论燃煤烟气多污染物协同治理新模式——兼谈龙净环保“烟气治理岛”模式

从我国燃煤烟气治理的现状和需求分析出发,讨论了多种污染物治理技术的互相影响及协同作用,导出了燃煤烟气多污染物协同控制的基本概念.通过分析我国不同条件下多污染物协同治理几种技术工艺路线,提出了多污染物烟气治理新模式“烟气治理岛”,并分析了这种建设环保工程全新模式的主要优点.     

应对新标准燃煤电厂多污染物协同控制技术研究

面对严峻的大气污染治理环境和日趋严格的排放标准,燃煤烟气多污染物协同控制成为电力行业环境保护研究的热点和难点课题.通过研究不同多污染物协同治理技术,重点从技术原理、工艺系统和工程应用等三个方面对不同技术路线进行了评述和分析,并提出了多污染物协同控制技术研发应用的建议.     

燃煤电厂汞排放控制技术研究

近年来,燃煤电厂烟气中的汞成为继SO2、NOx和烟尘之后又一公认的大气环境污染物,我国已正式立法控制燃煤电厂汞排放,这使得燃煤电厂汞排放技术的研究迫在眉睫。不同形态汞的理化性质不同,元素态汞（ Hg0）较之氧化态汞（Hg2＋）和颗粒态汞（Hgp）更难去除,因此,脱汞的前提是提高Hg0的氧化率。介绍并简单分析了目前国内外已有的汞排放控制技术：燃烧前控制（清洁燃煤发电技术）、燃烧中控制（煤基添加剂技术和炉膛喷射技术）,和燃烧后控制（利用现有的烟气控制设备协同控制）,并对我国脱汞技术发展方向提出了展望。     

燃煤电厂的可吸入颗粒物排放

简要分析了燃煤过程中可吸入颗粒物的形成机理,指出燃煤电厂对可吸入颗粒物的贡献及目前控制可吸入颗粒物排放措施的局限性,提出电厂在脱硫的同时应控制可吸入颗粒物等污染物的排放。     

环保产业首个国家技术发明一等奖诞生

正浙江大学高翔教授团队的"燃煤机组超低排放关键技术研发及应用"项目荣获2017国家技术发明奖一等奖,这也是我国在环保产业的首个国家技术发明一等奖。该项获奖技术采用整体协同优化与智能调控的高效协同脱除多污染物的超低排放系统,攻克了复杂体系中相浓度分布不均匀、污染物组分相互竞争等多项关键技术难题,实现了适应负荷和煤质变     

欧盟国家燃煤电厂环保政策及技术路线分析

温室气体的排放控制作为全球性的环境问题受到了广泛关注。中国是火力发电的大国,其燃煤机组的温室气体排放总量巨大。《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB 13223-2011）提高了我国燃煤电厂的烟气污染物排放的要求,对火电厂烟气处理的技术选择和投资都会产生重大影响。针对中国燃煤电厂环保面临的新形势,阐述了欧盟国家的环保政策重点,并对欧盟国家燃煤电厂污染物控制的相关标准进行了分析,同时简要介绍了欧盟国家燃煤电厂环保的主要技术路线,在一定程度上可作为中国燃煤电厂污染物控制的借鉴和参考。     

烟气多污染物系统一体化控制技术的研究

简要论述了燃煤烟气多污染物一体化控制技术,重点研究了系统一体化控制技术,采用该技术可以在燃煤电厂现有烟气治理装置基础上实现节能降耗。分析多污染物系统一体化控制技术方案,包括技术路线图、全流程模拟和DCS集成联锁及智能化控制,并介绍了系统一体化控制技术在贵州某电厂2×660 MW机组的示范应用。     

现有设备协同脱汞技术概述

介绍了燃煤电站汞的排放状况,并指出了汞危害性以及我国面临的脱汞压力,论述了烟气中汞存在形式以及影响其存在形式的因素.探讨了当前燃煤电站利用现有污染控制设备进行协同脱汞的研究进展,包括：燃烧器/反应器、选择性催化还原脱硝（SCR）、电除尘器（布袋除尘）（ESP/FF）、湿法烟气脱硫系统（WFGD）等设备.提出了脱汞吸附剂处理问题,并对今后烟气脱汞技术的研究趋势进行了展望.     

燃煤烟气中多环芳烃的富集技术

介绍了燃煤电厂烟气中排放的多环芳烃污染物的富集方法,比较了各种富集技术的特点与使用情况,分析了多环芳烃富集过程中的质量控制与质量保证措施,并探讨了富集采样中的若干注意事项.     

模糊控制理论在湿法脱硫真空皮带脱水机滤布纠偏控制中应用

随着国家节能减排工作的不断深入,燃煤电站脱硫装置的投运容量已占全国燃煤机组的一半左右。靖远第二发电公司4×300MW机组脱硫装置自投运以来多次出现真空皮带脱水机滤布跑偏的现象,造成真空皮带过滤机停车及滤布撕裂等严重后果,影响脱硫装置的正常投运。介绍了通过引进先进的模糊控制理论应用于滤布纠偏控制,并对控制硬件进行相应的改造,成功地解决了靖远第二发电公司湿法脱硫真空皮带脱水机滤布纠偏控制中出现的问题。为燃煤电站湿法脱硫真空皮带脱水机滤布及其他行业相似工艺过程的纠偏控制提供参考。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.     

Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Bryophyte Species Composition of Calcareous Grasslands

Regular additions of NH₄NO₃ (35–140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) to a calcareous grassland in northern England over a period of 12 years have resulted in a decline in the frequency of the indigenous bryophyte species and the establishment of non-indigenous calcifuge species, with implications for the structure and composition of this calcareous bryophyte community. The lowest NH₄NO₃ additions of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ produced significant declines in frequency of Hypnum cupressiforme, Campylium chrysophyllum, and Calliergon cuspidatum. Significant reductions in frequency at higher NH₄NO₃ application rates were recorded for Pseudoscleropodium purum, Ctenidum molluscum, and Dicranum scoparium. The highest NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ additions provided conditions conducive for the establishment of two typical calcifuges – Polytrichum spp. and Campylopus introflexus, respectively. Substrate-surface pH measurements showed a dose-related reduction in pH with increasing NH₄NO₃ deposition rates of 1.6 pH units between the control and highest deposition rate, and a further significant fall in pH, of >1 pH unit, between the NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatments. These results suggest that indigenous bryophyte composition may be at risk from nitrogen deposition rates of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or less. These effects are of particular concern for rare or endangered species of low frequency.