Pollution control in a simplified general-equilibrium model with production externalities

Pollution externalities of the producer-producer type are considered in a positive two-sector model with stationary capital and labor. By assumption, output from the polluting sector can be diverted to pollution abatement. Environmental authorities attempt to control the level of pollution to some minimum “acceptable” standard by requiring polluters to depollute through the mechanism of a uniform tax on production. Following discussion of short-run considerations, the stability of the tax-adjustment scheme is examined and the dynamic nature of growth paths in the economy is explored.     

Using stable isotopes to monitor anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to estuaries

Use of stable nitrogen isotope ratios is one method that has been proposed to indicate anthropogenic nutrient enrichment in estuarine systems. However, the role of stable isotopes as a tool in long-term ecosystem monitoring has not been fully developed. Resident producer and consumer species were collected from marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora and subject to a range of anthropogenic impacts in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and in Great South Bay and Jamaica Bay, New York. Tissue isotope ratios of Spartina alterniflora, Ulva lactuca, Fundulus heteroclitus, and Geukensia demissa were analyzed in order to determine which organisms are the most sensitive indicators of changes in anthropogenic nitrogen source and loading. Power analysis was used to determine the sample sizes necessary to detect change in nutrient source using the species sampled. Relationships between the delta15N values of the species sampled and watershed population density and residential development were evaluated. Population density was a better indicator of anthropogenic nitrogen impact than residential development, since most anthropogenic nitrogen in the study marshes was derived from wastewater. Consumer species demonstrated lower within-site variability than producer species and would therefore require smaller sample sizes to detect changes in nitrogen source and loading.     

Pollution of River Mahaweli and farmlands under irrigation by cadmium from agricultural inputs leading to a chronic renal failure epidemic among farmers in NCP, Sri Lanka

Chronic renal failure (CRF) associated with elevated dietary cadmium (Cd) among farming communities in the irrigated agricultural area under the River Mahaweli diversion scheme has reached a significantly higher level of 9,000 patients. Cadmium, derived from contaminated phosphate fertilizer, in irrigation water finds its way into reservoirs, and finally to food, causing chronic renal failure among consumers. Water samples of River Mahaweli and its tributaries in the upper catchment were analyzed to assess the total cadmium contamination of river water and the possible source of cadmium. Except a single tributary (Ulapane Stream, 3.9?μg?Cd/l), all other tested tributaries carried more than 5?μg?Cd/l, the maximum concentration level accepted to be safe in drinking water. Seven medium-sized streams carrying surface runoff from tea estates had 5.1-10?μg?Cd/l. Twenty larger tributaries (Oya), where the catchment is under vegetable and home garden cultivation, carried 10.1-15?μg?Cd/l. Nine other major tributaries had extremely high levels of Cd, reaching 20?μg?Cd/l. Using geographic information system (GIS), the area in the catchment of each tributary was studied. The specific cropping system in each watershed was determined. The total cadmium loading from each crop area was estimated using the rates and types of phosphate fertilizer used by the respective farmers and the amount of cadmium contained in each type of fertilizer used. Eppawala rock phosphate (ERP), which is mostly used in tea estates, caused least pollution. The amount of cadmium in tributaries had a significant positive correlation with the cadmium loading of the cropping system. Dimbula Tea Estate Stream had the lowest Cd loading (495.9?g/ha/year), compared with vegetable-growing areas in Uma Oya catchment with 50,852.5?g?Cd/ha/year. Kendall's τ rank correlation value of total Cd loading from the catchment by phosphate fertilizer used in all crops in the catchment to the Cd content in the tributaries was +0.48. This indicated a major contribution by the cropping system in the upper catchment area of River Mahaweli to the eventual Cd pollution of river water. Low soil pH (4.5-5.2), higher organic matter content (2-3%), and 18-20?cmol/kg cation exchange capacity (CEC) in upcountry soil have a cumulative effect in the easy release of Cd from soil with the heavy surface runoff in the upcountry wet zone. In view of the existing water conveyance system from upcountry to reservoirs in North Central Province (NCP) through diversion of River Mahaweli, in addition to their own nonpoint pollution by triple superphosphate fertilizer (TSP), this demands a change in overall upper catchment management to minimize Cd pollution through agriculture inputs to prevent CRF due to elevated dietary cadmium among NCP farmers.     

Pollution control is a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model

This paper examines the problem of pollution control is an economy which produces two commodities which have different polluting characteristics. The model sheds light on the change is the optimal combination of commodities such as public transportation as opposed to private transportation, detergents and soap, returnable and nonreturnable bottles, and so on.     

Natural and anthropogenic metal inputs to soils in urban Uppsala, Sweden

Urban soils are complex systems due to human activities that disturb the natural development of the soil horizons and add hazardous elements. Remediation projects are common in urban areas and guideline values are set to represent a desired level of elements. However, the natural content of trace elements may not always equal the desired levels. In this study, an attempt is made to distinguish between metals that are present in the soil due to natural origins and to anthropogenic origins. Seventy-five soil samples of the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm layers were collected from 25 sites in urban areas of Uppsala City and analysed for aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia for digestion. In order to highlight elements of geological origin, the results were compared to a similar study carried out in Gothenburg City, which has about three times as many inhabitants as Uppsala and has a more industrial history. A cluster analysis was also performed to distinguish between elements of natural and anthropogenic origin. Contents of As, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and W in Uppsala were concluded to be of mainly geological origin, while contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg seemed to have been impacted upon by mainly urban activities.     

Pollution control and technological advance: A dynamic model of the firm

The paper extends the static comparison of effluent taxes and effluent standards to a dynamic world in which firms invest resources in improving their abatement technology as well as their production technology. The analysis shows that the two pollution control policies lead to a distinctly different allocation of research and development (R & D) funds between improvement in abatement technology and improvement in production technology. The model also shows that a temporally constant effluent tax leads to an increasing effluent discharge rate for “typical” firms. Other results concern the pattern of output growth and the rate of technological advance.     

海南省畜禽养殖污染及其治理分析

畜禽粪便中含有大量畜禽食粮后没有被完全转化的有机质和氮、磷、钾等营养元素,也含有可作为饲料营养物质,流失进入水体环境后会造成水质富营养化,降低河流水质功能。通过实测和估算,研究海南省畜禽养殖粪便产生的主要污染物及其对河流水体的影响情况,同时研究海南省处置畜禽粪便污染的效果。2002年海南省畜禽养殖粪便主要污染物产生量分别为:COD量50.35万t、无机氮8.87万t、磷酸盐2.26万t;主要污染物入河量分别为:COD量19861t、无机氮1953t、磷酸盐365t。目前采用的好氧与厌氧沼气化处理处置畜禽粪便与污水效果较好,COD平均去除率为89%,氨氮平均去除率为88%,总磷平均去除率为75%。国内对畜禽养殖粪便的处理处置和污染问题也有不少研究,但像此文较系统性地研究畜禽养殖粪便污染及其治理问题却为鲜见,计算与估算的方法也与其它研究有所不同。     

Isotopic characterization of atmospheric nitrogen inputs as sources of enhanced primary production in coastal Atlantic Ocean waters

Current estimates indicate that atmospheric nitrogen deposition is responsible for 26 to over 70% of new nitrogen (N) input to North Carolina estuaries and coastal waters. Concentrations of N in coastal rainfall events in a 2-yr period (August 1990 to 1992) ranged from 0.7 to 144 M for NO ₃ ^- and 0.5 to 164 M for NH ₄ ⁺ . The ¹⁵N values of the NO ₃ ^- and the NH ₄ ⁺ were determined in 15 rain events. NH₄ ⁺ values averaged-3.13 (range:-12.5 to+3.6), while NO ₃ ^- plus dissolved organic N fractions had an average ¹⁵N of+1.0 (range:-2.0 to+4.7). The uptake of this isotopically light N into particulate N, in parallel with primary productivity and biomass (as chlorophyll a) determinetions, was examined in microcosm and mesocosm bioassays. As phytoplankton productivity and biomass increased with added rainwater N, the ¹⁵N of particulate N decreased. To investigate the effects of significant atmospheric N loading with stable isotope tracers, we measured the ¹⁵N of the>1 m fraction from surrounding coastal waters. Owing to the episodic nature of atmospheric deposition and the great variation in N loading with each event, a simple assessment of the atmospheric contribution was not possible. During a period in which rainfall inputs were significant and frequent (August 1992), ¹⁵N values were several more negative than during periods of drought (Fall 1990). These experiments and observations emphasize the contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to new production in coastal waters.     

不同排放高度的污染源对城市大气污染的贡献分析

将沈阳市的大气污染排放源按其排放高度分成3类:(1)烟囱高度<35m;(2)35m≤烟囱高度≤55m;(3)烟囱高度>55m。并分别计算了不同类别高度的污染源对沈阳市各监测点的浓度贡献,通过计算得知,沈阳市35m以下的污染源SO2的排放量占全市总排放量的16.5%,而造成的地面浓度却占45.8%,其贡献率接近一半;烟囱高度在35～55m之间的污染源排放量占全市总排放量的14.7%,造成的地面浓度占33.7%,;55m以上的污染源SO2的排放量占全市总排放量的68.8%,而造成的地面浓度只占20.5%。     

Trade''s Dynamic Solutions to Transboundary Pollution

This study develops a differential game to examine the effects of trade liberalization on transboundary water pollution. Water pollution is due to wastewater emissions from countries in a shared waterway along the U.S.–Mexico border with available data of pollution abatement costs, public health damages, and trade benefits. Noncooperative and cooperative games are examined with changes in trade policy and public health damages. Results show trade liberalization leads Mexico to curtail pollution in both games. Cooperation and trade liberalization limit emissions from both countries and curtail strategic behavior of the United States from Mexico's pollution control efforts in the noncooperative game.     

开发研制预防污染的绿色化学产品

文章叙述绿色化学在环境保护中的应用,绿色化学是一门从源头上彻底阻止污染的化学,简介了几种开发研制的对人类健康和环境安全的绿色化学产品及研究开发进展。     

Pollution Taxes and Pollution Abatement in an Oligopoly Supergame

This paper investigates the effects of an emissions tax on the incentives for oligopolists to acquire alternative pollution abatement technologies. The analysis is conducted in terms of a repeated game and it is demonstrated that there are circumstances in which the firms may reject the option of acquiring the pollution abatement equipment, even when this lowers their production costs.     

城市典型工业生产区及附近居住区土壤中PAHs污染特征

用气相色谱法对土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数进行了测定。根据对南京某炼焦厂、某炼钢厂、某芳烃厂、某炼油厂、某化肥厂和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的监测结果,首次报导了南京地区典型工业生产区(厂区)和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的污染特征。结果显示,炼焦厂厂区土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数最高,达到 17638.1 μg/kg,化肥厂最低,仅为 287.5 μg/kg,各行业土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数水平从高到低顺序为:炼焦厂>炼钢厂>芳烃厂>炼油厂>化肥厂。炼焦厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~5 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 96.3%;炼钢厂土壤中 PAHs的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 46.8%;炼油厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 57.1%;芳烃厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 52.2%;化肥厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数为 2 的苊烯、苊,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 24.6%。在本次调查的 5 种类型工业生产区土壤中 PAHs 污染的特     

珠三角地区POPs农药的污染现状及控制对策

概述了中国及国际社会对持久性有机污染物（Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs）的关注情况。并通过对POPs农药在珠江三角洲地区（Pearl River Delta Area,PRD）使用情况的调查，以及对珠江三角洲地区POPs农药在各环境介质中的污染现状的文献综述，结合环境污染数据以及POPs农药污染调查工作中得到的数据和信息，对该地区POPs污染的可能原因和环境中可能存在的新近污染源进行了初步探讨。同时也指出了当前珠江三角洲地区在POPs农药削减与淘汰工作中所遭遇到的缺乏完善的管理体系等困难，并针对问题提出了包括加大科研投入，加强基础研究，掌握污染物来源和去向，加强替代药物的研究，建立和实施更严格的环境法规以及标准，加强环境监测能力建设，建立POPs农药污染的信息公开机制等一系列的控制对策。     

Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing to Marine Pollution Studies

There are two approaches in the application of satellite sensors to marine pollution studies. Satellite sensors are used to observe and characterize ocean pollutants such as industrial wastes and oil. in addition, satellite observations provide information useful in illuminating processes such as eutrophi-cation or air-sea exchange of CO₂, that are important in determining the distribution and fate of pollutants.

Satellite technology is an important tool in monitoring and studying ocean pollution. Visible sensors have been used to observe and characterize sewage sludge and industrial wastes dumped at sea. Oil slicks have been observed with Landsat, AVHRR and SAR imagery. Besides directly detecting pollutants, satellite sensors are useful for analyzing ocean processes that are influential in the fate of pollutants. These processes include eutrophication of coastal waters and the distribution of suspended matter. the fate of excess CO₂ can be addressed using scatterometer-derived estimates of wind speeds to determine the CO₂ exchange coefficient at the sea surface on a global scale.     

Wave disturbance overwhelms top-down and bottom-up control of primary production in California kelp forests

We took advantage of regional differences in environmental forcing and consumer abundance to examine the relative importance of nutrient availability (bottom-up), grazing pressure (top-down), and storm waves (disturbance) in determining the standing biomass and net primary production (NPP) of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in central and southern California. Using a nine-year data set collected from 17 sites we show that, despite high densities of sea urchin grazers and prolonged periods of low nutrient availability in southern California, NPP by giant kelp was twice that of central California where nutrient concentrations were consistently high and sea urchins were nearly absent due to predation by sea otters. Waves associated with winter storms were consistently higher in central California, and the loss of kelp biomass to winter wave disturbance was on average twice that of southern California. These observations suggest that the more intense wave disturbance in central California limited NPP by giant kelp under otherwise favorable conditions. Regional patterns of interannual variation in NPP were similar to those of wave disturbance in that year-to-year variation in disturbance and NPP were both greater in southern California. Our findings provide strong evidence that regional differences in wave disturbance overwhelmed those of nutrient supply and grazing intensity to determine NPP by giant kelp. The important role of disturbance in controlling NPP revealed by our study is likely not unique to giant kelp forests, as vegetation dynamics in many systems are dominated by post-disturbance succession with climax communities being relatively uncommon. The effects of disturbance frequency may be easier to detect in giant kelp because it is fast growing and relatively short lived, with cycles of disturbance and recovery occurring on time scales of years. Much longer data sets (decades to centuries) will likely be needed to properly evaluate the role of disturbance relative to other processes in determining patterns of NPP in other systems.     

Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing to Marine Pollution Studies

There are two approaches in the application of satellite sensors to marine pollution studies. Satellite sensors are used to observe and characterize ocean pollutants such as industrial wastes and oil. in addition, satellite observations provide information useful in illuminating processes such as eutrophi-cation or air-sea exchange of CO₂, that are important in determining the distribution and fate of pollutants.

Satellite technology is an important tool in monitoring and studying ocean pollution. Visible sensors have been used to observe and characterize sewage sludge and industrial wastes dumped at sea. Oil slicks have been observed with Landsat, AVHRR and SAR imagery. Besides directly detecting pollutants, satellite sensors are useful for analyzing ocean processes that are influential in the fate of pollutants. These processes include eutrophication of coastal waters and the distribution of suspended matter. the fate of excess CO₂ can be addressed using scatterometer-derived estimates of wind speeds to determine the CO₂ exchange coefficient at the sea surface on a global scale.     

绿化树种对大气SO2、铅复合污染的反应

依据植物对大气污染的反应方式来选择城市绿化树种是减轻大气污染物的重要途径和手段。通过观察污染地区绿化树种叶片的受害症状来判断植物对SO2、铅复合污染物的抗性程度,根据植物对SO2、铅复合污染物的反应特性划分植物对大气污染物的抗性等级,从而筛选出对SO2、铅复合污染物的抗性植物种类和敏感监测植物种类。研究结果表明：抗性树种有：花曲柳、桑树、皂角、山桃、黄檗、臭椿、紫丁香、忍冬、柽柳、桧柏、枸杞、水蜡、刺槐、色赤杨、加拿大杨、黄刺枚、玫瑰、白榆、茶条槭;敏感监测树种有：连翘、榆叶梅、锦带花、风箱果、云杉、油松、樟子松、山槐。     

Pollution havens and industrial agglomeration

This paper examines the pollution haven hypothesis using a spatial-economy model of two countries and two sectors. The manufacturing sector generates cross-border pollution which reduces cross-sectoral productivity of agricultural goods, and lowers local income. We derive a demand-reducing effect that discourages firms to move to the country with laxer environmental regulations, in the absence of any comparative advantage. Our analysis also demonstrates that manufacturing agglomeration forces can alleviate the pollution-haven effect: a pollution haven may not arise if environmental regulation is slightly more stringent in the larger country.     

铅污染与儿童健康

鉴于我国青少年铅中毒趋势的不断递升,文章从多方面论述了铅中毒的来源,找出铅中毒的对策。通过阐述铅中毒的现状和临床症状,以引起全社会的广泛关注和重视。解决有关健康和环境的问题,需要多部门的综合协调完成,只有整个社会都关心环境问题,重视对环境的综合治理,才能有效推进预防儿童铅中毒的工作,铅污染才能真正得到解决。