滇池流域不同土壤类型和土地利用方式的土壤中溶解性有机碳的流失特性研究

采集滇池流域不同土壤类型、不同土地利用方式下的土壤样品,进行土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)的静态解吸实验,通过测定不同时间下溶入水相的COD量,探究不同土壤类型及土地利用方式下DOC的流失特性,从而揭示不同土地利用方式对滇池流域面源污染的影响.结果表明,同一土地利用方式的不同类型土壤中DOC的溶出平衡时间为壤土＞粘土＞粘壤土,其中退耕区(粘壤土＞粘土＞壤土)、大棚(粘土＞粘壤土=壤土)土壤不符合该规律,溶出平衡时间基本为1.5～2.5h;不同的土壤类型和土地利用方式下,DOC的溶出率为1.00％～2.75％,同一土地利用方式的不同类型土壤中DOC的溶出率存在一定差别,这是由于不同类型的土壤中砂粒、粉粒、粘粒的含量有所差异.     

上海市延安高架道路绿地土壤与沿线灰尘中铅的分布特征

对上海市区延安高架道路两旁绿地土壤和沿线灰尘中铅的含量调查发现,延安高架道路沿线绿地土壤中全铅平均质量浓度为93.61 mg/kg,是上海市土壤背景值的3.7倍,沿线灰尘全铅平均质量浓度为324.62 mg/kg,远远超过了绿地土壤中铅的含量.研究区域土壤和灰尘中铅的空间分布差异较大,部分地区出现严重积累.土壤和灰尘中铅的分布规律趋于一致,均表现为延安东路最高,其次是延安中路,延安西路最低.所选区域随着垂直道路水平距离的增加,土壤中铅含量的分布呈现一定的规律性,却易受人为影响而变得复杂多样.     

土壤非饱和带柴油入渗的试验研究

通过土柱模拟试验研研了0#轻质柴油(简称柴油)在不同含水率和容重的壤土及砂土中的入渗及残留特征.结果表明:(1)相同时间内,柴油在壤土中的润湿锋面下渗距离随含水率的增加不断减小,风干土中柴油穿透时间最短;柴油在砂土中的润湿锋面下渗距离随含水率的增加先增大后减小,含水率为10.0%的砂土中柴油穿透时间最短.土壤含水率对润...     

垃圾渗滤液在黄土层中的渗透模拟试验

通过渗滤液与清水在压实黄土柱中长期连续渗透对比试验,分析了在相同入渗条件下渗滤液与清水两者入渗率随时间的变化规律及其影响作用.试验结果表明,渗滤液入渗曲线呈波动状态,先后变化不大,清水入渗曲线则呈先升高再降低后又缓慢升高的变化趋势,渗滤液平均入渗率只有清水入渗率的12%.影响两者入渗率差异的根本因素是渗液性质导致的影响作用的不同.渗滤液入渗率影响作用主要包括微生物作用、水-岩相互作用与吸附、过滤等作用.清水入渗率主要受水-岩相互作用的影响.     

基于VFSMOD模型的不同情景下河流生态缓冲带的截留效果模拟

采用植被缓冲带模型(VFSMOD)对不同情景下河流生态缓冲带(简称"缓冲带")的截留效果进行了模拟,考察了土壤可蚀性、土壤质地、坡度、径流源区长度、缓冲带宽度等对缓冲带拦截效果的影响。结果表明:随着土壤可蚀性因子(K因子)变大,土壤可蚀性增强,缓冲带泥沙输入量变大;坡度变大,拦截效率下降,在坡度分别为1%、3.5%、9%和30%的条件下,达到60%的径流截留效率(RIR),缓冲带的宽度分别需要43.9, 50.6, 52.9和68.8 m;当RIR达到60%,砂质黏壤土、粉质黏壤土、壤土和黏土所需缓冲带的宽度为109.2、114.6、50.6、128.7 m;径流源区长度越长,缓冲带拦截效率越低。上述模拟结果可为缓冲带的设计提供参考。     

温度和表面活性剂对菲在土壤中吸附的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对菲的吸附行为,考察了温度和表面活性剂对菲吸附的影响.结果表明,6种土样对菲的吸附等温线均较好地符合Freundlich吸附模式,其吸附能力的大小顺序为:轻壤土>轻粘土>砂壤土>中壤土>重壤土>紧砂土;温度升高不利于菲在土壤中的吸附;十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和十六烷基三甲基澳化铵(CTAB)均利于菲在土壤表面的解吸,LAS和CTAB对菲的解吸率最高可达66.2%和31.8%,且LAS的解吸效果更好.     

基于超声波-微波耦合效应的石油烃类污染土壤的热脱附规律与参数优化

以邻二甲苯为石油烃类污染物代表,以污染土壤质量的减少量以及冷凝液质量的增加量表征土壤污染物的平均脱附效率,研究了微波-超声波耦合热源处理石油烃类污染土壤的脱附规律。结果表明,在超声波功率恒定(800 W)情况下,增大微波功率(从200 W增到400 W),能显著提升装置内反应温度(从128.3℃增到270.1℃),显示了微波较强的热效应;在微波功率恒定(350 W)情况下,增大超声波功率(从600 W增到1 400 W),对装置升温效果影响不明显(从169.4℃增加到187.9℃),表明了超声波较弱的热效应。超声波/微波耦合热源修复壤土的最优工艺参数为土水比20∶1、超声波功率800 W、微波功率350 W、辐照10 min,相应的最高污染物平均脱附率为77.28%,处理效果优于单热源条件。对于不同的土壤粒径及有机质含量,不同类型土壤的平均脱附率排序为砂土(88.36%)壤土(64.29%)黏土(52.61%);综合考虑土壤介电损耗因子、土壤比热容、土壤通透性影响的结果,土水比最优值设为10∶1;综合考虑土壤颗粒单层吸附/多层吸附作用的结果,土壤污染物浓度最优值为8%(砂土)、4%(壤土、黏土)。     

永川城区主要绿化植物的滞尘效应

本文选取重庆市永川区具代表性植物及绿地作为研究对象,采用直接采样和统计分析的方法,对植物单位叶片面积滞尘量进行测定分析。结果表明:同一功能区不同植物种类之间的滞尘能力存在差异,滞尘能力大小排列顺序为:红花檵木>麦冬>小叶榕>红叶石楠>桂花>山茶>女贞>八角金盘>广玉兰>海桐>黄角兰>冬青>银杏>迎春,最高为红花檵木12.361 g/m2,最低为迎春2.0903 g/m2,最大差异达6倍;不同功能区同种植物的平均滞尘量差异显著,排列顺序为:街道绿地>新兴绿地>居住区>净化对照区;运用扫描电镜对叶表进行观察表明:植物的不同叶表结构滞尘能力也有差异,叶片表面被毛、褶皱时滞尘能力较强,叶片光滑或蜡质时滞尘能力较弱;植物叶片滞尘量与植物叶片单片面积呈正相关。     

城市绿地土壤渗透性改良对雨水径流污染的削减效果及去除规律

为考察土壤渗透性改良后的径流污染削减效果和去除规律,以上海浦东某已建居住社区绿地土壤特性为样本,采用中粗砂和沸石进行渗透性改良并开展径流污染削减实验。结果表明:改良后土壤渗透性能明显提高,具有较好的截留和净化污染物作用;通过土壤成分、污染负荷、流量负荷和渗滤深度对COD、TN、TP和NH_4~+-N去除效果的影响分析,提出了不同径流污染特征下可采用不同的土壤渗透性改良方案,实现对特征污染物更有效的削减效果。研究结果可为改良城市居住社区绿地土壤渗透性,缓解初期雨水径流污染提供参考和借鉴。     

土壤理化性质对Fe~0还原硝基苯的影响

采用零价铁（Fe0）还原降解土壤中的硝基苯,考察土壤理化性质对还原效果的影响。结果显示,当2 g土壤中NB含量约为2.5×10-6mol/g,铁粉用量为50 mg,土壤含水量为75%时,控温25℃条件下反应1 h,硝基苯在松砂土和中壤土中的还原率分别可达到82.9%和91.1%。硝基苯在2种土壤中的还原率表现出中壤土〉松砂土的规律;土壤微生物和土壤有机质含量升高有利于反应进行;粒径偏小的中壤土中硝基苯还原较彻底。NB在土壤中的老化时间对Fe0还原效果影响较小。     

外源Cd对不同利用方式红壤脲酶活性的影响

采用室内培养实验,通过将外源Cd添加到同一母质、全镉含量相近的不同利用方式的红壤中(林地、水稻土和菜园土),研究了外源Cd污染对不同利用方式红壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明:整个培养过程中,Cd污染对3种红壤脲酶活性都有抑制作用,且随重金属浓度的增强而增强。同剂量Cd污染对3种红壤脲酶活性的抑制效应不同,大小为林地>水稻土>菜园土。实验设定的Cd处理水平下,对林地、水稻土和菜园土脲酶活性产生显著抑制作用(p<0.05)的Cd浓度分别为5、30和50 mg/kg土。     

污染土壤的淋洗法修复研究进展

污染土壤淋洗技术是修复污染土壤的一种新方法 ,是对污染土壤生物修复的一种补充 ,使污染土壤修复的系统化成为可能。淋洗法主要使用淋洗剂清洗土壤 ,使土壤中污染物随淋洗剂流出 ,然后对淋洗剂及土壤进行后续处理 ,从而达到修复污染土壤的目的。因为淋洗剂的种类和淋洗方式的不同 ,土壤淋洗法可分为许多种类。土壤淋洗法主要受土壤条件、污染物类型、淋洗剂的种类和运行方式等因素影响。综合考虑多方面因素 ,就有潜力设计出经济高效的土壤淋洗系统。土壤淋洗法有很多优点 ,尽管也存在一些问题 ,但其技术上的优势也是其他方法难以取代的 ,所以有良好的应用前景。     

Development of phenanthrene catabolism in natural and artificial soils

The characteristics of natural soils often vary from those of artificial soil (e.g. OECD), which may lead to substantial differences in the bioavailability of test substances. The aim of this investigation was to characterise the development of phenanthrene catabolism in both natural and artificial soils with varying total organic carbon (TOC) content after 1, 14, 42 and 84 d soil-phenanthrene contact time. Indigenous catabolic activity was measured via the addition of 14C-phenanthrene using the respirometric soil slurry assay. Notably, the lag phases, fastest rates and total extents of 14C-phenanthrene degradation were relatively comparable in soils with similar TOC content after 1 d contact time. However, natural soils generally exhibited significantly shorter lag phases, faster rates and higher extents of mineralisation, than their artificial counterparts after 42 and 84 d contact time. Such findings suggest that the extrapolation of results from artificial soils to real/natural soils may not be straightforward.     

Enhanced degradation of carbofuran in pacific northwest soils

Abstract

Persistence of ¹⁴C‐carbonyl carbofuran was measured in Pacific Northwest soils that had received 1–14 applications of the insecticide for root weevil control on perennial crops. Insecticide decay curves were obtained in nonautoclaved soil and several autoclaved soil samples from previously‐treated fields and in nonautoclaved soils from paired control sites not previously treated with carbofuran. The insecticide usually degraded faster in soil from previously‐treated fields than in soil from corresponding control fields. Among 26 previously‐treated fields, the pseudo half‐life (time for 50% loss) of carbofuran was < one wk in 11 soils, 1–3 wks in 8 soils and > 4 wks in the remaining soils. Among the nontreated control fields the pseudo half‐life was > than 2 wks in all cases and > than 15 wks in 5 of the soils. The carbofuran decay curve always possessed an initial lag phase where soil mixing enhanced insecticide decline. Carbofuran degraded very slowly in autoclaved soil samples. The half‐life of carbofuran exceeded 16 wk in all autoclaved soils tested and in most instances 85–90% of the original dosage remained when the tests were terminated 112 days after treatment. These results provided evidence that many of the soils which received applications of carbofuran over the past several years have developed a capacity to degrade carbofuran very rapidly.     

Partitioning of metals in a degraded acid sulfate soil landscape: influence of tidal re-inundation

The oxidation and acidification of sulfidic soil materials results in the re-partitioning of metals, generally to more mobile forms. In this study, we examine the partitioning of Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn in the acidified surface soil (0-0.1 m) and the unoxidised sub-soil materials (1.3-1.5 m) of an acid sulfate soil landscape. Metal partitioning at this acidic site was then compared to an adjacent site that was previously acidified, but has since been remediated by tidal re-inundation. Differences in metal partitioning were determined using an optimised six-step sequential extraction procedure which targets the “labile”, “acid-soluble”, “organic”, “crystalline oxide”, “pyritic” and “residual” fractions. The surficial soil materials of the acidic site had experienced considerable losses of Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni compared to the underlying parent material due to oxidation and acidification, yet only minor losses of Fe and Zn. In general, the metals most depleted from the acidified surface soil materials exhibited the greatest sequestration in the surface soil materials of the tidally remediated site. An exception to this was iron, which accumulated to highly elevated concentrations in the surficial soil materials of the tidally remediated site. The “acid-soluble”, “organic” and “pyritic” fractions displayed the greatest increase in metals following tidal remediation. This study demonstrates that prolonged tidal re-inundation of severely acidified acid sulfate soil landscapes leads to the immobilisation of trace metals through the surficial accumulation of iron oxides, organic material and pyrite.     

Effect of a mixture of flufenacet and isoxaflutole on population numbers of soil-dwelling microorganisms,enzymatic activity of soil,and maize yield

Abstract

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of flufenacet?+?isoxaflutole on counts of microorganisms, ecophysiological diversity index (EP), colony development index (CD) and on the enzymatic activity of soil and maize growth. The experiment was conducted with sandy clay, to which the tested herbicide was administered in doses of: 0.25, 5.0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160?mg/kg. Soil without the addition of the mixture served as the control. Results demonstrated that the tested mixture contributed to a decrease in numbers of Azotobacter, organotrophic bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi. The negative effect of the herbicide could also be noticed in the case of the enzymatic activity of soil. Soil contamination contributed to suppressed activities of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase. In turn, the initial increase in the activity of β-glucosidase was followed by its decline observed with time. The flufenacet?+?isoxaflutole mixture affected also maize plant growth, reducing maize dry matter yield when used at doses from 5.0 to 160?mg/kg. In summary, it may be concluded that mixture evokes a negative effect on the microbiological and biochemical activity of soil and that their excess in the soil leads to plant decay as at the seeding stage.     

土壤有机质对铊在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响

研究了土壤有机质对Tl＋在红壤和黄土2种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为的影响。结果表明,去除土壤有机质后红壤和黄土对Tl＋的吸附量均明显下降,下降幅度最高分别达到24.7%和28.2%,黄土的下降幅度大于红壤;黄土对Tl＋吸附率最高下降幅度约为20%,也高于红壤的15%。土壤有机质对Tl＋吸附的贡献率平均值分别是黄土39.2%、红壤32.8%。2种土壤对Tl＋的解吸量在去除有机质之后都明显增大,在初始Tl＋浓度较高的情况下,增大幅度明显;并且Tl＋的初始浓度越高,土壤在去有机质前后的解吸率相差就越大,在Tl＋最大处理浓度为20 mg/L时,红壤和黄土的解吸率增加分别达到60.8%和65.5%。     

Effect of some preparates on soil microflora on the basis of soil bioassay

Abstract

Trials for control of soil‐borne plant pathogen fungi with biological and chemical fungicide preparates have been carried out in our Biological Control Laboratory for more than 10 years. During all these experiments soil bioassay was always carried out in order to observe the soil microflora. Here we mention one trial which confirms the general opinion that chemical treatments significantly change the soil microflora. The tested biological fungicide did not cause such changes.     

Effects of three pesticides on the avoidance behavior of earthworms in laboratory tests performed under temperate and tropical conditions

Little research has been performed on the impact of pesticides on earthworms under tropical conditions. Taking into consideration the often-limited resources in tropical countries, simple screening tests are needed. Therefore, it was investigated whether three pesticides relevant for the Brazilian Amazon (benomyl, carbendazim, lambda-cyhalothrin) affect the avoidance behavior of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The tests were performed for two days according to ISO guideline 17512 but were adapted to tropical conditions (i.e. test substrate, test organism and temperature). The results indicate that this test gives reproducible and reliable results. Toxicity values (NOEC, EC50) are lower than those determined in 14 day-acute mortality tests and are approximately in the same range such as those found in 56 day-chronic reproduction tests with the same earthworm species, which were performed in parallel. Therefore, the use of the earthworm avoidance tests is recommended as a screening tool for the risk assessment of pesticides.     

阿特拉津土壤污染修复菌剂载体材料的筛选与应用

阿特拉津是长残留除草剂,其环境行为和生物修复技术已成为有机污染控制领域的研究热点。以廉价的高岭土、凹凸棒土和腐殖酸为载体材料,采用正交实验,把功能菌存活率作为目标性状,参考材料成球率,筛选出性能较好的高岭土、凹凸棒土和腐殖酸质量配比3种,分别为1∶0.5∶0.5(A3B2C1)、0.5∶0∶0.5(A2B3C1)和1∶0∶1(A3B1C2);在温度和紫外线耐受力实验中,A3B2C1材料配比更能够有效提升功能菌在高温和紫外线作用下的存活率,即载体中高岭土、凹凸棒土和腐殖酸质量比为1∶0.5∶0.5时效果最佳;利用A3B2C1载体材料配比制备菌剂,进行室内土壤修复实验,35 d时0.1%和0.5%载体菌剂添加量修复土壤中阿特拉津完全降解,而2个游离菌修复土壤中残留率均16%,0.1%载体菌剂添加量修复过程中土壤微生物Shannon多样性指数和均匀度变化幅度较其他修复方式小,有利于土壤微生物生态系统的平衡,因此0.1%载体菌剂添加量修复效果为最优。