潜流人工湿地在城镇污水处理中的应用

本文介绍了潜流人工湿地的特点,着重分析了现有潜流人工湿地处理系统存在的问题,并提出了解决方法.特别指出免淤塞型潜流人工湿地适合城镇水污染治理,并具有建设和运行费用低、管理维护简单、处理效率高和出水水质稳定的优势.     

集中供热-缓解乌鲁木齐大气污染的有效途径

针对乌鲁木齐大气污染的现状,重点介绍了集中供热在治理城市大气污染中发挥的重要作用,阐明了推广热电联产、集中供热以及清洁能源对改善乌鲁木齐市空气环境质量的重要意义.指出在现阶段发展集中供热工程,仍将是缓解和改善乌鲁木齐大气污染的有效途径之一.     

四川盆地盐化工业的土壤污染及其防治措施——以乐山某盐化工厂为例

盐化工产业的迅速发展给区域经济发展等带来诸多益处,也伴随着一系列盐化污染问题,尤其在土壤污染治理方面还存在着治理不彻底的现象,影响生物生态环境、居民居住环境,亟待进一步深入研究盐化工污染处理方法的相关技术措施.针对乐山某盐化工厂污染治理问题,通过研究盐化工业污染的特点、现有的治理措施和方案,提出采取生态修复工艺技术,为...     

再不能在烟雾中生活——关于乌鲁木齐大气污染及其防治措施的建议

前言作者自1970年起尝试进行乌鲁木齐重点地区大气污染监测,并在1972年参与制造了第一台旋风除尘器,进行消烟除尘推广试点工作,以图治理和改善乌鲁木齐冬季严重的大气环境污染。此后20多年,自治区和市环境保护局等有关部门虽在这方面做了大量工作,但因资金短缺和治理力度不够,仅减轻了进一步恶化的趋势,而污染状况依旧。本文试对乌鲁木齐大气污染状况及起因进一步剖析,并提出大胆的根治建议,供领导部门参考。1大气污染源及污染现状乌鲁木齐市是自治区首府,总人口145万,市区建成区面积82km’,人口密度1537人／平方公里。根据1992…     

乌鲁木齐农业环境的变迁

乌鲁木齐地处天山北麓准噶尔盆地南缘,气候温和,有乌鲁木齐、头屯等河流流过,有水磨河发源于东北郊,地表水丰富,泉水到处溢流,土地肥沃,植被繁茂……具有优越的自然环境。远在西汉史料中就记载着在乌鲁木齐及其邻近地区有兄弟民族在那     

民用燃煤型煤化对改善乌鲁木齐大气污染现状的作用分析

乌鲁木齐币大气污染十分严重，自治区《“1311”环境保护行动计划实施方案》中已将乌鲁木齐大气污染治理纳入其中。本文类比分析表明，民用燃煤部分对乌鲁木齐市大气污染的浓度贡献率达70％。若这部分燃煤采用型煤取代，将减少其烟尘排放量92．5％，SO2排放量62．5％。这对改善乌鲁木齐大气环境状况的作用是显著的，而且型煤化技术成熟、可行，推广该技术具有明显的现实意义。     

阿拉木图、乌鲁木齐和伊宁一月份降水对比分析

基于哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图站和新疆乌鲁木齐站、伊宁站的1967-2009年1月份的降水资料,利用一元线性回归法、Mann-Kendall突变检验和Morlet小波分析的方法,分析了该区域降水的变化特征,结果表明：阿拉木图和伊宁1月份降水变化不明显,呈微弱的下降趋势;乌鲁木齐降水呈显著增加趋势。阿拉木图降水年代际变化不明显,乌鲁木齐于20世纪80年代以前降水偏少,此后降水逐渐增多,伊宁和乌鲁木齐年代际变化相似。阿拉木图1月份降水没有发生突变,在1980年以前存在6—7年的短周期变化,此后存在10—15年的长周期变化。伊宁1月份降水没有发生突变,1980年以前存在6年的短周期变化,此后存在8年和11年的周期变化,变化周期不稳定。乌鲁木齐于1978、1981发生了突变,存在6年左右和12年周期变化。     

秦皇岛市水土保持工作存在的问题及对策

自水保法颁布实施以来,秦皇岛市的水土保持工作取得了巨大成效;全市共出台县级以上水土保持规范性文件15个;工程建设力度不断加大,综合治理水土流失面积1 619 km2;宣传教育活动深入开展,人们的水保意识普遍增强。然而,在新形势下还存在着宣传不到位、投入不足、治理思路老化、重治理轻预防、执法队伍素质低等诸多问题。因此,针对我市目前水土保持工作存在的问题,提出六项保证措施,推进水土保持工作健康发展。     

基于LMDI模型的乌鲁木齐工业废气排放影响因素研究

本文运用对数平均的LMDI 分解模型,选取工业SO₂、工业烟(粉)尘排放量作为污染物指标,将2006—2013 年,乌鲁木齐工业废气排放量影响因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应,考虑到技术效应机制的复杂性,进一步将技术效应细化为污染治理效应和清洁技术效应。研究结果表明:规模效应和结构效应增加乌鲁木齐工业废气排放,其中规模效应对工业废气排放量贡献率由2007 年的119.10%增加到2013 年的263.03%,结构效应对工业废气排放量的增加也起到一定的促进作用,但影响效果远低于规模效应,年贡献率均低于10%,技术效应阻碍工业废气排放的增加,贡献率由2007 年的-19.86%增加到2013 年的-172.50%。制造业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业废气排放量占工业废气排放总量的70% 左右,是乌鲁木齐工业废气污染的主要行业。清洁技术效应对SO₂ 的减排起促进作用,是阻碍工业SO₂ 排放量增加的主要因素。污染治理效应是工业烟(粉)尘的减排主要因素,说明目前乌鲁木齐工业烟(粉)尘的减排依赖于排放后的治理。     

乌鲁木齐市锅炉运行中能耗及污染浅析

本文结合区域环境特征,从环境管理出发,对乌鲁木齐锅炉运行中存在的能耗高、热效率低、设备破损率高、污染重等问题进行了综合性探讨,提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Surface Water Seepage Effects on Shallow Ground‐Water Quality Along the Rio Grande in Northern New Mexico1

Abstract: Interactions between surface irrigation water, shallow ground water, and river water may have effects on water quality that are important for both drinking water supplies and the ecological function of rivers and floodplains. We investigated water quality in surface water and ground water, and how water quality is influenced by surface water inputs from an unlined irrigation system in the Alcalde Valley of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. From August 2005 to July 2006, we sampled ground water and surface water monthly and analyzed for concentrations of major cations and anions, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and water levels. Results indicate that irrigation ditch seepage caused an increase in ground water levels and that the Rio Grande is a gaining stream in this region. Temporal and spatial differences were found in ion concentrations in shallow ground water as it flowed from under the ditch toward the river. Ground‐water ion concentrations were higher when the ditch was not flowing compared with periods during peak irrigation season when the ditch was flowing. Ditch inputs diluted ion concentrations in shallow ground water at well positions near the ditch. Specifically, lower ion concentrations were detected in ground water at well positions located near the ditch and river compared with well positions located in the middle of an agricultural field. Results from this project showed that ditch inputs influenced ion concentrations and were associated with ground‐water recharge. In arid region river valleys, careful consideration should be given to management scenarios that change seepage from irrigation systems, because in some situations reduced seepage could negatively affect ground‐water recharge and water quality.     

Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares

Water scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.     

Impact of Dredging on Phosphorus Transport in Agricultural Drainage Ditches of the Atlantic Coastal Plain1

Abstract: Drainage ditches can be a key conduit of phosphorus (P) between agricultural soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and local surface waters, including the Chesapeake Bay. This study sought to quantify the effect of a common ditch management practice, sediment dredging, on fate of P in drainage ditches. Sediments from two drainage ditches that had been monitored for seven years and had similar characteristics (flow, P loadings, sediment properties) were sampled (0‐5 cm) after one of the ditches had been dredged, which removed fine textured sediments (clay = 41%) with high organic matter content (85 g/kg) and exposed coarse textured sediments (clay = 15%) with low organic matter content (2.2 g/kg). Sediments were subjected to a three‐phase experiment (equilibrium, uptake, and release) in recirculating 10‐m‐long, 0.2‐m‐wide, and 5‐cm‐deep flumes to evaluate their role as sources and sinks of P. Under conditions of low initial P concentrations in flume water, sediments from the dredged ditch released 13 times less P to the water than did sediments from the ditch that had not been dredged, equivalent to 24 mg dissolved P. However, the sediments from the dredged ditch removed 19% less P (76 mg) from the flume water when it was spiked with dissolved P to approximate long‐term runoff concentrations. Irradiation of sediments to destroy microorganisms revealed that biological processes accounted for up to 30% of P uptake in the coarse textured sediments of the dredged ditch and 18% in the fine textured sediments of the undredged ditch. Results indicate that dredging of coastal plain drainage ditches can potentially impact the P buffering capacity of ditches draining agricultural soils with a high potential for P runoff.     

Using flue gas desulfurization gypsum to remove dissolved phosphorus from agricultural drainage waters

High levels of accumulated phosphorus (P) in soils of the Delmarva Peninsula are a major source of dissolved P entering drainage ditches that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. The objective of this study was to design, construct, and monitor a within-ditch filter to remove dissolved P, thereby protecting receiving waters against P losses from upstream areas. In April 2007, 110 Mg of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, a low-cost coal combustion product, was used as the reactive ingredient in a ditch filter. The ditch filter was monitored from 2007 to 2010, during which time 29 storm-induced flow events were characterized. For storm-induced flow, the event mean concentration efficiency for total dissolved P (TDP) removal for water passing through the gypsum bed was 73 ± 27% confidence interval (α = 0.05). The removal efficiency for storm-induced flow by the summation of load method was 65 ± 27% confidence interval (α = 0.05). Although chemically effective, the maximum observed hydraulic conductivity of FGD gypsum was 4 L s(-1), but it decreased over time to <1 L s(-1). When bypass flow and base flow were taken into consideration, the ditch filter removed approximately 22% of the TDP load over the 3.6-yr monitoring period. Due to maintenance and clean-out requirements, we conclude that ditch filtration using FGD gypsum is not practical at a farm scale. However, we propose an alternate design consisting of FGD gypsum-filled trenches parallel to the ditch to intercept and treat groundwater before it enters the ditch.     

Improvements in Fluvial Stability Associated with Two‐Stage Ditch Construction in Mower County,Minnesota

Water quality and stream habitat in agricultural watersheds are under greater scrutiny as hydrologic pathways are altered to increase crop production. Agricultural drainage ditches function to remove water quickly from farmed landscapes. Conventional ditch designs lack the form and function of natural stream systems and tend to be unstable and provide inadequate habitat. In October of 2009, 1.89 km of a conventional drainage ditch in Mower County, Minnesota, was converted to an alternative system with a two‐stage channel to investigate the improvements in water quality, stability, and habitat. Longitudinal surveys show a 12‐fold increase in the pool‐riffle formation. Cross‐sectional surveys show an average increase in bankfull width of approximately 10% and may be associated to an increased frequency in large storm events. The average increase in bankfull depth was estimated as 18% but is largely influenced by pool formation. Rosgen Stability Analyses show the channel to be highly stable and the banks at a low risk of erosion. The average bankfull recurrence interval was estimated to be approximately 0.30 years. Overall, the two‐stage ditch design demonstrates an increase in fluvial stability, creating a more consistent sediment budget, and increasing the frequency of important instream habitat features, making this best management practice a viable option for addressing issues of erosion, sediment imbalance, and poor habitat in agricultural drainage systems.     

招远市黄金尾矿库生态工程技术研究与实践

招远市现有黄金尾矿库不仅占用大量土地资源,对周围的空气、土壤、水体造成污染,破坏周围的生态环境,而且存在安全隐患,严重制约了当地经济社会的可持续发展.针对不同类型黄金尾矿库的特点,建立了漫溢型生态景观园、高台型生态休闲园、坝坡型风景防护林地、沟夼型生产园地等4种黄金尾矿库生态工程模式.通过生态工程示范区建设,将尾矿库改造成城镇景观绿地、生产园地,解决了黄金尾矿库的生态环境问题.     

MBR处理工艺的发展与应用

MBR处理技术目前发展的新工艺有：改良式序列间歇反应器（MSBR）、MBR与氧化沟结合工艺、MBR与高效生物反应器相结合（MHCR）等。MBR技术推广应用的关键是解决膜污染问题和降低膜成本。MBR技术已经在水处理领域应用,和常规水处理工艺相比,MBR工艺具有处理效果好、出水水质稳定,设备简单、占地空间省等优势,对于发展城市污水回用具有重要意义。     

川中坡地沟稻垄杂技术及其效益分析

四川坡耕地水土流失十分严重。沟稻垄杂耕作法是在同一坡地空间实行垄沟植稻,垄上(埂)种植红苕、玉米和豆类等杂粮的一种水土保持耕作方法。据在川中遂宁等地试验、示范、推广,沟稻垄杂耕作法可使坡耕地水份流失量减少96.03%、泥沙流失量减少98.77%;杂粮保产外,每亩坡地可增收稻谷11 1.3kg。本文介绍了沟稻垄杂耕作效益及栽培技术。     

ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF A GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1

A ground water development project in the northern part of Thailand was appraised by means of benefit-cost analysis. This is the first project in Thailand to develop ground water for irrigation purposes and it is also the first project which made use of an underground PVC pipe water distribution system. Results indicate that the project is economically feasible. In comparing different water distribution systems, it is also found that distribution by means of underground PVC pipes is more economical compared to an open ditch system if the life of the latter is relatively short and the rates of inflation are high.     

Dredging of drainage ditches increases short-term transport of soluble phosphorus

Managed drainage ditches are common in the midwestern United States. These ditches are designed to remove water from fields as quickly as possible, and sediment buildup necessitates dredging, to ensure adequate water removal. This laboratory study was conducted to determine the impact of ditch dredging on soluble phosphorus (P) transport. Ditch sediments were collected from a drainage ditch in northeastern Indiana immediately before and after dredging. The sediments were placed in a stream simulator, and stream water was loaded with 0.55 mM P for 5 d (adsorption experiment). Water was then removed, and "clean" water (no P added) was used for a desorption experiment, lasting 1 d. During the adsorption experiment, pre-dredged sediments were able to remove P from the water column quicker, and P concentrations 120 h after introduction of high P water were lower for the pre-dredged sediments (0.075 mM P) than the dredged sediments (0.111 mM P). During the desorption experiment, P was released to the water column slower in the pre-dredged treatment than the dredged treatment (instantaneous flux at t = 0 was 0.205 microM P h(-1) for pre-dredged and 0.488 microM P h(-1) for dredged). This occurred despite higher Mehlich 3-extractable P in the pre-dredged sediments than the dredged sediments. Equilibrium phosphorus concentrations (EPCo) were lower in the pre-dredged sediments during both adsorption and desorption experiments. Transport of soluble P immediately after dredging will likely increase in drainage ditches; however, dredging is a necessary management tool to ensure adequate discharge of water from surrounding fields.