负载NH4+-N生物炭对土壤N2O-N排放和NH3-N挥发的影响

利用生物炭吸附面源污染水体NH₄⁺-N并将其进行还田可实现此氮资源由水体到农田的安全有效迁移,而探索负载NH₄⁺-N生物炭对N₂O-N排放和NH₃-N挥发的影响则对于减施化肥和降低土壤氮素损失意义重大.本研究采用土柱试验,设置4个处理：对照（不施氮肥,CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、负载氮+化学磷钾肥（N-BC+PK）和生物炭+化肥（BC+NPK）.结果表明,相较NPK和BC+NPK处理,N-BC+PK处理N₂O-N累积排放量、NH₃-N累积挥发量、气态氮素累积损失量（以N计）分别显著降低了33.62%和24.64%、70.64%和79.29%、64.97%和73.75%（P<0.05）.特别需要说明的是,BC+NPK处理相比NPK处理显著增加了NH₃-N累积挥发量（P<0.05）.综上所述,负载NH₄⁺-N生物炭可显著减少N₂O-N排放和NH₃-N挥发,且其减排效果显著优于传统的生物炭化肥配施.本研究结果将为富营养化水体NH₄⁺-N农田回用和土壤气态氮素减排提供理论依据和数据支持.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算：模型应用

基于田间原位测定结果,作者建立了不同水分管理方式下稻田N₂O排放估算的统计模型. 在模型验证和输入参数检验的基础上, 本研究应用模型估算了20世纪50～90年代我国稻田水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量. 结果表明, 由于水稻种植面积和氮输入量的增加、以及水分管理方式的变化, 稻田N₂O-N季节排放量从20世纪50年代平均每年9.55 Gg增加到了90年代每年32.26 Gg, 同期伴随着水稻单产的增加. 在20世纪50～90年代间, 我国水稻生产的N₂O-N排放量以平均每10 a6.74 Gg的速度递增. 20世纪50年代和90年代稻田N₂O-N季节排放通量平均分别为0.32 kg·hm^-2和1.00 kg·hm^-2, 相当于季节氮输入总量的0.37%和0.46%. 本研究模型估算50～90年代间稻田N₂O季节排放量的不确定性为59.8%～37.5%. 就全国稻田的不同种植区域而言, 长江中下游地区稻田水稻生长季N₂O排放量占全国稻田N₂O排放总量的51%～56%. 20世纪90年代水稻生长季N₂O排放量约占我国农田N₂O年总排放量的8%～11%. 相对于旱地作物而言, 过去几十年水稻生产的发展在很大程度上减缓了我国农业生产的N₂O排放. 然而, 随着水稻生产中节水灌溉的推广和氮肥施用量的增加, 我国稻田N₂O季节排放量预计将相应增加.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils with different pH

N₂O fluxes as a function of incubation time from soil with different available N contents and pH were determined. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured to indicate soil respiration. A 144-hr incubation experiment was conducted in a slightly acidic agricultural soil (pH_H2O 5.33) after the pH was adjusted to four different values (3.65, 5.00, 6.90 and 8.55). The experiments consisted of a control without added N, and with NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fertilization. The results showed that soil pH contributed significantly to N₂O flux from the soils. There were higher N₂O emissions in the period 0-12 hr in the four pH treatments, especially those enhanced with N-fertilization. The cumulative N₂O-N emission reached a maximum at pH 8.55 and was stimulated by NO₃^--N fertilization (70.4 μg/kg). The minimum emissions appeared at pH 3.65 and were not stimulated by NO₃^--N or NH₄⁺-N fertilization. Soil respiration increased significantly due to N-fertilization. Soil respiration increased positively with soil pH (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The lowest CO₂-C emission (30.2 mg/kg) was presented in pH 3.65 soils without N-fertilization. The highest CO₂-C emissions appeared in the pH 8.55 soils for NH₄⁺-N fertilization (199 mg/kg). These findings suggested that N₂O emissions and soil respiration were significantly influenced by low pH, which strongly inhibits soil microbial nitrification and denitrification activities. The content of NO₃^--N in soil significantly and positively affected the N₂O emissions through denitrification.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算:模型建立

我国水稻生产中往往采用多种水分管理方式,如持续淹水、淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉等. 水分管理方式的不同会引起水稻生长季N₂O排放的显著变化. 本研究收集和整理了2005年以前17篇国内外文献报道的有关我国稻田N₂O季节排放通量的71组田间原位测定资料,每组资料包括稻田氮肥施用的种类和施用量、水分管理方式、N₂O季节排放量等数据,旨在建立不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量的估算模型. 分析结果表明,持续淹水稻田N₂O季节排放量与施氮量无明显相关关系,在淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,两者呈极显著线性正相关关系. 持续淹水稻田N₂O季节排放总量相当于施氮量的0.02%. 基于普通最小二乘法（OLS）分析技术建立的线性回归模型估算结果表明,淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式下稻田肥料氮的N₂O排放系数为0.42%,但N₂O季节背景排放量不显著. 在淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,水稻生长季肥料N的N₂O排放系数和N₂O-N背景排放量分别为0.73%和0.79 kg·hm^-2. 残差分析和效能分析显示模型具有较好的适切性. 综合3种水分管理方式,我国稻田水稻生长季N的N₂O排放系数和N₂O-N背景排放量平均分别为0.54%和0.43 kg·hm^-2. 相对于旱作农田而言,水稻生长季肥料N的N₂O排放系数较低,意味着水稻生产较旱地作物可能更有利于减缓我国农业N₂O排放. 本研究建立的模型可以用于我国稻田水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量的估算.     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical wheat field under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

Minimizing soil ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission factors (EFs) has significant implications in regional air quality and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions besides nitrogen (N) nutrient loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of different N fertilizer treatments of conventional urea, polymer-coated urea, ammonia sulfate, urease inhibitor (NBPT, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)-treated urea, and nitrification inhibitor (DCD, dicyandiamide)-treated urea on emissions of NH₃ and GHGs from subtropical wheat cultivation. A field study was established in a Cancienne silt loam soil. During growth season, NH₃ emission following N fertilization was characterized using active chamber method whereas GHG emissions of N₂O, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were by passive chamber method. The results showed that coated urea exhibited the largest reduction (49%) in the EF of NH₃-N followed by NBPT-treated urea (39%) and DCD-treated urea (24%) over conventional urea, whereas DCD-treated urea had the greatest suppression on N₂O-N (87%) followed by coated urea (76%) and NBPT-treated urea (69%). Split fertilization of ammonium sulfate-urea significantly lowered both NH₃-N and N₂O-N EF values but split urea treatment had no impact over one-time application of urea. Both NBPT and DCD-treated urea treatments lowered CO₂-C flux but had no effect on CH₄-C flux. Overall, application of coated urea or urea with NPBT or DCD could be used as a mitigation strategy for reducing NH₃ and N₂O emissions in subtropical wheat production in Southern USA.     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地CH4和N2 O排放对氮输入的短期响应

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了氮输入对闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地CH4和N2O排放通量的短期影响.结果表明,高氮输入在不同采样时间均促进了湿地CH4排放,低氮输入在不同时间则具有不同的变化特征.与对照处理相比,低氮和高氮2种处理分别使湿地CH4排放通量增加了-44.35%～1 057.35%和7.15%～667.37%.外源氮输入在24 h内对湿地N2O排放通量具有明显的正激发效应,最高可增加171.60倍和177.79倍,但在8 d后,氮输入对湿地N2O排放的激发效应减弱甚至消失.氮输入在短时间内对湿地土壤Ec、pH和Eh均未产生显著影响.湿地CH4排放通量在对照处理下仅与5 cm Eh存在显著负相关,在低氮处理下仅与10 cm地温呈显著负相关,在高氮处理下则与5 cm Ec、0、5 cm pH以及0、5、10 cm土壤Eh均呈显著相关性,而N2O排放通量在不同处理下与湿地气温、地温、盐度、pH和Eh等环境因子均不存在显著相关性.研究表明,探讨氮输入对湿地温室气体排放的影响应考虑其时间变异性.     

黄河上游灌区连作稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素

黄河上游灌区高产连作稻田氮肥的过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,进而导致稻田N2O排放量增大.为了探明水稻连作模式下稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,开展了为期2年的连作水稻田试验研究.试验共设置3个施氮处理,包括常规氮肥300kg.hm-2(N300)、优化氮肥240kg.hm-2(N240)和对照不施氮肥(N0),并在稻田连作的第2年,对N240处理灌溉节水30%.2年连作试验结果表明,水稻生长季稻田N2O排放主要发生在水稻施基肥后及水稻生长的中后期,在稻田灌水泡田后N2O排放速率达最大值.稻田高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)施用显著增加N2O的排放量,优化氮肥(240kg.hm-2)处理可有效降低土壤N2O排放量(p<0.01).水稻生长季稻田淹水状态时N2O排放量极低,稻田灌溉节水会相应增加土壤N2O排放量.土壤温度变化对稻田N2O的生成和排放会产生较大影响,但受稻田肥水管理等因素的影响,温度与N2O排放量相关性不显著.灌区稻田土壤N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N含量变化及耕层0～40cm土壤NO3--N积累量变化有显著的相关性.稻田连作显著增加了耕层土壤剖面0～40cm土层NO3--N的积累量,耕层土壤NO3--N积累量的增加进而加大了土壤N2O排放的风险.在宁夏黄灌区稻田常规灌水和高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)水平下,2年连作稻田水稻生长季土壤N2O总排放量分别达55.98×104kg.a-1和51.48×104kg.a-1,在100a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)均值为16.02×107kg.hm-2(以CO2计),表明黄灌上游灌区高氮肥施用导致稻田N2O排放量增大,由此引起的增温潜势严重.     

模拟氮沉降对内蒙古克氏针茅草原N2O排放的影响

随着工农业和社会的快速发展,我国成为全世界氮沉降最高的国家之一,温带草原地区的氮沉降水平局部可能超过3g·(m~2·a)~(-1).为研究氮沉降对我国典型草原生态系统氮循环的影响,在内蒙古太仆寺旗的克氏针茅草原,对土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放进行了为期1 a测定;同时,对该天然草地施加Na NO_3~-N以模拟氮沉降增加,进行了6个水平:CK(对照)、N_2[2g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N5[5 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N10[10 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N_25[25 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]和N50[50 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]的野外控制实验.结果表明,在自然氮沉降条件下,该生态系统N_2O的排放主要取决于土壤含水量和土壤温度,通过参数拟合估计全年N_2O-N排放量为0.10 g·(m~2·a)~(-1),约为当地氮沉降量的3%.而提高氮沉降可以显著提高N_2O的排放,特别是在高氮处理下(N_25和N50),N_2O的年排放量与模拟氮沉降量呈线性关系.我国温带典型草原较高的温室气体N_2O排放值得关注.     

优化施氮对河套灌区氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响

以河套灌区盐化潮土为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法和通气法研究了4个施肥处理(不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(CON)、优化处理1(OPT1,减氮53.3%)、优化处理2(OPT2,减氮53.3%+硝化抑制剂))对河套灌区玉米农田氧化亚氮(N_2O-N)排放、氨挥发(NH_3-N)损失和玉米产量的影响.结果表明:氮肥减量显著降低了土壤N_2O-N排放和NH_3-N挥发;相比于CON处理,OPT1处理的N_2O-N排放量和NH_3-N挥发量分别降低了45.2%和68.8%(p0.05),但N_2O-N损失氮素比率增加了9.7%(p0.05).施用硝化抑制剂可显著降低土壤N_2O-N排放,与OPT1处理相比,OPT2处理可降低34.6%(p0.05)的N_2O-N排放和41.5%(p0.05)的N_2O-N损失氮素比率,但NH_3-N挥发增加了47.5%(p0.05).OPT1处理显著降低了玉米产量,降幅达22.1%(p0.05),而OPT2处理相对于OPT1处理增产32.9%(p0.05),与传统施肥处理无差异.因此,综合N_2O-N排放、NH_3-N挥发及玉米产量可知,OPT2是较为合理的施肥措施,值得在河套灌区推广.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from organic and conventional crop rotations in five European countries

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture are currently estimated from N inputs using emission factors, and little is known about the importance of regional or management-related differences. This paper summarizes the results of a study in which N₂O emission rates were recorded on 15–26 occasions during a 12-month period in organic and conventional dairy crop rotations in five European countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy, UK). A common methodology based on static chambers was used for N₂O flux measurements, and N₂O data were compiled together with information about N inputs (from fertilizers, N₂ fixation, atmospheric deposition and excretal returns), crop rotations and soil properties. Organic rotations received only manure as N fertilizer, while manure accounted for 0–100% of fertilizer N in conventional rotations. A linear regression model was used to examine effects of location, system and crop category on N₂O emissions, while a second model examined effects of soil properties. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher from conventional than from organic crop rotations except in Austria and, according to the statistical analysis, the differences between locations and crop categories were significant. Ammonium was significantly related to N₂O emissions, although this effect was dominated by observations from a grazing system. Despite the limited number of samplings, annual emissions were estimated by interpolation. Across the two systems and five locations there was a significant relationship between total N inputs and N₂O emissions at the crop rotation level which indicated that annually 1.6 ± 0.2% (mean ± standard error) of total N inputs were lost as N₂O, while there was a background emission of 1.4 ± 0.3 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Although this measurement program emphasized system effects at the expense of high temporal resolution, the results indicate that N input is a significant determinant for N₂O emissions from agricultural soils.     

Soil moisture determines the effectiveness of two urease inhibitors to decrease N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emission

Among the mitigation strategies to prevent nitrogen (N) losses from ureic fertilizers, urease inhibitors (UIs) have been demonstrated to promote high N use efficiency by reducing ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. In the last few years, some field experiments have also shown its effectiveness in reducing nitrous oxide (N₂O) losses from fertilized soils under conditions of low soil moisture. An incubation experiment was carried out with the aim of assessing the main biotic mechanisms behind N₂O emissions once that the UIs N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamid (NBPT) and phenil phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) were applied with Urea (U) under different soil moisture conditions (40, 60 and 80 % water-filled pore space, WFPS). In the same study we tried to analyze to what extent soil WFPS regulates the effect of these inhibitors on N₂O emissions. The use of PPDA in our study allowed us to compare the effect of NBPT with that of another commercially available urease inhibitor, aiming to see if the results were inhibitor-specific or not. Based on the results from this experiment, a WFPS (i.e. 60 %) was chosen for a second study (i.e. mesocosm experiment) aiming to assess the efficiency of the UIs to indirectly affect N₂O emissions through influencing the pool of soil mineral N. The N₂O emissions at 40 % WFPS were almost negligible, being significantly lower from all fertilized treatments than that produced at 60 and 80 % WFPS. When compared to U alone, NBPT+U reduced the N₂O emissions at 60 % WFPS but had no effect at 80 % WFPS. The application of PPDA significantly increased the emissions with respect to U at 80 % WFPS whereas no significant effect was found at 60 %. At 80 % WFPS, denitrification was the main source of N₂O emissions for all treatments. In the mesocosm study, the application of NBPT+U was an effective strategy to reduce N₂O emissions (75 % reduction compared to U alone), due to a lower soil ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) content induced by the inhibitor. These results suggest that adequate management of the UI NBPT could provide, under certain soil conditions, an opportunity for mitigation of N₂O emissions from fertilized soils.     

Fluxes of nitric and nitrous oxides from agricultural soils in a cool temperate climate

Fluxes of NO and N₂O from sandy loam soils cropped with winter wheat and a clay loam soil under ryegrass, with and without the addition of NH₄NO₃ fertilizer, were measured using static and dynamic chamber methods. Nitric oxide fluxes ranged from −0.3 (deposition) to 6.9 (emission) ng NO-N m⁻² s⁻¹. The corresponding N₂O flux ranged from 0 to 91 (emission) ng N₂O-N m⁻² s⁻¹. The NO flux was temperature dependent. Activation energies ranged from 40 to 81 kJ mol⁻¹. Nitric oxide and N₂O fluxes increased linearly with soil available nitrogen (NH₄ + NO₃). Emissions of NO and N₂O were not detectable from unfertilized ryegrass plots. Instead, nitric oxide was absorbed by the soil and vegetation at a maximum rate of 0.31 ng NO-N m⁻² s⁻¹. The aeration state of the soil controlled the relative rates of NO and N₂O emission. Nitric oxide was the major gas emitted from well aerated soils, conditions that favour nitrification. The NO/N₂O emission ratio was >100 for the coarse-textured sandy loam soil and the clay loam soil only during low rainfall periods. Nitrous oxide was the major gas emitted from less aerated soils, conditions that allowed denitrification to occur. The NO/N₂O emission ratio was <0.001 for the clay loam soil when rainfall was high and soils were wet. Extrapolation to the U.K. situation showed that agricultural land may account for 2–6% of the total annual NO_x emission and for 16–64% of the total annual N₂O emission in the U.K.     

有机无机配施下西北旱区麦田土壤N2O的排放特征及微生物特性

有机无机配施可为作物提供长效持续的营养物质来源,研究旱地农田有机无机配施带来的环境效应和土壤酶活性及微生物特性,对减少化肥面源污染,改善生态环境有重要意义.本试验以3个梯度氮水平(NO、N1、N2):0、150、300 kg·hm-2为主处理,单施化肥和有机无机配施(+M)为副处理,有机肥施用量为30 t·hm-2;测定了小麦生长季的温室气体N2O排放通量和土壤酶活性,硝态氮及铵态氮含量和土壤物理性质.结果表明,土壤N2O排放通量最高的为N2+M处理,排放通量达到0.190 4 mg·(m2·h)-1,N2+M处理较NO累计排放量提高了 255％;N2和N2+M处理N2O的排放通量和增温潜势高于N1和N1+M处理,而产量低于N1和N1+M处理;微生物量碳氮以N2+M处理分蘖期最多,分别为346.31 mg·kg-1和33.36 mg·kg-1;N2+M处理的土壤酶活性较高,其次是N2处理,NO和NO+M处理土壤酶活性较低;通径分析表明,铵态氮(NH4+-N)、土壤磷酸酶(AKP)和微生物量氮(MBN)对N2O排放通量的直接影响较大,其他间接影响较小可不予以考虑.研究旱地麦田有机无机配施的环境效益,与多方面因素相关,合理地配施有机肥可以平衡产量与土壤环境的综合效益.     

菜地氨氧化微生物驱动的N2O和NO对有机无机肥配施的响应

氨氧化细菌（AOB）和氨氧化古菌（AOA）是驱动土壤氨氧化过程的"引擎".氨氧化过程在土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）和一氧化氮（NO）排放过程中扮演着重要角色.有机无机肥配施是实现化肥零增长和作物稳产增产的重要途径，但在有机无机肥配施下，菜地土壤AOB和AOA对氨氧化过程的相对贡献仍不清楚.本研究采用选择性抑制的方法（辛炔和乙炔）区分有机肥添加近3年后（2016年10月—2019年5月）AOB和AOA在氨氧化过程中对碱性菜地土壤N₂O和NO产生的相对贡献.试验共设5种施肥处理：不施氮肥（CK）、单施尿素（N）、单施有机肥（M）、50%尿素+50%有机肥（M1N1）和80%尿素+20%有机肥（M1N4）.结果表明，有机无机肥配施（M1N1和M1N4）可显著增加土壤电导率、有机碳和全氮含量.培养试验发现，与N处理相比，M和M1N1处理分别使N₂O排放量增加100.7%和38.8%，NO排放量增加77.9%和42.8%，AOB基因丰度增加16.6%和10.2%，同时，AOB对N₂O排放的相对贡献增加6.5%.相反，M1N4处理分别使N₂O和NO排放量降低19.3%和4.8%，AOB基因丰度降低37.5%，同时，AOB对N₂O及NO排放的相对贡献分别降低7.8%和7.4%.相关分析表明，土壤N₂O和NO累积排放量与土壤AOB基因丰度呈显著正相关（p<0.05），与土壤AOA基因丰度无显著相关性.有机无机肥配施下AOB是氨氧化过程的主要驱动者，适当比例的有机无机肥配施（即M1N4）措施可在一定程度上减弱AOB对碱性菜地土壤N₂O及NO排放的相对贡献.     

化肥减量与有机物料添加对华北潮土微生物氮循环功能基因丰度和氮转化遗传潜力的影响

有机物料作为生态友好型的化肥替代品为农业生态系统带来了巨大的经济和环境效益.然而,在化肥减量的基础上添加有机物料会对土壤氮（N）循环产生何种影响依旧知之甚少.在此,设置了常规施肥（NPK）、化肥减量（NPKR）、化肥减量配施秸秆（NPKRS）、化肥减量配施有机肥（NPKRO）、化肥减量配施秸秆和有机肥（NPKROS）共5种施肥处理,采用实时定量PCR方法测定微生物N循环功能基因丰度,并估算微生物N转化遗传潜力.结果表明,与NPK处理相比,有机物料添加显著增加了参与有机N分解、N固定和N还原的异养微生物数量,而降低了执行氨氧化的自养微生物丰度.因此,异养微生物的比例增加,自养微生物的比例降低.施肥措施变化显著提高了微生物N存储和气态N排放潜力,降低了NO₃^-淋溶潜力,N₂ O还原潜力也有所提升.基于距离的冗余分析（db-RDA）表明,5种施肥处理间N循环功能基因丰度差异显著（PERMANOVA,P=0.002）,NH₄⁺是驱动这种变化的关键因子,施用有机肥有利于异养N循环功能微生物,并且同时加入秸秆增强了这种影响.Pearson相关分析表明N存储潜力和气态N排放潜力均与NH₄⁺含量显著负相关;NO₃^-淋溶潜力与SOC和TN含量显著负相关,而与NH₄⁺含量显著正相关.综上所述,在化肥减量基础上添加有机物料有利于增加农田土壤N库,降低土壤N淋溶损失,甚至在特定环境下可以降低N₂ O排放的环境风险.     

Soil emissions of NO, N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil

In the last 40 years, a large area of savanna vegetation in Central Brazil (Cerrado) has been converted to agriculture, with intensive use of fertilizers, irrigation and management practices. Currently, the Cerrado is the main region for beef and grain production in Brazil. However, the consequences of these agricultural practices on NO, N₂O and CO₂ emissions from soil to atmosphere are still poorly investigated. The objectives of this study were to quantify soil emissions of NO-N, N₂O-N and CO₂-C in different no-till cultivation systems in comparison with native savanna vegetation. The agricultural areas included: (a) the maize and Brachiaria ruzizienses intercropping system followed by irrigated bean in rotation; (b) soybean followed by natural fallow; and (c) cotton planting over B. ruzizienses straw. The study was performed from August 2003 to October 2005 and fluxes were measured before and after planting, after fertilizations, during the growing season, before and after harvesting. NO-N fluxes in the soybean field were similar to those measured in the native vegetation. In the cornfield, higher NO-N fluxes were measured before planting than after planting and pulses were observed after broadcast fertilizations. During Brachiaria cultivation NO-N fluxes were lower than in native vegetation. In the irrigated area (bean cultivation), NO-N fluxes were also significantly higher after broadcast fertilizations. Most of the soil N₂O-N fluxes measured under cultivated and native vegetation were very low (<0.6 ng N₂O-N cm⁻² h⁻¹) except during bean cultivation when N₂O-N fluxes increased after the first and second broadcast fertilization with irrigation and during nodule senescence in the soybean field. Soil respiration values from the soybean field were similar to those in native vegetation. The CO₂-C fluxes during cultivation of maize and irrigated bean were twice as high as in the native vegetation. During bean cultivation with irrigation, an increase in CO₂-C fluxes was observed after broadcast fertilization followed by a decrease after the harvest. Significantly lower soil C stocks (0-30 cm depth) were determined under no-tillage agricultural systems in comparison with the stocks under savanna vegetation. Fertilizer-induced emission factors of N oxides calculated from the data were lower than those indicated by the IPCC as default.     

Importance of indirect nitrous oxide emissions at the field, farm and catchment scale

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and leaching losses from an intensively managed grazed pasture in the Ythan catchment, Aberdeenshire, UK, were measured and compared over a 17-month period. Simultaneous measurements of farm-wide leaching losses of N₂O were also made and catchment-wide fluxes were estimated from existing N leaching data. The relative importance of direct and indirect N₂O fluxes at the field, farm and catchment scale was then assessed. At the field scale we found that direct N₂O emissions were low (1.2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 0.6% of N input) with indirect N₂O emissions via drainage waters comprising a significant proportion (25%) of total N₂O emissions. At the whole-farm scale, the N₂O-N emission factor (0.003) for leached NO₃-N (EF_5-g) was in line with the IPCC's recent downward revision. At the catchment scale, a direct N₂O flux of 1.9 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and an indirect flux of 0.06 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ were estimated. This study lends further support to the recent downward revision of the IPCC emission factor for N₂O arising from leached N in surface and ground waters (EF_5-g) and highlights the need for multiple point sampling to ensure that the importance of indirect N₂O losses via drainage waters is not misrepresented at the farm and catchment scales.     

华北平原农田管理措施对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统N2O和CH4排放的影响

华北平原是我国重要的粮食生产基地,其农业生产对N_2O和CH_4也具有重要影响.本研究设置包括3类不同农田管理措施的田间试验,即免耕(No-tillage,N)/旋耕(Rotary,T)、秸秆清茬(Cleaning,S0)/还田(Straw,S1)以及不同氮肥水平(常规氮肥(F2),优化氮肥(F1)和空白处理(F0)),分析对产量、N_2O和CH_4排放的影响以及与土壤性状的关系.结果表明,优化氮肥能保持和当地常规氮肥水平相同的粮食产量,同时可以有效降低温室气体CO2-eq(45.4%).秸秆还田可以显著降低N_2O的排放,其中在夏玉米季效果尤为明显.施用氮肥能够抑制土壤对CH_4的吸收.夏玉米季是N_2O排放的主要时期(N_2O累积排放占全年的59%~78%).土壤NO-3含量、WFPS和土壤温度都对N_2O有显著影响.主效应和交互作用分析证明,氮肥水平对两季作物产量、秸秆还田对冬小麦的产量有显著影响;耕作方式与氮肥水平、秸秆还田分别对两季作物产量和CH_4有极显著的交互作用,秸秆处理和氮肥水平对CH_4排放和冬小麦产量有显著的交互作用;三因素的交互作用体现在对冬小麦产量和两季作物的总产量有显著影响.在华北平原当前氮肥水平上降低30%仍能维持和当地常规农业管理措施相同的作物产量,降低N_2O和CH_4排放45%以上,秸秆还田体现出降低N_2O排放以及长期提高土壤有机碳水平的效益.     

不同施肥方式下紫色土N2O与NOx的排放特征

利用紫色土长期施肥试验平台,采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土"冬小麦-夏玉米"轮作系统N_2O和NO_x排放的连续两周年(2014年11月~2016年9月)定位观测.研究了氮肥总量相同条件下的常规氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、猪厩肥(OM)、秸秆还田配施氮磷钾化肥(RSDNPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾化肥(OMNPK)和氮磷钾化肥配合硝化抑制剂(DCDNPK)等施肥方式对N_2O和NO_x排放的影响,短期不施肥处理(CK)作为排放系数计算的对照.结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O排放峰均出现在施肥初期和大降雨过程期;NO_x排放过程与N_2O类似,排放峰出现在施肥初期,但强降雨期未出现明显排放峰.NPK、OM、RSDNPK、OMNPK和DCDNPK处理的N_2O年均累积排放量分别为:1.35、4.38、1.43、2.46、0.92 kg·hm~(-2),排放系数分别为:0.33%、1.41%、0.36%、0.73%、0.18%;相应处理的NO_x年均累积排放量分别为:0.11、0.38、0.10、0.27、0.04kg·hm~(-2),排放系数分别为:0.03%、0.13%、0.03%、0.09%、0.01%.较常规化肥,增加有机物料如施用猪厩肥和猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥分别显著增加226%和83%的N_2O排放(P0.01),同时NO_x排放分别显著增加262%和157%(P0.01);常规化肥配合硝化抑制剂(DCDNPK)使用减少32%的N_2O排放和62%的NO_x排放(P0.01),秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥对N_2O排放略有增加(P0.05),NO_x排放略有减少(P0.05).统计分析进一步表明,土壤无机氮含量是N_2O和NO_x二者排放的主控因子,而土壤孔隙充水率与温度分别作为N_2O与NO_x各自排放的主控因子之一.