Hazards from carbon dioxide capture, transport and storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a developing technology which raises a number of issues in terms of safety. CCS involves a chain of processes comprising capture of carbon dioxide, transport and injection into underground storage. In work carried out for the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, a number of high-level hazard identification (HAZID) studies have been performed with the help of industry experts. The HAZIDs considered a carbon capture and storage chain involving capture, pipeline transport and injection. HAZID has been performed at a high-level for such a CCS chain with three types of capture technology and using pipeline transport. It is hoped that the results of the HAZID studies will be of use to those carrying out CCS projects, but should not be a substitute for them carrying out a full suite of integrated hazard management processes. A number of example hazards have been described to raise awareness of the range of hazards in a CCS process and to identify barriers which could prevent, minimise, control or mitigate CCS hazards. Bow-tie diagrams have been produced to record the information from this study and to organise it in a systematic way so that it is far less likely that contributors to and mitigators of hazards will be missed. The diagrams are available in Excel spreadsheet format so that they can be used as the starting point for development by specific CCS projects. CCS technology is still advancing and a number of knowledge gaps in terms of safety have been identified which require further development.     

Targeting for optimal grid-wide deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques are considered as one of the promising approaches to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel based power generation, which still accounts for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. CCS technology can be used to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, with the additional advantage that it allows continuing use reliable and inexpensive fossil fuels. However, CCS retrofit entails major capital costs as well as a reduction of overall thermal efficiency and power output. Thus, it is essential for planning purposes to implement the minimal extent of CCS retrofit while meeting the specified carbon emission limits for the power sector. At the same time, it is necessary to plan for compensatory power generation capacity to offset energy losses resulting from CCS retrofit. In this paper, an algebraic targeting technique is presented for planning of grid-wide CCS retrofits in the power generation sector with compensatory power. The targeting technique is developed based on pinch analysis. In addition, the proposed methodologies are illustrated through case studies based on grid data in India and the Philippines. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the suitable CCS technology and compensatory power source which satisfy emission limits.     

大气氮磷沉降量分析——以杭州北里湖为例

为更好地了解大气氮磷沉降量的影响因素及其对水环境的影响,采用自制采样器,对杭州北里湖2011年4月-2012年2月大气氮、磷的总、湿沉降进行采集,并通过对干、湿沉降量的计算,探讨了大气干、湿沉降中TN、TP、NH4+-N和NO3--N的变化趋势.结果表明,因秋季利于沉降而不利于扩散,夏季降水多,各物质的干沉降量表现出秋季高、夏季低的特点,湿沉降量则夏季较高.TN干沉降以NH4+-N为主,其干沉降量与气温、气压及降水量有关,而NO3--N干沉降量与风速有关;大气湿沉降量除NO3--N外,TN、TP和NH4+-N与降水量均呈现出较强的相关性,相关系数分别为0.882、0.700和0.827.在研究期间,TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N以湿沉降为主,TP以干沉降为主;北里湖大气总沉降的入湖TN量为4 503.74kg/km2,TP为100.14 kg./km2,入湖的TN/TP比值高达45,远超出正常水平,这对北里湖水体的富营养化产生了严重影响.     

以某铁路为例探讨铁路噪声监测结果及防治建议

通过对一条既有铁路改扩建工程的铁路外侧轨中心线30m处及距铁路外轨中心线65m以内敏感点的噪声监测与分析,结果表明,距离的远近是影响噪声值大小的关键因素,但不是唯一因素。针对此,从噪声源、传播途径及接受者等方面提出了一些防治措施。     

基于EFDC水动力-水质模型的建立--以慈湖河为例

本文根据马鞍山市慈湖河流域水环境现状,结合当地政府对慈湖河的管理整治目标,选择EFDC水动力-水质模型作为慈湖河水环境模型。并根据慈湖河流域整体情况对时间空间进行概化。时间概化上,最终确定水动力学模拟时间步长为10s,水质模拟时间步长为20s;空间概化上,采用凸四边形网格概化,各网格之间为一维线性关系;通过CAD、GIS软件,将河道划分为106个网格,共计86行、24列,建立二维模型。通过研究参考文献及相似案例,最终确定本模型的参数和取值。将参数值输入程序中,对慈湖河流域2013年水质进行模拟计算。与马鞍山实际数据比对后发现,模型输出的水位、流速、水质结果在合理范围内。表明在慈湖河干流建立二维水质污染扩散模型,具有较高的拟合、预测精度和泛化能力,模型及方法可为相关水质预测研究提供参考。此外该模型可与web应用系统集成,应用于水质预警,模拟不同污染负荷情形下水质变化,模拟污染事故发生后不同应急措施对污染情况的改善效果,为污染控制和水环境管理工作提供科学依据。     

环保管家服务模式在工业园区的应用--以江西省某工业园区为例

环保管家通过系统化、专业化、精细化、定制化的环保服务,可统筹解决环境问题,降低环境风险,提高环境管理体系和水平,是近年来出现的一种新型服务模式。本文以江西省某县级市工业园区为例,分析了传统工业园区在环保管理实际工作过程中存在的问题,同时探讨了环保管家服务应用于工业园区的服务内容和意义,该服务模式可以作为解决园区环保问题的新途径。     

Electro-Fenton degradation of cationic red X-GRL using an activated carbon fiber cathode

We reported the study of the degradation of the azo dye cationic red X-GRL by the electro-Fenton process using an activated carbon fiber cathode. The electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide in solution using different material cathodes fed with air was investigated, and the results revealed that the activated carbon fiber cathode was more effective compared to the graphite cathode. The decolorization and mineralization of cationic red X-GRL were also determined. The effect of the operating parameters, such as the initial Fe²⁺ concentration, temperature and initial dye concentration, was investigated. The optimum Fe²⁺ catalyst concentration values for the degradation of cationic red X-GRL was found to be 5 mM. The rate of decolorization and mineralization of dye could be accelerated by increasing the temperature. In addition, the decolorization and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency decreased with the increasing initial dye concentration, while the TOC removal increased. Two different transition metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺) were applied as substitutes for ferrous sulfate for evaluating catalytic effect. The results indicated that Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ were more effective than Fe²⁺ in catalyzing the degradation of the dye.     

生态环境损害赔偿制度改革实施研究--以山东省为例

企业污染,环境利益受损,政府买单在很长一段时间内成为生态环境损害的解决路径,从2018年起,全国开始试行生态环境损害赔偿制度,实现损害担责是生态环境问题的解决之道。山东作为全国生态环境损害赔偿制度改革的7个试点省市之一,开展了生态环境损害赔偿制度的积极实践探索。山东省对"10.21济南章丘重大非法倾倒危险废物事故"生态损害赔偿案件的处理对于我国生态环境损害制度的发展提供了重要的实践创新经验。本文以山东省的改革实践作为研究视角,面对我国生态环境损害赔偿制度现存问题,结合山东的试点实际分析了实施成效,从赔偿磋商、鉴定评估、资金管理三个方面对生态环境损害赔偿制度提出完善建议。     

烟气CO2捕集纯化装置设计要点分析

利用CO2驱油不仅可以提高原油采收率和延长油井生产寿命,还可以减少CO2的排放,保护大气环境,而CO2捕集技术是驱油过程中的重要环节之一.对现有的装置设计技术进行了研究分析,同时结合工程经验,分别从装置的组成、预处理系统的设计要点、吸收解析系统中化学吸收剂的选择、引风机的设置、系统水平衡的保持措施、系统能量的回收利用措...     

土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价——以福建某农田保护区为例

土壤的重金属含量情况是反应土壤受污染情况的重要指标,也是体现土地出产农产品健康质量的重要信号,因而受到越来越多的高度关注。本文以福建省闽某地区域内的农田保护区为研究对象,对农田土壤的重金属含量进行检测,采用科学研究方法 ,对重金属分布特征、污染现状及潜在风险进行分析评价,深入查找形成因素,以期为更好地保护和开发当地土地资源,促进农田经济的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

环境监测布点在场地环境调查与风险评估中的应用--以XXX化肥厂为例

本文以某化肥厂场地为例,经过现场分析与场地污染识别分区结果,该区域内的地下水埋深在47m左右,本次调查中场地未揭露地下水。调查共分6个区域对样品的重金属类、石油烃类、VOC类、VOCs类、氰化物、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐、氨氮及游离氨类进行了初步筛查;场地内的氨氮及游离氨有大量检出,在超标区域及附近区域需进行详细调查,增加点位,针对氨氮及游离氨进行采样分析。     

海河流域土壤有机碳储量及分布特征研究

以海河流域为研究对象,在GIS技术支持下,根据流域的土壤类型图和土地利用类型图分析了海河流域土壤有机碳密度和碳储量及其空间分布特征.结果表明,海河流域土壤1 m厚度以内土体中土壤有机碳密度在1.62～49.49 kg/m2,其中低于土壤平均有机碳密度的土壤有11种,所占面积比例为55％.海河流域土壤有机碳密度总体上空间分布差异较大,并且呈现由南向北逐渐增加的趋势.海河流域土壤有机碳储量约2 481.94 Tg,其中褐土有机碳储量最大,约为流域总量的1/3;潮土是分布最广的土类,也是流域最重要的农业耕作土类,蕴含着688.98Tg的土壤有机碳储量.海河流域主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地及草地,所占面积比例约94％,各自的土壤有机碳密度均低于全国平均水平,而农业土壤潮土的大面积分布、成熟林和高覆盖度草地所占面积比例低是造成流域土壤有机碳储量水平低的主要原因.     

化工行业中小企业安全生产现状与对策——以江苏省某市为例

随着国民经济的不断发展,化工行业中小企业呈现出较强的增长势头,安全生产出现了许多新问题.通过对江苏省某市化工行业中小企业的全面调查和典型企业重点调研,对其安全生产基础状况、安全资金投入状况和事故发生情况进行了分析,并针对存在的具体问题,提出了进一步加强化工行业中小企业安全管理的对策建议.     

论如何加强自然保护区的管理--以新疆奇台荒漠类草地自然保护区为例

随着我国经济的高速发展,经济活动也开始向自然保护区延伸,这就必然导致各种破坏自然保护区的现象不断出现。因此,加强自然保护区依法严格的科学管护,刻不容缓。     

Analyzing system safety and risks under uncertainty using a bow-tie diagram: An innovative approach

A bow-tie diagram combines a fault tree and an event tree to represent the risk control parameters on a common platform for mitigating an accident. Quantitative analysis of a bow-tie is still a major challenge since it follows the traditional assumptions of fault and event tree analyses. The assumptions consider the crisp probabilities and “independent” relationships for the input events. The crisp probabilities for the input events are often missing or hard to come by, which introduces data uncertainty. The assumption of “independence” introduces model uncertainty. Elicitation of expert's knowledge for the missing data may provide an alternative; however, such knowledge incorporates uncertainties and may undermine the credibility of risk analysis.This paper attempts to accommodate the expert's knowledge to overcome missing data and incorporate fuzzy set and evidence theory to assess the uncertainties. Further, dependency coefficient-based fuzzy and evidence theory approaches have been developed to address the model uncertainty for bow-tie analysis. In addition, a method of sensitivity analysis is proposed to predict the most contributing input events in the bow-tie analysis. To demonstrate the utility of the approaches in industrial application, a bow-tie diagram of the BP Texas City accident is developed and analyzed.     

三嗪和磷腈阻燃剂作碳源阻燃聚乳酸复合材料的性能研究

为了探究三嗪和磷腈类碳源对聚乳酸阻燃性能及力学性能的影响,提高阻燃效率,利用苯氧基聚磷腈(SPB100)、三嗪类膨胀阻燃剂(FP2200)作碳源分别与聚磷酸铵(APP)按不同配比复配,采用熔融共混法制备了阻燃聚乳酸复合材料,总添加量保持10％.通过热重分析(TGA)、极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)和锥形量热法分析了2种膨胀阻燃体系对阻燃聚乳酸热稳定性和阻燃性能的影响,采用拉伸试验评价了阻燃聚乳酸的机械性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜和傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了阻燃聚乳酸残炭的化学结构和组成,并分析了阻燃机理.结果表明,当SPB100/APP的质量比为7/3时,LOI达到28.5％且达到UL-94 V-0等级,拉伸强度为49.7 MPa.研究表明,两种碳源均可改善阻燃聚乳酸的热稳定性、抗滴落性能和阻燃性,能满足阻燃要求,其中添加SPB100的阻燃聚乳酸复合材料的力学性能更优.     

A new approach for facility siting using mapping risks on a plant grid area and optimization

The present work is focused on developing a methodology to find the optimal placement of a hazardous process unit and other facilities using optimization theory while considering a risk map in the plant area. Incidents can have possible consequences resulting from flammable gas releases, which can be evaluated by using consequence modeling programs. The probability of each incident can be derived from initial leak hole size estimation through event tree analysis. In this methodology the plant area was divided into square grids and risk scores were estimated for each grid. The overall cost is a function of the probable cost of property damage due to fires or explosions and the interconnection cost including piping, cable, and management. The proposed approach uses a mixed integer linear optimization programming (MILP) that identifies attractive locations by minimizing the overall cost. A case study is presented for a hexane–heptane separation facility that considers the meteorological data for the given area in order to show the applicability of the proposed methodology. Results from this study will be useful in assisting the selection of locations for facilities and for risk management.     

基于地域性特征的大运河保护利用规划研究——以京杭大运河嘉兴段为例

京杭大运河是属于全人类的重要遗产,如何更好地保护与利用京杭大运河是沿线城市共同面临的问题。本文通过对嘉兴段大运河的历史演变,对杭嘉湖平原人水关系、人地关系地深入研究,归纳出嘉兴段大运河的三大特点,并探讨了对嘉兴段大运河保护利用的思路。     

长株潭城市环境空气中PM2.5和O3质量浓度的相关性研究

PM2.5与O3均为导致城市环境空气质量恶化的主要污染物,采用自动设备监测湖南省长沙、株洲、湘潭3市商业区和郊区空气中的PM2.5和O3质量浓度,并对数据进行相关性分析.结果表明:PM2.5和O3质量浓度的季节性变化大,其中O3质量浓度夏、秋2季高,春、冬2季低;PM2.5则秋、冬2季高,春、夏2季低;O3质量浓度峰值一般出现在当天午后,PM2.5质量浓度峰值一般出现在上午;空间分布上,O3质量浓度在郊区站点相对较高,而PM2.5质量浓度在商业区站点较高.PM2.5与O3质量浓度变化以负相关为主,即PM2.5质量浓度高时,O3质量浓度则低,反之亦然,二者一般不产生叠加污染.总体上,夏、秋季节应主要防O3污染,春、冬季节则主要防PM25污染.     

LNG as a potential alternative fuel - Safety and security of storage facilities

The aim of this article is to summarize the safety and security aspects of storing of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a potential alternative fuel. The contribution deals with possible scenarios of accidents associated with LNG storage facilities and with a methodology for the assessment of vulnerability of such facilities. The protection of LNG storage facilities as element of critical infrastructure should also be a matter of interest to the state. The study presents the results of determination of hazardous zones around LNG facilities in the event of various sorts of release. For calculations, the programs ALOHA, EFFECTS and TerEx were used and results obtained were compared. Scenarios modelled within this study represent a possible approach to the preliminary assessment of risk that should be verified by more detailed modelling (CFD). These scenarios can also be used for a quick estimation of areas endangered by an incident or accident. The results of modelling of the hazardous zones contribute to a reduction in risk of major accidents associated with these potential alternative energy sources.