长江干流水体中悬浮固体、可溶性固体及二者中的十九种化学元素的系统分析

在河流水质的规划、管理、污染控制及工程设计中,常常需要全面了解水体中各种非有害元素,营养元素及有害元素的背景含量,分配关系,污染物浓度及其迁移转化规律等.为了数据处理的连续性和可比性,所有被测项目最好是取自同一样品,且需大批量的测定,为此,必须拟定多项目的系统分析方法.在研究底质或悬浮沉积物中重金属元素的形态及分布状况时,提出了部分元素的分离及测定方法.不少文献都是用螯合剂捕集萃取或吸附富集方法来达到测定水中微量重金属元素的目的.提出     

Zeeman效应原子吸收法测定环境样品中锶

人体中含有过量的锶引起大骨节病,影响牙齿的性能,对正在发育的儿童危害性更大。锶的测定可采用火焰光度、发射光谱、X-萤光光谱、中子活化及火焰原子吸收等方法。但对很多环境样品,上述方法有的灵敏度不够,有的因共存元素引起干扰而需要采用各种繁杂的分离步骤。由于石墨炉原子吸收法具有灵敏度高、取样量少之特点,适用于测定环境样品     

海洋生物样品中有机汞的测定

本文介绍了一种用冷原子吸收(萤光)测汞仪测定海洋生物样品中有机汞含量的方法。该法具有取样量小、操作简单、灵敏度较高、重现性较好的特点。该法测定结果与“苯萃取——半胱氨酸反萃取”法所得结果具有良好的相关性。     

原子吸收光谱法测定大气飘尘中的痕量金属元素

前言 近年来,原子吸收光谱法由于具有灵敏度高、干扰少、仪器价廉及操作简便等优点,已成为分析大气飘尘中金属元素的最有用的方法之一。飘尘中金属元素的含量极微,因此用原子吸收法测定大气飘尘中的痕量金属元素时,要选择空白值低的采样滤膜,而且它应能采集足够量的样品以达到分析灵敏度。滤膜材料中含有不同的各种杂质元素,往往直接影响分析结果,并使样品前处理手续复杂化。试验证明,玻璃纤维滤膜及其他无机材料的滤膜     

环境样品中抗生素残留分析研究进展

近年来,抗生素滥用问题日益严重,抗生素对生态环境和人体健康的潜在危害也随之引起人们的关注.为了解环境中抗生素污染状况,建立灵敏、准确、快速、高效的分析方法是非常必要的.综述了环境样品中抗生素残留分析的研究进展,阐述了环境样品中抗生素提取、净化、浓缩和衍生化等前处理方法,并对其检测方法进行了探讨,最后展望了该研究领域今后的发展趋势.     

环境样品中DNA提取方法的研究进展

利用微生物降解污染物是废水处理中的常用方法,研究废水处理工艺中微生物的多样性和动态性对于优化废水处理工艺的性能、提高其处理效率具有重要的指导意义.分子生物学方法是研究微生物多样性和动态性的有效方法.由于大多数分子生物学方法都是以提取研究对象的基因组DNA为前提,因此建立一种高效的环境样品DNA的提取方法具有重要作用.综述了从环境样品中提取DNA的主要方法及其研究进展,并提出了一种有效的从活性污泥中提取DNA的具体方法.     

氢化物发生——原子光谱分析在环境监测中的应用

本文对氢化物发生——原子光谱分析在环境监测中的应用进行评述,列举了它在As、Bi、Ge、Pb、Sb、Te等元素的监测分析,多元素同时测定及价态、形态分析中的应用实例,共引用文献113篇。     

APDC—MIBK萃取火焰原子吸收光谱法测定植物样品中的锑

锑是一种对人体和动植物有毒的金属,能够在作物和蔬菜中残留富集。目前关于植物样品中锑的检测方法比较多,有孔雀绿和罗丹明B(Rhodamin B)分光光度法、极谱法和原子吸收分光光度法等。其中用得较多的是原子吸收分光光度法,但大多采用氢化物—火焰法或者电热原子法,前者需要配套的氢化物发生器,后者一般的仪器都没有安装电热原子化装置。水相直接进样,灵敏度低,利用有机溶剂     

含碳气溶胶研究进展：有机碳和元素碳

含碳气溶胶是我国大气区域性复合型污染的重要物种,对全球气候变化、辐射强迫、能见度、环境质量、人类健康等会产生重要影响.主要从含碳气溶胶来源及成因、环境影响、样品采集及测试等方面对国内外相关研究进行了评述,讨论了有机碳和元素碳研究中存在的关键和难点问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

白洋淀-府河入淀口段沉积物中微塑料的丰度及分布特征

为研究白洋淀-府河入淀口沉积物中微塑料的污染现状,在府河入淀口段15个采样点进行采样,利用密度浮选法分离沉积物样品中的微塑料,分析微塑料的丰度、分布特征及来源.结果表明:府河沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度为(558.4±233.3)个·kg-1,最大丰度值达到1 049个·kg-1;依据微塑料的形态特征可将府河入淀口段沉积物...     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.