Environmental Policy Beliefs of Stakeholders in Protected Area Management

Although the importance of understanding stakeholder beliefs regarding environmental policy has been noted by many authors, research focusing on the heterogeneity of stakeholder views is still very scarce and concentrated on a product-oriented definition of stakeholders. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining environmental policy beliefs of stakeholder groups engaged in protected area management. Questionnaires containing 73 five-point Likert scale items were administered to eight different stakeholder groups involved in the management of Greek protected areas. Items referred to core beliefs on environmental policy, namely, the value framework and sustainable development, and secondary beliefs, that is, beliefs on social consensus and ecotourism development. Our study used as a starting point respondent recruitment on the basis of a traditional product-centered approach. We investigated whether environmental policy beliefs can be used to effectively segregate stakeholders in well-defined segments, which override the product-oriented definition of stakeholders. Indeed, K-means clustering revealed an innovation-introduction and an implementation-charged sample segment. The instrument utilized in this research proved quite reliable and valid in measuring stakeholder environmental policy beliefs. Furthermore, the methodology implied that stakeholder groups differ in a significant number of belief-system elements. On the other hand, stakeholder groups were effectively distinguished on a small set of both core and secondary beliefs. Therefore, the instrument used can be an effective tool for determining and monitoring environmental policy beliefs of stakeholders in protected area management. This is of considerable importance in the Greek case, given the recent establishment of 27 administrative bodies of protected areas, all of which are required to incorporate public consultation into management practices.     

Perceptions of a Nearby Exurban Protected Area in South Carolina,United States

To address the dearth of literature on the relations between local residents in urban areas and nearby higher-order exurban protected areas, this study examined the perceptions of Columbia (South Carolina) residents toward Congaree National Park. Mail-out survey results from a random sample of 455 adult residents showed positive overall attitudes toward the park, although this did not extend to a desire to personally volunteer in park activities. Cluster analysis on the basis of seven perceptual statements produced three groups: “very enthusiastic park supporters” (VEPS), accounting for one fourth of the sample; “less enthusiastic park supporters” (LEPS), accounting for approximately one half of the sample; and “ambivalents” (AMBS), accounting for the rest. The AMBS tend to be younger than members of the other clusters and have higher income, but enthusiasm was more clearly related to high levels of interaction and awareness relative to the park. Managerial implications of the study are considered, including the need to encourage higher levels of park awareness and visitation, as well as more ecologically responsible behavior, among residents of the greater Columbia urban area.     

Defining Indicators and Standards for Tourism Impacts in Protected Areas: Cape Range National Park,Australia

Visitors’ perceptions of impacts and acceptable standards for environmental conditions can provide essential information for the sustainable management of tourist destinations, especially protected areas. To this end, visitor surveys were administered during the peak visitor season in Cape Range National Park, on the northwest coast of Western Australia and adjacent to the iconic Ningaloo Reef. The central focus was visitors’ perceptions regarding environmental conditions and standards for potential indicators. Conditions considered of greatest importance in determining visitors’ quality of experience included litter, inadequate disposal of human waste, presence of wildlife, levels of noise, and access to beach and ocean. Standards were determined, based on visitors’ perceptions, for a range of site-specific and non-site-specific indicators, with standards for facilities (e.g., acceptable number of parking bays, signs) and for negative environmental impacts (e.g., levels of littering, erosion) sought. The proposed standards varied significantly between sites for the facilities indicators; however, there was no significant difference between sites for environmental impacts. For the facilities, the standards proposed by visitors were closely related to the existing situation, suggesting that they were satisfied with the status quo. These results are considered in the context of current research interest in the efficacy of visitor-derived standards as a basis for protected area management.     

禾木景区社区居民旅游影响感知实证研究

旅游目的地居民作为旅游产业的重要利益相关者,对当地发展旅游业的感知和态度直接影响着当地旅游资源的合理利用及旅游业的健康发展.运用社会交互理论和道科西旅游发展阶段理论,通过问卷调查和实地访谈的方法,从四个维度研究了禾木景区社区居民对旅游影响的感知和态度.结果表明,当地居民对旅游经济的影响大都持乐观的支持态度,旅游发展使居民的生计方式、收入水平明显改善;对生活环境的影响较大,对生态环境和环保意识的影响较小;对居民的传统文化影响较弱,居民与游客的双向交流很少,旅游业仍处于初级发展阶段.因此,当地居民的旅游感知目前还停留在经济层面,缺少对传统文化、自然生态、环境保护等感知的关注.     

武陵山片区旅游经济时空差异与影响因素研究

以武陵山片区县域为研究尺度,基于标准差、变异系数和旅游经济发展水平梯度探析了旅游经济发展水平的差异特征与演变规律,并借助GWR模型对旅游经济空间分异的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)武陵山片区71个县域旅游经济发展水平在时间上呈绝对差异逐年上升,而相对差异波动下降的演变趋势。(2)2014—2018年间旅游经济发展水平欠发达区数量下降,并呈西北和东北部明显高于其他区域的空间分布格局。(3)人均GDP、第三产业占GDP比重、3A级以上景点数、国家级非物质文化遗产数、公路密度、3星级以上宾馆数是影响武陵山片区旅游经济发展水平的主要因素。     

Congruence Among Encounters,Norms, Crowding,and Management in a Marine Protected Area

Over the past few decades, recreation and tourism use has increased at many marine protected areas, generating concerns about impacts of this increasing use on experiences and conditions at these areas (e.g., crowding, conflict). This article uses data from Molokini Shoal Marine Life Conservation District in Hawai’i to examine: (a) reported encounters, crowding, normative tolerances for various use levels, and support of use related management strategies at this site; and (b) whether users who encounter higher use levels than their norms feel more crowded and are more supportive of restrictive management strategies. Data were obtained from onsite pre-trip and post-trip questionnaires of 712 passengers on commercial snorkel and dive tours visiting this site. Norms were measured with acceptance of 12 photographs depicting levels of boat use. On average, users would accept seeing no more than approximately 16 boats at one time at Molokini and this number was observed on over 20% of trips to the site. Although the majority of users expected to escape crowds at Molokini, 67% felt crowded and up to 79% supported actions that would directly restrict use at this site (e.g., limit number of boats). Users who encountered more boats than their normative tolerance felt more crowded and were more supportive of these management strategies. Findings suggest that this marine protected area is operating over its capacity and management is needed to improve experiences and conditions.     

Emerging Governance Approaches for Tourism in the Protected Areas of China

This paper examines the recent evolution in the governance of protected area tourism in China. China now sees cooperation in the form of public-private partnerships occurring between authorized private tourism enterprises in various organizational forms and the public managers from specific portfolio departments of governments at different levels. Three types of governance models are visible: the Leasing Model, the Non-listed Share-holding Model, and the Public-listed Share-holding Model. Theories of corporate governance were applied to these models to analyze the internal and external mechanisms of supervision and incentives for both the government agencies and the authorized tourism enterprises for nature-based tourism operations. The Principal-Agent problem and the supervision mechanism are the focus of the analysis. The emerging governance approaches for tourism in protected areas of China are all theoretically viable, as explained by the theory of property rights and corporate governance, and practically viable as elaborated in the cases of the three types of governance models summarized in this paper.     

我国滨海地区入境旅游流空间结构研究

以我国滨海11个省（市）1995--2011年17年间入境旅游资料为基础,从旅游流流量、旅游流客源地空间结构和旅游流目的地空间结构方面研究入境旅游流空间结构。结果显示,滨海省（市）入境旅游流流量一直呈现持续增长态势;滨海省（市）入境旅游外国客源市场的地理集中指数处于31—34．5之间,总体趋势减小;入境游客密度指数说明滨海地区入境旅游流目的地呈现明显的非均衡态势,整体上是从中心向两翼递减的空间格局。     

边缘型旅游地的理论与实证研究

阐述了边缘型旅游地的概念和类型,从旅游资源、旅游交通、旅游感知、社会经济等方面透视了边缘型旅游地的特性,并系统探讨了边缘型旅游地的动态演替模式.在此基础上,提出了边缘型旅游地的开发应走产品特色化、形象驱动化、区域联动化、政府主导化的综合发展战略.     

Tourism in the high north: Management challenges and recreation opportunity spectrum planning in Svalbard,Norway

The Arctic is subject to considerable pressure from a rapidly expanding world tourism industry and increasing demands for oil and gas resources. The archipelago of Svalbard in the Norwegian high arctic contains the most accessible islands in the entire Arctic, but despite extensive use of the resources, they still contain some of the last true wilderness lands in Europe. The growth in tourism with visitors from all parts of the world combined with coal mining and oil and gas exploration call for a coordinated environmental policy. A research-based management plan for tourism and recreation has now been developed. Some management problems were encountered in designing a recreation opportunity spectrum plan for this extremely vulnerable environment. Although Svalbard in many ways is a unique area, the challenges to management are comparable to those found in regions further south.     

皖南乡村旅游可持续发展中的问题与对策

乡村旅游是新世纪我国农村发展和旅游产业发展的重要组成部分，是推动农村经济发展的重要动力。分析了皖南乡村旅游可持续发展的条件和发展中存在的问题，在此基础上提出了促进皖南乡村旅游可持续发展的对策：加强引导，普查资源，科学规划；突出个性，塑造品牌，加强乡村旅游的宣传促销工作；提升旅游产品功能，扩大旅游收益渠道；建章立制，加强对乡村旅游的规范化管理，提高服务质量。     

旅游景区的低碳交通模式研究

景区内部交通构成旅游景区碳排放的主体,创建低碳旅游景区必然要走低碳交通之路。旅游景区的低碳交通建设是一个系统工程。从低碳景区创建角度出发,对景区内几种典型交通方式的碳排放情况进行定量分析和初步比较,从交通工具的选择与改进、交通站点的合理设置、景区道路的科学规划、运营管理的技术引入等方面构建旅游景区的低碳交通模式,为相关景区选择低碳化的交通方式提供依据。     

广西乡村旅游发展的SWOT分析

运用SWOT分析方法,认为广西乡村旅游资源丰富,乡村旅游的发展正面临着良好的发展机遇,同时必须应对日益剧烈的市场竞争和由于开发不当而造成的资源破坏与特色退化,处理好各乡村旅游利益主体之间的利益平衡。从整体而言,广西的乡村旅游还处于探索和参与阶段。乡村旅游的可持续发展有待于政府、专家学者、旅游开发经营者和乡村旅游者的共同努力。     

成都市乡村旅游的发展特色--休闲度假与文化旅游

介绍了成都近郊乡村旅游发展概况和目前存在的问题，分析了成都市乡村旅游发展自身具有的丰富资源和依靠蜀文化背景的优势，并结合目前旅游业的市场需求，提出了大力开发休闲旅游产品和突出文化特色的建议，以及具体的旅游产品类型。     

乡村旅游发展的起源及研究综述

乡村旅游已日益成为我国旅游产业发展中的特色和重要支柱。通过对乡村旅游的起源、研究综述、定义的比较研究，更全面地认识和理解乡村旅游的定义，并以此在乡村旅游的发展方向和研究方向上给出一个新的视角和思路来审视乡村旅游在实践过程中的问题。     

鄱阳湖区旅游资源综合评价与开发研究

鄱阳湖区旅游资源具有山江湖多元空间一体、高丰度构成、互补性强、组合好、内涵丰富、可进入性强等分布特征.在市场主导下的精品名牌战略和开发机制下的管理创新战略指导下,构建环湖旅游网络体系,从整体上建设三横两纵"日"字型旅游产品和大交通网络系,建设大、中、小、特4个层面的"山江湖"旅游产品工程.     

旅游信息管理现状及其发展趋势

随着国民经济的迅速发展，旅游业和信息业的发展也日新月异，旅游信息化成为研究和应用的一个热点话题。文章概述了信息管理内涵，浅析了旅游信息的现状和不足，并就其发展前景和趋势进行了预测分析，以期为旅游规划和管理决策提供一定的宏观指导和理论支持。     

黟县乡村旅游深度开发研究

黟县乡村旅游资源丰富,旅游经济地位突出,但与打造"现代国际乡村旅游综合示范区"的目标尚有距离.在分析黟县乡村旅游发展现状的基础上,剖析了其存在的问题,并进一步从产品体系设计、基础设施建设、旅游环境保护和旅游管理水平等方面提出了相关建议,以期为黟县乡村旅游的深度开发提供有益参考.     

湘鄂渝黔桂边区休闲旅游产品的开发

以湘鄂渝黔桂边区为例,分析了我国中西部民族地区发展休闲旅游的优势条件后,探讨了该区休闲旅游产品开发现状及其存在的问题,提出了该区开发休闲旅游产品的战略、精品开发的思路以及具体线路设计的思路,以实现边区旅游业的可持续发展。     

黟县发展乡村旅游的SWOT分析及对策研究

运用SWOT分析法，对黟县乡村旅游发展的优势、劣势、机会、威胁进行了分析，认为黟县依托西递、宏村两处世界文化遗产，乡村旅游的发展取得了一定成就，但也存在一些深层次结构性欠缺和矛盾。在激烈的竞争和旅游形势变化的环境下，黟县应采取一系列有效策略和措施，促进乡村旅游的快速、持续发展。