气候变化对我国农业的可能影响及适应性对策

全球气候变暖已经成了一个不争的事实。在全球气候变化背景下,我国的气温不断增高,降水和极端天气气候事件不断增多。根据气候变化情景,从区域布局、种植结构、农作物产量和品质以及设施农业等方面分析了气候变化对我国农业的可能影响,并提出了我国农业应对气候变化的适应性对策。     

气候变化对旱涝事件影响研究进展

从气候变化对水循环及水资源系统影响的角度剖析了气候变化对旱涝事件影响的驱动机制,从气候变化对天气系统、下垫面条件、经济社会需水量等方面的影响梳理了现阶段国内外相关研究进展,并总结了气候变化对旱涝事件影响的评估方法。结果表明:气候变化导致大尺度的大气环流异常,容易引起大范围的持久性旱涝事件;气候变化还可以通过影响地表覆被、土壤特性等下垫面条件加剧旱涝事件的风险;同时,气候变化还将影响经济社会需水量及过程,加剧水资源供需矛盾。     

浙江省台风灾害及其对农业影响的风险评估

台风灾害是浙汀省主要的自然灾害之一,平均每年有3.3个台风对浙江省造成影响.以历史灾情资料和气象要索(致灾冈子)作为灾害指标,利用基于信息扩散原理的风险评估模型,对浙江省台风灾害及其对农业造成的影响进行了模糊风险评估,并在GIS技术支持下,直观地给出了浙江省台风大风和台风暴雨的空间分布特征.研究结果表明:浙江省台风灾害存在明显的空间差异,台风大风发生的概率由沿海岛屿和沿海地区向内陆减小,台风大风高风险区位于沿海岛屿,台风暴雨的高风险区在浙东南沿海一带.台风灾害对浙江省农业影响风险值较高的地区主要位于沿海岛屿和东部沿海地区,当风险水平为30%时,舟山、台州、温州和宁波等地受灾概率大约为2-4年一遇,为全省高风险敏感区.     

气候变化与极端气象灾害对宁夏农业经济的影响评估

综合气候学与经济学交叉学科理论,定量评估了气候变化与极端气象灾害对宁夏农业经济的影响。结果表明,年平均温度和降水量均非线性影响农业经济,温度对农业经济的影响大于降水,北部引黄灌区对平均温度和降水的变化更加敏感;≥35℃极端高温和重旱显著负面影响农业经济;中南部非灌溉区面临“高温干旱”复合型灾害影响,北部引黄灌溉区面临“旱涝急转”型灾害影响。在宁夏南北部“暖湿”和“暖干”可能进一步分异的背景下,决策者与生产者要抓住有利气候条件,规避极端气象灾害不利影响,促进地区粮食丰收和乡村产业振兴。     

气候变化对黑龙江省主要农作物产量的影响

以黑龙江省1954-2011年气温和主要粮食作物(玉米、水稻、大豆、小麦)产量等资料为基础,对黑龙江省气候变化及其对主要粮食作物产量的影响进行了分析。结果表明:黑龙江省近58 a来平均气温呈线性升高,速率为0.34℃/10 a;黑龙江省主要农作物单产时间和空间变化同温度之间存在着显著的相关性,气温每升高1℃,可导致玉米、水稻、大豆、小麦单产分别增加约541.6 kg/hm2,336.8 kg/hm2,195.8 kg/hm2,289.3 kg/hm2。水稻种植范围向北向东扩展明显,比重逐年升高;小麦种植比重大幅度下降,种植范围呈明显北退;玉米种植比重在保证一个相对稳定的基础上向北部和东部不断延伸;大豆种植重心逐渐北移,种植比重显著增加。黑龙江省主要粮食作物产量的变化同气候变暖引起的积温增加及积温带北移东扩密切相关。     

持续农业,气候变化与有害生物持续治理

21世纪，随着世界人口的增加，首先将面临着对粮食及其它农产品的需求量的增加。要达到粮食稳定和人类的需求量，其制约的因素很多。本文就气候变化、有害生物的持续治理、对持续农业的影响进行了探讨。     

农业气象灾害风险评估体系及模型研究

从灾害风险分析的角度构建了一个由我国北方冬小麦干旱、江淮冬小麦渍涝、东北作物夏季低温冷害以及华南荔枝和香蕉冬季寒害组合的灾害风险评估体系.该体系由风险辨识、风险估算和风险评价组成.风险辨识分别阐明了上述各灾种的孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体的灾情特征.在风险评估方面,基于灾害性质、灾损和抗灾性能的含义,提出了相应的风险概念模型,根据多年产量资料和气象资料,提出了应用性强、可操作的各种灾害的灾害强度风险概率模拟模式和灾损风险概率模拟模式、抗灾性能模式,并采用逐年产量和气象资料的样本序列,由上述模拟模式估算了各种灾害强度和不同灾损发生的风险概率及风险指数,阐述了风险水平的地区差异.在风险评价方面,根据对各种灾损的风险指标进行综合,分别提出了风险区划指标,并进行了风险区域划分.     

福建农业气象灾害的产量灾损风险评估

针对传统的灾损评价中趋势产量和气象产量难以区分的缺点,利用福建省1981-2005年主要气象灾害面积资料,通过计算灾害造成的粮食减产量,得到各灾害相对灾损量序列,并引入信息扩散理论的模糊数学方法,构建了福建农业气象灾害产量灾损风险评估模型,进行了相应的风险评价实例分析.结果表明,福建省农业气象灾害的产量灾损风险随概率的增大而减少,气象灾害发生灾损的概率风险估计值,洪涝灾害风险大于旱灾,风雹灾害的风险大于低温冻害.干旱风险高值区出现在灾损率5%～45%,洪涝灾害出现在5%～70%,风雹灾害在5%～30%,低温冻害的风险主要集中在灾损率5%～20%.     

近50年东北地区≥10℃农业热量资源对气候变化的响应

气候变暖背景下,系统研究我国东北地区农业热量资源对气候变化的响应仍具有重要的现实意义。根据1961-2010年东北地区64个气象台站的逐日资料,采用公认的农业气象指标,分析了80%保证率下东北地区稳定通过10℃农业热量资源的时空变化特征及演变趋势,探讨了近50a东北地区农业热量资源对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:从1960-2010年,东北地区农业热量资源存在年代际变化,且80年代到90年代是该地区农业热量资源增加最快的时期。以1980年为界线,≥10℃初日出现的日期先推迟再提前,终日出现的日期推迟,持续日数先减少后增加,积温呈持续增多趋势;近50a东北地区热量资源增加趋势明显。东北地区农业热量资源地域差异明显。热量资源较丰富的是辽宁省西部和南部,较匮乏的是黑龙江省的大兴安岭地区,且由南向北随纬度增大呈初日出现日期延迟、终日出现日期提前、持续日数减少、积温减少的变化规律。     

气候变化对区域经济的影响及其对策研究

采用经济学上著名的“投入－产出”分析方法,结合气候变化对工业影响的统计模型和对农业产量影响的计算机模拟系统,建立了气候变化对区域经济影响的投入－产出模型,预测了未来不同气候变化情景对经济部门国内生产总值和总产出量的影响;分析了当气候变化对工业、农业部门的生产和产品发生影响时,导致的国民经济其他部门生产和产品的改变、部门间需求量的变化和各部门间投入产出流量的变化,为决策者提供了一些适应气候变化的相应对策,研究结果为实现气候变化情景下区域经济的平衡与协调发展,以及制定区域经济的发展规划提供了理论依据。     

基于气候变化的干旱脆弱性评价——以青海东部为例

基于青海东部农业区22个县区的20个气象、农业、社会经济统计指标,利用层次分析法和等级化等数学分析方法,分别进行了暴露性、敏感性和适应性的评价,再通过分析承险体的内在脆弱性,将气候变化和内在脆弱性进行综合分析,得到了青海东部干旱脆弱性等级。结果表明:在目前全球变暖背景下,干旱脆弱性最高的是民和、化隆,较高的是城中、城北区、湟中、大通等四县区,门源、互助、同仁、同德的干旱脆弱性中等。在此基础上,提出了强化旱灾的风险管理模式、倡导节约型水资源开发利用模式等干旱防范措施。     

The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters

Human emissions of greenhouse gases are already changing our climate. This paper provides an overview of the relation between climate change and weather extremes, and examines three specific cases where recent acute events have stimulated debate on the potential role of climate change: the European heatwave of 2003; the risk of inland flooding, such as recently in Central Europe and Great Britain; and the harsh Atlantic hurricane seasons of 2004 and 2005. Furthermore, it briefly assesses the relation between climate change and El Ni?o, and the potential of abrupt climate change. Several trends in weather extremes are sufficiently clear to inform risk reduction efforts. In many instances, however, the potential increases in extreme events due to climate change come on top of alarming rises in vulnerability. Hence, the additional risks due to climate change should not be analysed or treated in isolation, but instead integrated into broader efforts to reduce the risk of natural disasters.     

The interplay between climate change and disaster risk reduction policy: evidence from Mexico

Mexico gained worldwide reputation for its efforts to develop both climate change (CC) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies at the national and international levels. However, the integration of agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Hyogo and Sendai Frameworks into the national institutional setting has been challenging in terms of creating a coherent national risk reduction policy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the interplay between DRR and CC domains; it provides evidence for the situation in Mexico by comparing the institutions and main actors in both fields as well as the financial and operational instruments currently in force. The comparison is based on institutions’ jurisdictions, priorities and lines of action. This paper synthesises the most important policy instruments, their meeting points and their contradictions and discusses the implications of such policy setting for the implementation of effective CC risk policies. The study depicts a fragmented policy interface with serious shortcomings in terms of the institutional design necessary to coordinate actions. The article concludes that, despite the multiple conceptual and political intersections between both policy fields, the implementation of specific, shared actions would hardly overcome the difficulties imposed by the current, fragmented normative frameworks and jurisdictions.     

地质灾害风险评价方法及展望

地质灾害评价方法很多，20世纪70年代以前以定性评价为主，70年代以后发展为半定量、定量评价。文章概述了地质灾害的风险评价方法、评价体系、评价过程。地质灾害风险评价具有良好的应用前景，并逐渐向着评价定量化、综合化，管理空间化的方向发展。风险评价是风险管理和减灾管理的基础，其成果可以为国土资源规划，重要工程选址，地质灾害治理、监测、预报以及制定救灾应急措施和保护环境提供科学依据。     

中国小麦生产的区域比较气候风险研究

以减产率〉5．0％界定灾年，分析了中国各省（市、自治区）小麦灾年发生的风险概率、平均减产率和变异系数，及其与全国平均水平相比的区域比较风险度、减产度和变异度。基于以上3个区域灾年减产率的比较指标，得到了区域比较气候风险指标；利用区域比较气候风险对中国小麦生产进行了分区论述，同时得出了小麦总产量损失与播种面积呈显著正相关，与小麦单产只有一般中度相关，而与比较气候风险基本不相关的关系，并指出了区域比较气候风险指标与防灾减灾工作的关系。     

Disaster risk, climate change and international development: scope for, and challenges to, integration

Reducing losses to weather-related disasters, meeting the Millennium Development Goals and wider human development objectives, and implementing a successful response to climate change are aims that can only be accomplished if they are undertaken in an integrated manner. Currently, policy responses to address each of these independently may be redundant or, at worst, conflicting. We believe that this conflict can be attributed primarily to a lack of interaction and institutional overlap among the three communities of practice. Differences in language, method and political relevance may also contribute to the intellectual divide. Thus, this paper seeks to review the theoretical and policy linkages among disaster risk reduction, climate change and development. It finds that not only does action within one realm affect capacity for action in the others, but also that there is much that can be learnt and shared between realms in order to ensure a move towards a path of integrated and more sustainable development.     

A case study of perceptions of climate change impacts and child well-being: Implications for development programming

Climate change will affect those most vulnerable in the developing world, and humanitarian relief and development organizations will need to respond. Using a quantitative survey, the attitudes of World Vision staff towards climate change and its risks for children were examined. Results indicate a very strong awareness of climate change and its risks to the key outcome indicator of the organization (child well-being), but there are significant variations within the organization. Specific groups perceive fewer risks to child well-being and may be less supportive of action on climate change. Internal strategies are needed to build necessary commitments to organizational action.     

Nation‐building policies in Timor‐Leste: disaster risk reduction,including climate change adaptation

Few studies have explored the relationships between nation‐building, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Focusing on small island developing states, this paper examines nation‐building in Timor‐Leste, a small island developing state that recently achieved independence. Nation‐building in Timor‐Leste is explored in the context of disaster risk reduction, which necessarily includes climate change adaptation. The study presents a synopsis of Timor‐Leste's history and its nation‐building efforts as well as an overview of the state of knowledge of disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation. It also offers an analysis of significant gaps and challenges in terms of vertical and horizontal governance, large donor presence, data availability and the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation for nation‐building in Timor‐Leste. Relevant and applicable lessons are provided from other small island developing states to assist Timor‐Leste in identifying its own trajectory out of underdevelopment while it builds on existing strengths.     

江淮地区极端气候事件的时空变化特征

利用1951—2003年的温度和降水资料，研究了江淮地区极端气候事件的空间结构及年代际变化特征。结果发现：（1）气候变暖影响了极端气候事件的变化，这种影响是由气候平均值和方差的共同变化引起的。（2）气候变暖加速了水分的循环过程，导致20世纪90年代以来江淮地区旱涝频率和强度加大，强降水事件增加；冬季极端最低温度升高，低温日数减少；夏季极端最高温度和高温日数开始回升。（3）从极端事件分布的区域变化来看，气候变暖对淮北的影响最大，使这个脆弱性本来就很严重的区域变得更加脆弱。