度越大浓度越低;换气次数越小,浓度越低;避难室空间越大,浓度越低,但影响不明显;吸附面积与空间体积之比越大,浓度下降越明显;毒负荷指数越大,规定暴露时间内避难室内毒负荷上升越缓慢。最后确定了特定场景下避难室最佳换气次数。     

冗余系统应用于安全管理的探讨

利用故障树方法证明了系统中增加有效的冗余件能大大增加系统的安全性，提高设备的本质安全化的水平，加强了安全管理的效果，同时对冗余系统的插入方式进行了分类，列举了应用实例。     

线路板废水处理工艺的探讨

简要介绍了线路板工业的发展状况,对线路板废水的来源、处理工艺、主要设计参数、 操作要点等问题进行了详细的论述。     

企业外用工安全管理探讨

企业用工制度改革后,外用工越来越多,给企业安全管理带来了许多新的问题。叙述了对外用工安全管理中存在的问题,提出了改进措施。     

基于贝叶斯网络的一种事故分析模型

贝叶斯网络被认为是人工智能研究中不确定性知识表示和推理的重要工具。当前在系统安全领域中已开始运用贝叶斯网络技术进行故障诊断分析，然而故障只是诱发事故的因素之一，无法系统的评价事故背后的隐患，对事故后果的预测也甚少涉及。笔者将贝叶斯网络作为一种事故分析手段，在事故致因理论的基础上提出了一种基于危险因素-事故-事故危害的三层贝叶斯网络拓扑模型；阐述了网络模型层次间的因果关联关系、各层次的构成、节点的描述方法以及网络模型的构建方法；最后通过一个天然气球罐的分析案例验证了该模型分析方法的可行性和有效性。     

灰关联分析在城市生态安全评价中的应用

城市生态安全评价是实现城市环境管理、协调城市经济发展与生态环境保护,实现城市可持续发展的重要手段.城市生态系统是一个灰色系统,受自然、环境和社会经济等各方面因素影响.基于灰关联原理,运用层次分析法建立城市生态安全评价体系并确定各影响因素的权重; 结合动态趋势分析法,对郑州市2000-2004年的城市生态安全状况作了评价.结果表明,2000-2004年郑州市城市评价指标与理想状态指标的灰色关联度依次为0.635 3、0.654 7、0.642 3、0.656 0、0.677 1.依据与关联度对应的城市安全等级划分标准,郑州市的安全等级为差.从动态趋势分析,郑州市的城市生态系统相对稳定,为可改善的不安全状态.     

热轧无纺布应用过滤材料探讨

三维网状立体结构PET短纤维热轧无纺布 ,孔隙小 ,分布均匀 ,表面积大 ,热轧点面积仅为 0 .176 4mm2 ,总空隙率达 6 5 %～ 75 %。经后整理硬挺化的无纺布制成的滤筒 ,最大限度地缩小了设备的体积 ,应用沉流式除尘器 ,1μm颗粒的相对过滤效率为 99.9%     

An analysis for the causes of accidents of repair,maintenance, alteration and addition works in Hong Kong

This study unveils causes of accidents in repair, maintenance, alteration and addition (RMAA) work. RMAA work is playing an increasingly important role in developed societies, including Hong Kong. Safety problems associated with RMAA work in Hong Kong has reached an alarming level. In view of rapid expansion of the RMAA sector and rising proportion of accidents in the construction industry, there is a pressing need to investigate causes of RMAA accidents. Structured interviews were conducted with RMAA contractors to explore causes of accidents in the RMAA sector. A two-round Delphi method with 13 safety experts was subsequently employed to verify the interview findings and rank the relative degree of importance for various causes of accidents. Accidents happen in RMAA work due to intersection of reasons. One of the root causes of accidents in RMAA works is low safety awareness of RMAA workers; however, wider organizational and industrial factors are not negligible. This study sheds light on why accidents happen in the RMAA sector. Only when the factors leading to accidents are identified can effective measures be made.     

Frequency analysis of hazardous material transportation incidents as a function of distance from origin to incident location

According to the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), more than 3.1 billion tons of hazardous materials (HazMat) are shipped within the United States annually. This averages to about 800,000 individual shipments of HazMat per day, of which 300,000 are shipments of petroleum/flammable–combustible liquids. This paper presents a temporal trend study (1995–2004) of 2145 HazMat incidents occurring through the transportation of flammable/combustible liquids. The study also correlates between HazMat incidents and distances between shipment origin and incident location. These distances attained through great circle calculations since the data compilation did not allow for the identification of specific routes taken in commodity transport. Findings of this study illustrate a bimodal distribution of frequency as a function of the logarithm of the Distance with first mode (less than 105 miles) mean of 24 [km] and second mode mean of 1061 [km]. Additionally, transport phase introduced no significance to the distribution of frequencies.     

An integrated information technology assisted driving system to improve mine trucks-related safety

This paper presents the conceptual model and framework of a novel information technology assisted driving system (ADS) to help improve mine trucks-related safety. The main components of the system include a real-time Google Earth (GE) graphics, GPS, a wireless communication network, a truck driver’s fatigue detection system, and an enhanced visibility display to restore degraded images when operating under severe visibility conditions. Mine trucks are traced and proximity warning is provided using GPS, IP addressable radios for wireless data transmission, and the GE graphic interface. Driver’s fatigue levels are detected and assessed using face tracing, extraction of eye features, and fatigue recognition algorithms. Development of such integrated information technology assisted driving system has a potential to be applied in coal, metal and non-metal surface mining operations.     

工业事故调查与分析的发展历程及趋势

工业事故调查伴随着工业革命的发展而开展,而事故分析,特别是系统的分析开展于上世纪的五六十年代。事故调查和分析研究的发展历程可以分成四个阶段,单一原因-结果阶段、多原因-结果阶段、系统化分析阶段以及产业化发展阶段。事故调查和分析从最早的仅仅查找事故（直接）原因单一目的,发展到现在查找（根本）原因、分析原因、制定措施、监督执行等多个目的。事故调查和分析已经发展成为一个学科,一种职业。事故调查和分析的理论和方法也从最初的单方面、表面、短期发展到了全面、深入和系统化。本文在介绍事故调查和分析的发展阶段和过程的同时还将对各阶段代表性的调查方法和理论给予介绍,主要包括＂鱼骨（F ishbone）图＂、＂领结图（BowTie）＂、＂直根（Taproot）图＂和＂三脚架（Tripod）＂。