煤浆洗涤法去除烟气中的SO2

分别以高硫原煤、低硫原煤和中煤配制的煤浆作为洗涤介质,去除烟气中的SO2。反应温度高于40℃时,采用高硫原煤煤浆洗涤烟气,SO2去除率在90％以上;O2含量对SO2去除率影响不大;SO2去除率随其含量的增加而降低。低硫原煤煤浆同样可用于烟气脱硫,随温度的升高,煤浆pH的降低幅度和SO2去除率均增大,与用高硫原煤时的情况类似。中煤煤浆亦能有效去除烟气中的SO2,反应过程中煤浆pH的降低对SO2去除率的影响不大。在烟气脱硫的同时,3种煤中的黄铁矿均被不断浸出,浸出铁质量浓度随反应时间的延长和SO2去除率的增大而增加。     

冰醋酸-过氧化氢氧化法脱除煤中有机硫的研究

在用多种氧化剂对煤炭脱硫效果进行比较研究的基础上，筛选出脱硫效果最好的冰醋酸与过氧化氢混合物氧化剂，采用单因子法考察了氧化剂种类，煤与氧化剂的配比，氧化反应温度，反应时间，煤的粒度，冰醋酸与过氧化氢的配比对脱硫率的影响。优选出了冰醋酸与过氧化氢氧化法脱除原煤中有机硫的最佳工艺条件为；冰醋酸与过氧化氢的体积比为1：1，反应温度为104℃，反应时间为1h，煤与氧化剂的配比为3g:50mL，煤的粒度为粒径小等于0.23mm，在最佳条件下，原煤脱硫率可达到60.8%。     

自燃煤矸石的综合利用

鹤煤集团所属矿井，每年施工锚喷巷道达万米之多，所用河砂是大宗消耗材料。四矿、九矿两座矸石山已经自燃，将自燃煤矸石破碎加工制成矸石砂，代替河砂应用于矿井锚喷支护，此项目从1994年8月开始进行开发与研究，已完成实验室试验及工业性．试验结果较好。     

原料煤级配对型煤强度的影响

型煤强度是型煤的重要质量指标之一。影响型煤强度的因素很多。如原料煤成型特性、水分、成型压力、原料煤粒度、粘结剂用量等。原料煤水分可以采用烘干等方法使之满足生产要求。成型压力由选定的成型设备而定。粘结剂用量与煤种、粘结剂种类及特性等因素有关，可根据具体条件确定最佳用量。原料煤粒度组成可采用合理的破碎方式使其达到最佳。为了确定合理的原煤粒度组成，本文从理论分析及实验两方面对合理原煤级配加以研究。     

燃料分级燃烧最佳风煤配比的数值模拟

运用Fluent软件对某电厂1160t／h锅炉的燃烧过程和NOx生成特性进行数值模拟。通过调节风煤配比来改变燃烧区域风粉的混合以及燃烧区内的气氛，得到炉内C（s）、CO2、CO、O2、H2O（g）的浓度分布和NOx生成特性。对于煤粉的燃烧特性而言，NOx的来源依赖于煤中氮的析出和氧化。从模拟结果可以看出，煤量变化率直接影响燃烧生成物在锅炉中的分布，从而影响NOx排放浓度。随着煤量变化率的增大，NOx的排放浓度先减少后增加，即燃料分级工况存在最佳风煤配比。从所计算工况的结果比较，得出了最佳风煤配比。     

推广洁净燃煤技术，减少二氧化硫的排放

煤炭是我国的主要能源，目前年消费量超过10亿t。在一次性能源消费结构中，煤的比重占到75％，而且这种能源构成在今后相当长的一段时间内不会有根本性改变。我国煤炭资源含硫较高、平均硫分是1．72％，有27．08％原煤的硫分大于2．5％。工业和电力用煤多数是未经加工处理的原煤，燃烧过程给环境带来了严重的影响。     

输煤控制系统自动配煤分析

分析了燃煤电厂自动配煤功能难以实现的原因,介绍了手动配煤过程出现的诸多问题。结合秦皇岛电厂输煤程控系统的特点,对自动配煤系统的控制原则、参数设定以及操作实现进行了全方位的研究分析。     

湿粉煤灰中间转运仓的改进

为节约用水和防止污染，宝鸡二电厂出灰系统原设计是从锅炉除尘器下灰斗经气力输送到干灰库，湿搅拌后由输灰皮带送入中间转运仓，再装入粉粒料运输汽车运至灰场。投产试运时因中间转运仓不能正常运转而无法使用。该中间转运仓原是供粉粒料用的，用于湿粉煤炭中转还是首次。设备在试运转中存在以下问题：达不到低限灰量正常运行；存灰位达到一定高度时，驱动装置初启动会出现严重过流或启动不起来的现象。后改成2套双驱动（增加1倍功率）还是如此。经分析作了如下改进：（1）确定合适的灰水比。甲方操作规程总则规定的发水比为20％－25％，…     

型煤空心砖技术

为了实现煤碳的清洁燃烧，彻底改变我国多数城市煤烟型污染的大气环境面貌，同时为满足我国保护生态环境，逐步取缔建筑用粘土砖的产业政策要求。实现中煤、煤泥、煤矸石、炉渣的综合利用；逐步消灭原煤的直接燃用，大力推行型煤降尘、固硫技术，在有效地全面保护我国环境的同时，取得经济和环境效益的双丰收。     

煤岩学配煤及其应用

煤炭贸易中，质量不稳定是常见现象，只有用煤岩学方法才能监测混煤情况。混煤参加配煤，用一般煤质参数，不仅很难控制进厂煤质量、预测和控制焦炭质量，而且现有的各种煤岩学配煤方法也无能为力。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.     

Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Bryophyte Species Composition of Calcareous Grasslands

Regular additions of NH₄NO₃ (35–140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) to a calcareous grassland in northern England over a period of 12 years have resulted in a decline in the frequency of the indigenous bryophyte species and the establishment of non-indigenous calcifuge species, with implications for the structure and composition of this calcareous bryophyte community. The lowest NH₄NO₃ additions of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ produced significant declines in frequency of Hypnum cupressiforme, Campylium chrysophyllum, and Calliergon cuspidatum. Significant reductions in frequency at higher NH₄NO₃ application rates were recorded for Pseudoscleropodium purum, Ctenidum molluscum, and Dicranum scoparium. The highest NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ additions provided conditions conducive for the establishment of two typical calcifuges – Polytrichum spp. and Campylopus introflexus, respectively. Substrate-surface pH measurements showed a dose-related reduction in pH with increasing NH₄NO₃ deposition rates of 1.6 pH units between the control and highest deposition rate, and a further significant fall in pH, of >1 pH unit, between the NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatments. These results suggest that indigenous bryophyte composition may be at risk from nitrogen deposition rates of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or less. These effects are of particular concern for rare or endangered species of low frequency.