A proposed System of Hierarchical Scorecards to assess the implementation of maritime regulations

The successful implementation of a regulation in the modern complicated world is a major issue for states. A newly introduced regulation may cause conflicts of interest among various parties that are affected. A common conflict is that from one hand, the public demands the introduction of regulations that will increase safety, environmental and security standards while on the other hand industries are concerned about potential costs caused by new regulations. In this paper, the shipping industry, which is a typical example of an international industry, is chosen to carry out a cost and benefit analysis generated from the implementation of a newly introduced regulation. Consequently, a methodology is proposed capable of evaluating the implementation performance of a regulation in the shipping industry with respect to the costs and benefits that can be generated. For a simple and effective computation, a System of Hierarchical Scorecards (SHS) is developed to assist regulators in evaluating any proposed and/or existing regulations.     

英国特种设备安全监管研究

通过查阅大量资料和广泛调研,对英国有关特种设备的管辖范围、法规标准体系框架、检验机构管理和主要监管环节等进行了研究,可为我国特种设备监管机构、检验机构、涉外生产单位制定政策、开展相关工作提供参考依据。     

Main differences on European regulations in the frame of the Seveso Directive

Since the first Seveso Directive was issued 25 years ago, each Member State of the European Union developed own regulations to enforce its application. The lack of a common approach generated differences between Member States, or even between regions within a Member State, which in practical terms caused that establishments falling under the field of application of the Seveso Directive face a different level of requirements. This situation causes significantly different impact on social, technical and financial aspects.Factors like industrial background, accidental history, actual land use, social attitude towards risk, economical and political structures play an important role in how the decisions about hazardous activities are perceived and handled.Answering the question: “Is there a right methodology for the assessment of the risk of major accidents?” may be sterile or impossible. Many tools are appropriate and the main concern is to use them properly. Technically, the causes and consequences of, e.g., a fire in a port in Spain on the Mediterranean Sea or in the port of Basel (Switzerland) in the Rhine River could be assessed using the same methods and criteria, but this is not usually the case.This paper shows, with practical examples, the differences existing while applying different regulations in the field of prevention of major accidents and the potential effects that these differences may generate regarding the definition and management of emergency plans outside establishments.If the existing unequal situation is not faced, the comparative disagreements between Member States will prevail. Therefore, the application of the Seveso Directive will generate a different impact on the society, operators and regulators, and may become a factor which may cause a risk transfer between Member States. Efforts should be addressed to harmonize criteria in this subject.     

矿山建设项目竣工环保验收存在问题及改进措施探究

我国矿山开采类的项目较多,环境影响因素较多,环境影响程度大,因此对这类项目的环境管理,特别是项目的竣工验收是环境管理等部门的工作重点。近几年来,我国的相关法律法规变化较大,对竣工环保验收提出了新的要求,本文通过研究矿山开采项目的特点和法律法规的最新要求,总结出矿山类项目验收过程常见的问题,并提出改进措施。     

基于情景构建的公共安全风险沟通策略研究

为解决我国公共安全风险沟通中存在的“平时风险沟通缺位、战时危机沟通失灵”的问题,探索1种基于情景构建的风险沟通策略。在分析情景构建和风险沟通的技术框架关联性的基础上,发现情景构建既可以扩展为相关方风险沟通的扁平化组织模式;又可以为相关方的风险沟通过程提供模式化的聚焦载体,即情景（风险规律）、任务（责任定位）和能力（能力评估）;实现风险信息共享、危机规律分析、最坏后果推演和基于既有能力的措施研究;以LG化工园区情景构建为例对风险沟通策略进行诠释。结果表明:情景构建是适合我国公共安全风险沟通的有效策略。     

安全人性与安全法律法规的互为影响关系研究

为明晰安全人性与安全法律法规间的互为影响关系,从而丰富安全法律法规制定的理论依据,基于安全人性与安全法律法规的内涵,剖析安全法律法规对安全人性的影响作用,构建并解析安全法律法规对安全人性的作用模型。在此基础上,分析安全人性对安全法律法规制定的影响,并深入阐释基于安全人性的安全法律法规制定的基本模式及其安全人性学依据。结果表明,安全法律法规与安全人性间是相辅相成的互为作用关系,安全法律法规是实现安全人性平衡的核心手段,而安全人性是安全法律法规制定的重要基础。     

消费品风险评价的伤害情景与三维矩阵集成方法

通过对比分析美国、欧盟及中国的消费品质量安全风险监管和评估现状,得出我国在消费品法律及标准、伤害监测与事故信息平台及公开、消费品风险辨识及评价程序等方面有待深化研究;基于2012年欧美等国家、地区对我国出口消费品的通报数据的统计分析,识别了主要消费品的隐患及危害类型,给出了伤害情景与三维矩阵集成的消费品风险评价方法,为消费品安全评价提供了新方法、新途径,并以婴儿车为例,进行了应用分析,检验了该方法的可行性。     

Assessment of chemical process hazards in early design stages

A new method called SREST-layer-assessment method with automated software tool is presented that in a hierarchical approach reveals the degree of non-ideality of chemical processes with regard to SHE (safety, health and environment) aspects at different layers: the properties of the chemical substances involved (substance assessment layer (SAL)), possible interactions between the substances (reactivity assessment layer (RAL)), possible hazard scenarios resulting from the combination of substances and operating conditions in the various equipments involved (equipment assessment layer (EAL)), and the safety technologies that are required to run a process safely and in accordance with legal regulations (safety-technology assessment layer (STAL)). In RAL, EAL and STAL the main focus is put on process safety. A case study is used to show the principles of the method. It is demonstrated how the method can be used as a systematic tool to support chemical engineers and chemists in evaluating chemical process safety in early process development stages.     

Review: Risk Compensation Literature — The Theory and Evidence

Risk compensation denotes offsetting behavioral responses to safety improvements. Theoretical arguments suggest that, when drivers are required to drive safer cars or drive in a safer manner, they will tend to increase their driving speed or drive in some other risky manner.

The purpose of this paper is to review critically the theory and evidence on risk compensation. Our general conclusion is that the application of risk compensation theory, especially to some types of regulations, is questionable, and the empirical support for significant offsetting behavior is weak. Specifically—(1) the role of limitations in processing information is not appreciated, especially regarding risk perceptions and the learning component associated with new regulations; (2) the types of regulations and types of driving behavior are not adequately distinguished; and (3) the empirical studies haves mixed results and are subject to important limitations.     

Have government regulations improved workplace safety? : A test of the asynchronous regulatory effects in China's coal industry, 1995-2006

Problem

Empirical studies on the effectiveness of workplace safety regulations are inconclusive. This study hypothesizes that the asynchronous effects of safety regulations occur because regulations need time to become effective. Safety regulations will work initially by reducing the most serious accidents, and later by improving overall safety performance.

Method

The hypothesis is tested by studying a provincial level aggregate panel dataset for China's coal industry using two different models with different sets of dependent variables: a fixed-effects model on mortality rate, which is defined as fatalities per 1,000 employees; and a negative binominal model on the annual number (frequency) of disastrous accidents.

Results

Safety regulations can reduce the frequency of disastrous accidents, but have not reduced mortality rate, which represents overall safety performance.

Discussion and summary

Policy recommendations are made, including shifting production from small to large mines through industrial consolidation, improving the safety performance of large mines, addressing consequences of decentralization, and facilitating the implementation of regulations through carrying on institutional actions and supporting legislation.

Impact on industry

Until recently, about 4,000 coal miners perished annually in China, demonstrating that workplace safety in China's coal industry is an urgent and important issue. This research provides evidence that safety regulations have asynchronous effects and identifies the priorities in improving safety in China's current coal mining. This may assist the Chinese government to design more effective safety improvement policies and improve the effectiveness of safety regulations and safety performance.     

谈如何提高大气污染治理的有效性

人们赖以生存的环境,是维持人类及自然界生物健康长存的基础。如今的环境污染形势非常严峻,越来越多的人呼吁保护环境,并渴望全球人员共同参与到环境保护中。对此,本文从大气污染这一角度,分析了大气污染的特点及造成大气污染的主要原因。同时认为大气污染治理应找出大气污染的根源,从预防与治理两个角度做起。具体来说,可从四点做起:一是着眼于法律法规的完善,强化责任落实力度;二是从预防做起,不断地调整产业结构;三是宣传绿色消费,积极地升级企业技术;四是运用现代化技术,建立大气污染监测与应急体系。     

Development and validation of a method for evaluating temporary wooden guardrails built and installed on construction sites

Wooden guardrails are usually built and installed on construction sites to protect workers against falls. In this context, it is extremely difficult to verify whether they are safe and comply with existing regulations. The present study describes the development and validation of an evaluation method and a test protocol for verifying whether these wooden guardrails are safe and meet the requirements of the Québec Safety Code for the construction industry (S-2.1, r.6) in order to ensure that workers have adequate fall protection. This study shows that some wooden guardrails do not comply with S-2.1, r.6. The evaluation method and test protocol are reproducible and easily applicable on construction sites and can easily be adapted to international regulations.     

企业环境合规指数的构建与发展

随着我国对企业环保要求的逐渐严格化,企业对环境合规越来越重视。同时,可持续发展理念的深化、配套政策标准、环保法律法规的健全使得企业环境合规成为企业参与国际竞争的关键因素。基于此,本文旨在建立企业的环境合规评价指标体系,提出企业环境合规指数的概念,站在企业管理者、监管部门、利益相关方、金融机构、公众等多方使用者的角度,来反映企业的环境合规管理水平和环境合规风险的管控能力,并可通过它的目标程度,使其可成为评价企业环境合规能力的重要依据。     

国内外危险化学品安全管理体系探讨

长期依赖法律法规的主导作用而忽略危险化学品安全技术的研究,使得危险化学品安全管理和安全技术的基础薄弱,已经严重阻碍了我国危险化学品安全管理体系的完善。本文介绍了国内外危险化学品安全管理的最新研究进展。在结合国际研究热点和先进安全管理模式的基础上分析了当前我国危险化学品安全管理存在的主要问题,并提出了我国危险化学品安全管理的应对措施、今后的研究重点和发展趋势。     

我国(讨论稿)和欧洲关于行人保护法规的异同点

通过对欧洲和我国讨论稿关于行人保护法规的分析比较研究,在定义方面有着相同和不同;在下腿型冲击器对保险杠的试验、上腿型冲击器对保险杠的试验、儿童头型冲击器对发动机罩的试验、成人头型冲击器对发动机罩的试验等实验中,使用的实验仪器设备、实验手段和方法、实验程序、评价指标存在着相同和不同之处。与欧洲法规相比,我国讨论稿的一些评价指标值有待进一步完善,试验手段和方法需要进一步改进,通过比较分析来不断修订我国行人保护法规讨论稿,以利于我国未来正式颁布行人保护法规。     

What is this thing called a safety regulation?

Regulation is generally perceived as an important way to achieve safety. Controversy about enforcing, amending, reforming, reducing, improving, and evaluating safety regulations abounds. Questions about the need for, validity, and effectiveness of safety regulations also continue. This paper explores the nature of a safety regulation, what can be expected of a safety regulation in view of its nature, and what this means to persons affected by safety regulation. The role of regulation in safe task performance is reviewed. Consequences of these findings on regulation promulgation, employee training, and regulatory enforcement programs are discussed. Steps to enhance the effectiveness of safety regulations are suggested.