节织纹螺饲喂富集河豚毒素及相关差异蛋白表达的研究

我国东南沿海经常有食用含有河豚毒素节织纹螺的中毒事件发生,含有河豚毒素的动物对河豚毒素有很高的耐受能力,并对环境中的河豚毒素具有趋食性.织纹螺可以富集食物中的河豚毒素,但织纹螺体内的与河豚毒素富集相关的蛋白质还不清楚.为此我们收集了无毒的织纹螺,通过河豚毒素富集实验和蛋白质组学分析,发现在有毒织纹螺中有4种蛋白质表达量显著增多,飞行质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定分析它们分别是actin、actin2、beta-actin、膜泡ATP合酶B亚基.分析表明这些蛋白可能与河豚毒素在织纹螺体内富集、传递有关.     

节织纹螺饲喂富集河豚毒素及相关差异蛋白表达的研究（英文）

我国东南沿海经常有食用含有河豚毒素节织纹螺的中毒事件发生,含有河豚毒素的动物对河豚毒素有很高的耐受能力,并对环境中的河豚毒素具有趋食性。织纹螺可以富集食物中的河豚毒素,但织纹螺体内的与河豚毒素富集相关的蛋白质还不清楚。为此我们收集了无毒的织纹螺,通过河豚毒素富集实验和蛋白质组学分析,发现在有毒织纹螺中有4种蛋白质表达量显著增多,飞行质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定分析它们分别是actin、actin2、beta-actin、膜泡ATP合酶B亚基。分析表明这些蛋白可能与河豚毒素在织纹螺体内富集、传递有关。     

织纹螺体内的河豚毒素及其衍生物

对2002年福建省引起食物中毒的织纹螺毒素进行研究。高效液相色谱-质谱联用(liquid chromatography/mass,LC/MS)的分析结果显示,织纹螺毒素的主要成分是河豚毒素类毒素(tetrodotoxin,TTX),另外还含有4-epiTTX、anhydroTTX、deoxyTTX等成分。生物法对织纹螺毒素的毒力测定结果表明:所收集的26个织纹螺样品中15个检测出毒性,毒素的毒力在5.7～47.3MU·g-1之间。毒力最高的织纹螺样品2003年5月1日来自福安,主要由半褶织纹螺和另一未定种组成。     

钻井液及其组分对中肋骨条藻的毒性效应（Toxic Effects of Water-Based Drilling Fluid and Its Components on Skeletonema costatum）

为探讨钻井液及其组分的毒性效应,采用荧光技术研究了一种水基钻井液WBF及其7种主要组分(HXJ、PAC141、KPAM、PolyAL、XC、PolyA、Mud)对海洋微藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的毒性作用,以未加入WBF或其组分的中肋骨条藻的叶绿素荧光强度为参照,计算得到钻井液及其组分对中肋骨条藻不同时间的EC50值.结果表明:WBF的7种单组分中,PolyA对中肋骨条藻的96h EC50=2×103mg·L-1,为有毒组分,PolyAL的96h EC50=3×104mg·L-1,为低毒组分,其余5种组分无毒;WBF的有毒和低毒组分复配时其毒性与作用时间有关,PolyA与PolyAL在24h之内表现为协同作用,之后主要表现为拮抗作用;WBF的毒性主要取决于其有毒组分,而低毒和无毒组分对钻井液的毒性有协同增强作用.     

微塑料与有毒污染物相互作用及联合毒性作用研究进展

随着塑料产品的广泛应用,微塑料(microplastics,MPs)污染已经成为全球关注的重大环境问题.海洋中的MPs能够与有毒污染物(如有机污染物、重金属和纳米颗粒等)发生相互作用,对海洋生物产生复合效应.因此,MPs与环境中有毒污染物的联合毒性效应越来越引起人们的关注.本文首先概括总结出MPs对海洋生物的毒性效应及致毒机制,包括遮蔽效应、氧化应激、免疫毒性、生殖毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性和行为毒性等方面:随后分别讨论了MPs和有机污染物、重金属以及人工纳米颗粒的联合毒性效应,从微塑料对污染物的吸附、富集和载体效应着手分析微塑料与污染物之间的相互作用,凝练得出MPs增强或抑制污染物毒性的作用机制,包括微塑料改变污染物的生物可利用性、微塑料改变生物体对污染物的胁迫响应、微塑料与污染物发生交互作用等;最后对微塑料与有毒污染物联合毒作用研究的发展方向进行了展望,建议在未来研究中重点关注环境特征的次生微塑料与有毒污染物相互作用的环境行为和生物效应,特别是通过食物链的传递作用.以期为准确评估和深入理解微塑料的海洋环境和人类健康风险提供理论依据.     

炒川楝子的化学成分

川楝子为我国传统中草药,生品有毒,炮制后毒性降低.为阐明其炮制解毒机理,采用电喷雾质谱法对川楝子炮制前后乙酸乙酯部位的毒性成分降三萜进行对比研究,结果显示生品中降三萜类成分在炮制过程中几乎完全降解.推断川楝子的炮制解毒机理可能为在炮制过程中高温促使降三萜类化合物发生降解从而降低或消除其肝毒性.首次对炒川楝子的化学成分进行了分离,获得3个化合物,分别鉴定为Meliasenin B(1)、Clemaphenol A(2)和Balanophonin(3).     

黄河三角洲潮间带软体动物多样性与分布格局

为了解黄河三角洲潮间带软体动物现状,于2018年秋季和2019年春季分别对建国后4个主要的黄河入海流路潮间带进行了采样调查。此次调查共采集到软件动物2纲11目24科45种,主要优势种有短滨螺(Littorina brevicula)、托氏■螺(Umbonium costatum)、古氏滩栖螺(Batillaria cumingi)和秀丽织纹螺(Nassarius concinnus)等,年平均密度和平均生物量分别为411.56个·m~(-2)和222.25 g·m~(-2);各地点的丰富度指数(d)变化范围为0.329～1.648,均匀度指数(J)的变化范围为0.302～0.678,多样性指数(H′)的变化范围为0.298～1.384,仅平均生物量的地点和季节存在显著交互作用(P0.05);年平均密度、平均生物量、丰富度指数和多样性指数在不同地点存在极显著差异(P0.01),季节差异不显著(P0.05)。不同黄河入海流路对软体动物的空间分布格局影响显著,这与黄河调水调沙及生态调水工程有一定关系。作为迁徙水鸟的主要食物类群,软体动物对水鸟保护起着至关重要的作用,应加强对其的监测与保护。     

复杂环境条件下富勒烯的微生物毒性效应

考察了光照、腐殖酸(HA)、共存污染物对富勒烯胶体悬浮液(nC60)的微生物毒性影响.研究结果表明,黑暗条件下2 h内7 mg·L-1的nC60、3—20 mg·L-1的HA、1.2 mg·L-1的1,2,4,5-四氯苯(TeCB)单独及其联合体系对埃希氏大肠杆菌(E.coli)均不产生急性毒性;光照条件下nC60悬浮液能通过滤光效应对E.coli起到保护作用;虽然HA不同加入方式改变了nC60形貌,但是在对E.coli毒性效应上并无差异;TeCB会与光照产生协同毒性效应,但是相同条件下TeCB与nC60混合体系所表现出的抑菌效应与单纯nC60体系相当,即复合污染体系中nC60的存在遮蔽了TeCB对微生物的毒性作用.复杂环境条件下富勒烯并不一定表现出普遍认为的毒性效应,其滤光作用反而会在一定程度上保护微生物免受光照及其他有毒物质的毒性影响.     

三丁基氯化锡对红鳍笛鲷的急性毒性及不同组织生化指标的影响

为研究有机锡化合物对海洋生物抗氧化防御系统和神经系统的影响,以我国东南沿海常见的中下层增养殖鱼类红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)幼鱼为实验生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别研究了三丁基氯化锡(tributyltin chloride,TBTCl)的急性毒性和96 h暴露时间内对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼鳃、脑和...     

考虑物种权重校验保护太湖水生生物的铅基准

铅是一种有毒重金属元素,位列我国水中优先控制污染物"黑名单".我国水系众多,水生生物多样,研究保护区域水生生物的铅基准十分必要.太湖作为中国周边经济最发达、大中城市最密集且污染最严重的淡水湖泊之一,本研究选取8种太湖本土水生生物实验补充铅的急性毒性数据并两步外推得到慢性毒性数据.结合文献建立铅的本土毒性数据库,基于水体硬度对铅毒性的影响,建立硬度和毒性关系.考虑太湖生物区系和水质特征,采用物种权重敏感度分布方法,得到保护太湖水生生物铅的最大浓度基准值(CMC)和持续浓度基准值(CCC)值分别为50.04—58.87μg·L~(-1)和3.99—4.69μg·L~(-1);现行地表水铅的Ⅲ类标准限值(50μg·L~(-1))下受铅急性毒性和慢性毒性影响的生物比例分别为4.42%和23.00%.     

Schnecken unter Stress

Background In ecophysiology and ecotoxicology, gastropods are important both as target organisms for molluscicides and non-target organisms for environmental pollutants or other environmental stressors. With respect to both aspects, biomarkers are investigated at different levels of biological organization in order to understand mechanisms which enable gastropods to cope with or even to benefit from unfavourable environmental conditions. Main topics The paper focuses on the ecotoxicological and ecophysiological work of the author on gastropods which will be reviewed in the context of the state of knowledge in this field of research. In addition to cellular aspects in biomarker research, also biochemical responses of snails to environmental stress (stress proteins, metallothioneins, and metabolic enzymes) will be addressed. Conclusions The paper highlights the suitability of terrestrial and aquatic gastropods as sensitive indicators of environmental stress induced by chemicals or other non-chemical factors. Biomarker studies have been shown not only to be applicable in environmental risk assessment but also to provide fundamental and background knowledge necessary to understand correlations of responses at different levels of biological organization. Recommendations and perspectives A standardized toxicity test with the grapevine snail (ISO 15952) has been established for toxicity assessment in terrestrial habitats. However, freshwater gastropods display a high sensitivity as well, e.?g. to endocrine disrupters, and should be incorporated into future standardized assays for aquatic toxicity testing on the basis of existing knowledge.     

Monitoring the effectiveness of the European tributyltin regulation on the Basque coast (northern Spain) by assessing imposex in two gastropod species (Nassarius reticulatus and Nassarius nitidus)

Imposex and butyltin body burden were assessed in 2011 along the Basque coast (northern Spain) in two gastropod species (Nassarius reticulatus and Nassarius nitidus) four years after an initial survey in 2007. The aim of this re-survey was to monitor the effectiveness of the European ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) based antifouling paints on ships’ hulls (EC 782/2003). Imposex levels in 2011 were lower than those determined in 2007 at most of the sampling sites. Accordingly, TBT concentrations in the female body burden of Nassarius reticulatus varied from 43 to 250 ng Sn/g in dry weight in 2011, which was a lower maximum than in 2007. Nevertheless, the results for the butyltin degradation index suggest that there have been recent inputs of TBT within the two main Basque harbours. Overall, the legislative measure is contributing to the reduction of TBT effects on the Basque coast although its presence is still evident.     

Ecology of toxicity in marine sponges

An investigation of the ecology of toxicity in marine sponges from different latitudes on the North American continent was made. Results indicated that toxicity in sponges increased with decreasing latitude. Three of the 34 species (9%) of sponges from San Juan Island, Washington, USA (48°N), were toxic to fishes. Nine of the 44 species (20%) of sponges from Santa Catalina Island, California, USA (33°N), were toxic. Seven of the 11 species (64%) of sponges from Zihuatanejo Bay, Guerrero, México (17°N), were toxic. Twenty-seven of the 36 species (75%) of sponges from La Blanquilla, Veracruz, México (19°N), were toxic. Most of these toxic sponges are openly exposed to fishes. The most common exposed sponges proved to be highly toxic to fishes. Force-feeding experiments conducted with wrasses demonstrated the effectiveness of the toxin of sponges. A hypothesis is proposed which explains the relationship between species diversity of fishes and sponge toxicity with latitude.     

Toxicity of the pyrethroid bifenthrin insecticide

Bifenthrin is a chiral synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that has been commonly used for agricultural and domestic pest control over the past decades. Due to its widespread application, residues of bifenthrin has been frequently detected in environmental media, residential areas and biota, thus posing potential risks to the health of wildlife and humans. In particular, bifenthrin exhibits high acute lethal toxicity to aquatic species, and it is the primary contributor to the toxicity of insecticides in waters. Additionally, bifenthrin can also cause sublethal toxic effects on various non-target organisms, including developmental toxicity, neurobehavioral toxicity, oxidative damage, immune toxicity and endocrine disrupting effects. Here we review recent studies about the fate of bifenthrin in the environment and biological systems, the toxicity of the chiral parent compound bifenthrin and the toxic effects of main metabolites. The adverse effects of bifenthrin, identified from both in vitro and in vivo studies, and the potential underlying mechanisms are presented. We discuss the enantiomeric difference in the toxicological effects of bifenthrin, since enantiomers of chiral compounds show different interactions with biological systems. Pyrethroid insecticides metabolites are not acutely toxic, but they have sublethal toxicity, such as endocrine disrupting effects and immunotoxicity. We provide emerging evidence for toxic effects of several main metabolites.     

白洋淀府河沿线水样毒性及其与污染物类型的关系

对白洋淀府河沿线水样进行了多种生物毒性测试，并用柱色层分离方法连续去除水中阳离子、阴离子和有机物后以斜生栅藻和发光菌为指标，鉴定了所采集水样毒性的产生原因。认为府河水样主要被对斜生栅藻生长有促进作用的营养物质污染，同时伴有轻度亲脂污染物的抑制作用。     

河蜾蠃蜚对镉的急性毒性响应(Acute Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Corophium acherusicum （Crustacean, Amphipod）)

端足类生物是沉积物毒性检测的优选受试生物,定量评价污染物质对其的毒性十分必要.为筛选我国端足类生物用于毒性检测,通过加标镉海水的急性毒性实验,检测了端足类河蜾蠃蜚(Corophium acherusicum)对重金属镉的敏感性.结果表明:镉对河蜾蠃蜚的毒性效应与其浓度呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05),且毒性强度随作用时间的延长而增加;镉对河蜾蠃蜚96h半致死浓度(LC50)为1.46mg·L-1,与镉对其他端足类生物的96hLC50具有可比性.     

成组生物毒性测试法综合评价典型工业废水毒性

为了更加准确地评估典型工业废水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对废水毒性的削减情况,采用发光细菌急性毒性实验、大型溞急性毒性实验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,结合潜在生态毒性效应探测(potential ecotoxic effects probe,PEEP)指数对常州市7种典型工业废水的综合生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明,7种工业原水都表现出了急性毒性或遗传毒性,综合生物毒性强度的排序为电子厂>电镀厂>综合污水处理厂>印染厂>化工厂>食品厂>制药厂。而7种工业废水的处理后出水综合生物毒性强度的排序为印染厂>化工厂>电子厂>综合污水处理厂>食品厂>制药厂>电镀厂。其中,印染和化工厂出水综合生物毒性高于原水,分别增加了43.3%和38.7%,PEEP评价结果显示分别属于剧毒和高毒,而电镀、电子、综合污水处理和食品厂出水的综合生物毒性削减明显,分别比原水削减了76.9%、53.1%、48.3%和26.6%,PEEP结果表明基本无毒。建立在成组生物毒性实验基础上的PEEP评价方法可全面反映工业废水的综合生物毒性,进而更客观地评价废水对水生态系统乃至人类健康的潜在影响。     

5种酚类物质对中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂的急性毒性

酚类物质作为一类主要的污染物,已引起国内外高度重视,但目前其对陆生生物的毒性研究较少。本试验探究了4-叔丁基苯酚、间甲酚、2-氯苯酚、2-甲酚、2,4-二氯苯酚这5种酚类物质对中国本土物种中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂的急性毒性。在中国白羽鹌鹑的急性经口试验中,2-氯苯酚、2-甲酚的7 d的半致死浓度(7 d-LC50)分别为331 mg·kg~(-1)和413 mg·kg~(-1),其他3种酚类物质的7 d-LC50均大于限度值1 000 mg·kg~(-1);在中国白羽鹌鹑的急性饲喂试验中,5种酚类物质的8 d-LC50均大于限度值2 000 mg·kg~(-1);在中华蜜蜂的急性经口试验中,2-氯苯酚、2-甲酚和2,4-二氯苯酚的48 h-LC50分别为306 mg·L~(-1)、358 mg·L~(-1)和364 mg·L~(-1);在中华蜜蜂的急性接触试验中,2,4-二氯苯酚的48 h的半致死量(48 h-LD50)为2.6μg·蜂~(-1),其他4种酚类物质的48h-LD50均大于限度值100μg·蜂~(-1)。研究结果表明不同的酚类物质由于其结构不同亦表现出不同的毒性,甲酚的邻位取代比间位取代对中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂的毒性更高,不同物种表现出了相似的规律性。5种酚类物质对我国本土物种中国白羽鹌鹑和中华蜜蜂毒性比对其他水生生物更敏感,存在良好的剂量效应关系。     

“生物有效性测量”与“全沉积物毒性识别评估(TIE)”联用有效识别出沉积物中主要致毒污染物

沉积物中污染物种类繁多,准确判断其中产生生物毒性的主要来源是个难点,本文作者先采用TIE法初步判断出主要致毒污染物为有机物和重金属(毒性描述阶段(相I)),传统的毒性单位分析结果显示Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn主要致毒重金属,而为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈为主要致毒有机物中(毒性鉴定阶段(相II))。采用4步分级提取法和Tenax提取法分析了重金属和有机物的生物有效性。生物有效性毒性单位分析更加准确地锁定了毒性主要贡献重金属为Zn、Ni和Pb,毒性主要贡献有机物为氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和氟虫腈。沉积物的稀释降低了重金属的毒性并使其毒性贡献鉴定变得复杂,生物有效性测量可以有效地提高TIE结果的准确性。
精选自Xiaoyi Yi, Huizhen Li, Ping Ma and Jing You. Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: Incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2970
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2970/full